Defense Enterprises Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF THE POSSIBILITY OF USING AN AUTONOMOUS MEASUREMENT SYSTEM AND REGISTRATION OF THE ASSESSMENT OF THE LEVEL OF PROTECTION OF THE ARMOURED VEHICLE CREW

In the context of large-scale armed aggression by the Russian Federation and growing losses from mine injuries, there is a significant need to obtain objective information about the level of protection provided by military armoured vehicles. At the same time, Ukrainian defence enterprises are constantly working to develop the latest methods to improve the protection of vehicle crews from the threat of mines and explosives. There is an acute problem and an essential need to quickly improve the mine resistance of standard models of armoured vehicles and, as a result, the need to quickly determine the effectiveness of the measures taken and make engineering decisions. The basis for the development of modern mine protection equipment should be to identify the impact of the shock wave not only on the vehicle structure, but primarily on the crew members. It is possible to evaluate the results, conduct comprehensive research and provide reasonable recommendations for further work only on the basis of the results of tests (experimental physical modelling) during which physical factors affecting the crew are measured. It is impossible to carry out the necessary measurements without the use of modern sensors (sensors) in conjunction with an information and measurement system that will ensure the reception, processing and registration of information. The main criteria for selecting sensors are sensitivity, resolution, linearity, frequency response, temperature response, noise level and long-term stability.

DEVELOPMENT OF DEFENSE INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX ENTERPRISES IN CONDITIONS OF DIVERSIFICATION

The article analyzes the relevance of diversification processes for the modern military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation and the difficulties that domestic enterprises face on the path to their deployment. The relevance of the study is due to the role that the military-industrial complex (MIC) plays for the future of the country in general and for its economic dynamics in particular. The study uses modeling methods when forming a model for constructing the interaction of a large regional defense industry enterprise and the external environment, analysis to substantiate the effectiveness of the development of diversification processes implemented in the defense industry enterprise, a scenario approach, when predicting the development of diversification processes based on the object of study and determining its inertial, optimistic and pessimistic development scenarios. It is noted that increasing the production of civilian and dual-use products can become a guarantor of long-term operation for defense enterprises, as well as a path to ensuring their own technological sovereignty and contribution to the technological sovereignty of the country. The question is raised about the optimal way to build integration interaction between defense industry enterprises and other economic entities along the path of diversification processes. The concept of entrepreneurial ecosystems is proposed as the basis for such interaction. A model is presented for the formation of an entrepreneurial ecosystem in the military-industrial complex with the participation of local development institutions, industrial partners, universities, and small and medium-sized businesses. Using a particular example, a conclusion is drawn about the economic feasibility of introducing this model. The obtained materials can be useful to defense industry enterprises in the process of developing programs for the diversification of military production and the development of dual-use technologies.

Expert evaluation of dual-use technical products

Subject. Progressive and accelerating economic growth of the Russian military-industrial complex needs additional extra-budgetary revenues, which can be obtained using the creation and market sale of dual-use technical products used in the military and civilian spheres. Objectives. The great number of dual technical products, and the complexity of comprehensive assessment of the possibility of their commercialization necessitates creation of special system-wide information and analytical tools. Methods. For objective economic assessment of this type of products, we developed a conceptual method based on their preliminary clustering (grouping) and systematic classification, taking into account the conditions and possibilities of commercial distribution. Results. We identified the main features of clustering and classification of dual products, i.e. the rate of obtaining additional financial profit and economic return from commercial sales, the amount of necessary investments, risky situations and uncertainties. We developed a method to evaluate their commercial and technical potential. The expert assessment of this type of products helps specify and clarify the possibilities and the most effective directions of their commercialization already at the preliminary stage of the systems analysis, identify additional methods for their further and more accurate analysis. The developed expert assessment method can be used in the military-industrial complex, and by high-tech enterprises producing civilian products. Conclusions. The proposed expert assessment of dual-use technical products will enable to develop a system regulation for performing a pre-investment assessment of future sales of technical products, increase the productivity and profitability of defense enterprises.

The Influence of Defense Industry Development Act on the Smooth Transition Dynamics of Stock Volatilities of Defense Industry

Abstract This study aims to investigate the impacts of the Defense Industry Development Act on the volatility of the defense industry as geopolitical risk is raised. Applying the smooth transition generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ST-GARCH) model for daily defense stocks, we demonstrate that the structure breaks in the volatility dynamics process of all defense stocks for Taiwan. The empirical findings show that most defense stocks started the adjustment process more than one year before the date of launch of Defense Industry Development Act except Magnate Technology Corporation (MTC) and China Ship Building Corporation Taiwan (CSBC). The model specification tests suggest two types of transition functions including U-shaped and Z-shaped for all defense stocks. The estimated parameters indicate that the volatilities of returns in defense stocks for Taiwan have inverted U-shaped and inverted Z-shaped patterns of structure breaks. The volatilities of defense enterprise stock return shift by the event of Defense Industry Development Act. JEL classification numbers: G00, G14, G18, L52. Keywords: Geopolitical, Defense industry, Volatility, Structure change, Defense Industry Development Act

Implementation of diversification of dual-use goods production through public-private partnership of aviation holding companies

Subject. This article deals with the issues of realization of the production and scientific potential of the Russian aviation industry. Objectives. The article aims to assess the capabilities of defense enterprises in the development, production and output of civil aviation products, and analyze measures aimed to support the production of dual-use goods and improving the competitiveness of the Russian aircraft industry. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of logical, theoretical, and comparative analyses. Results. The article finds that the Russian helicopter industry is characterized by the completeness of the cycle of development, production and final sale of products. Russian Helicopters holding company has the technological resources and production facilities to successfully diversify production and produce goods that are competitive in the domestic and global markets. Conclusions. The development and production of new products involves an increase in the utilization of production capacities of Russian aviation industry enterprises and the development of the relevant infrastructure. The State can act as a guarantor in order to attract funds from private investors for the development of projects.

НЕКОТОРЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ТРУДА И ТРУДОВОЙ ДИСЦИПЛИНЫ НА ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯХ КАЗАХСКОЙ ССР В ВОЕННЫЕ ГОДЫ (1941-1945 ГГ.)

Labour was one of the key aspects of the relationship between power and society in the Soviet Union. The ideology of a conscious attitude to labour was an important component of socialist working discipline. However, with the outbreak of World War II and the challenges it posed, including economic crisis, starvation and devastation, the problems of labour discipline in the work collectives became more pronounced. Under wartime conditions, workers were sometimes forced to take extraordinary measure to solve their problems. Despite the fact that the orders and decrees of the Soviet leadership testify to the strict regulation of the life of Soviet society on the home front, violations of labour discipline expose many structural problems of the Soviet system of management. Numerous forms of labour discipline violations were documented at industrial enterprises during the war. The study of the peculiarities and problems of labour organization at enterprises evacuated to Kazakhstan provides an opportunity to understand the nature and features of the functioning of the Soviet mobilisation system within the war years. The study of labour discipline of workers at defence enterprises during the war also allows us to go beyond established ideological frameworks. The main group of sources includes documents extracted from the fonds of the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (AP RK), the State Archive of Western Kazakhstan Region (GAZKO), the State Archive of Almaty city (GA Almaty).

Diversification of the activities of enterprises of the militaryindustrial complex as a way to develop the territory of presence

Using the example of the state corporation Rosatom, the influence of diversification of defense industries on the development of the territories of presence is considered. It has been revealed that effective management of the diversification of the activities of defense enterprises is possible within the framework of holdings, in particular, state corporations. The spatially distributed structure of these corporations forms the need and features of their interaction with cities and regions where enterprises are located. At the same time, the activities of enterprises have an impact on the territory of their location in economic, social, and political terms. The processes of diversifying the activities of defense enterprises require the development of special personnel potential of territories, innovative infrastructure, improving the quality of life, etc. At the same time, territories also get the opportunity to use the resources of state corporations: lobbying, financial, scientific and technological, human resources, etc. for development. The paper shows theoretical approaches to building such interaction between territories and defense industry enterprises belonging to large holdings and testing these approaches on the example of the Rosatom state Corporation.

НЕКОТОРЫЕ ПАРАМЕТРЫ МОДЕЛИ ОЦЕНКИ ВОЕННО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ НАУЧНО-ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ МАЛОГО И СРЕДНЕГО БИЗНЕСА С ВОЕННЫМ СЕКТОРОМ ЭКОНОМИКИ

The article is devoted to the study of individual parameters of the model for assessing the military- economic efficiency of scientific and technological interaction (NTV) of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with the military sector of the economy, which includes parameters of compliance of the scientific and technological interaction project with technical, infrastructural and production capabilities, the needs of ensuring innovative development of the defense enterprise.

Построение систем управления затратами по обеспечению качества на российских оборонных предприятиях

The article examines the issues of system management of quality assurance costs at Russian defense enterprises. The relevance of the work is determined by the increased requirements for saving resources that are currently imposed on enterprises of the military-industrial complex. The purpose of the work is to develop recommendations for building a quality cost management system at Russian defense enterprises based on a process approach. This work is based on the results of research by Russian and foreign scientists in the field of quality cost management, reflected in scientific articles, monographs, textbooks. In addition, publications of practitioners in the field of quality management in industry journals and on specialized Internet portals were used. The author offers a generalized model of the system of formation of costs for ensuring the quality of products. When managing quality costs, it is proposed to initially start from the prices of the designed products. On their basis, the optimal (taking into account existing conditions) production cost of products is calculated. Cost data is used as a guideline for R&D. Special attention is paid to the formation of responsibility centers in the quality cost management system.

Enterprises of Defense, Republican, Local and Cooperative Industry, Transport and Communication of the Kazakh SSR during the Great Patriotic War

Introduction. The purpose of the article is to analyze the activities of defense, republican, local and cooperative industry, transport and communications of the Kazakh SSR during the Great Patriotic War, aimed at the production of military products, weapons, various types of ammunition for the Red Army and Navy. The relevance of the study was determined by the need to identify the performance of the enterprises of the studied areas of industry in Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War, which contributed to the build-up of the combat potential of the Red Army and its comprehensive support. Materials and Methods. The source base of the work was made up by the works of Soviet, Kazakh and Russian authors, data of the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, dedicated to the period of the Great Patriotic War. The author used the method of source study to solve the scientific problem. Results. The peculiarities of technological production of products by the enterprises of defense and local industry of the republic are given, the main factors of growth of their indicators are established. Discussion and Conclusions. It is concluded that the efficiency of defense enterprises, republican, local and cooperative industry, transport and communications of the Kazakh SSR, the work of workers of the rear of the republic in 1941–1945 became a significant contribution to the Victory of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War.

Defense sector of the Republic of Belarus' economy: Development stages, regulation, and the national security ensuring

Subject. This article discusses the management system of the defense sector of the economy of the Republic of Belarus and the development of enterprises producing weapons and military equipment. Objectives. The article aims to analyze political and economic measures to enhance the economic security of the Republic of Belarus. Methods. For the study, I used the general scientific research methods. Results. The article finds that the establishment of the State Military and Industrial Committee in 2003 contributed to the strengthening of the technological potential of defense enterprises of the Republic of Belarus. Conclusions. The practices of the Republic of Belarus in the field of development of the defense industry are of interest from the point of view of developing programmes to support strategically important sectors of the economy.

Agitation and propaganda as an instrument to influence workers in defence enterprises during the war (1941-1945)

Agitation and propaganda as an instrument to influence workers in defence enterprises during the war (1941-1945)

Analysis of the Economic and Environmental Policy of Ukrainian Defence Industry Enterprises

Introduction. The regulation of economic and environmental impacts of the entire military-industrial complex is a cross-sectoral and international problem. At the same time, research in this area is rather fragmented, which reduces the effectiveness of systematic reviews of the security and defence sector in the context of the green economy. The relevance of the issue of greening the defence industry is significantly enhanced by the need to regulate and operate domestic defence industries in the context of the country's military operations.
 Aim and tasks. The aim of the study is to substantiate the economic mechanism for regulating the greening of enterprises of the defence industry of Ukraine.
 Results. The economic and environmental security requirements for defence industry enterprises are studied, as the activity of polluting sources of enterprises, including defence enterprises in Ukraine, has generally decreased, in 2021, emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from stationary sources decreased by 9.0% compared to 2020, to almost 2.2 million tonnes, ammunition was disposed of (235.29 thousand tonnes of ammunition were disposed of from 2014 to 2020) and liquid rocket fuel (16.7 thousand tonnes of melange). In 2021, enterprises, organisations and institutions spent UAH 41.3 billion on environmental protection, compared to UAH 43.7 billion in 2020. Of the total environmental costs in 2021, 68% were current expenses and 32% were capital investments. The strategic directions of greening the defence industry enterprises have been identified, including the introduction of resource-saving technologies, environmental monitoring of environmental impact and reduction of the negative impact of the defence industry units.
 Conclusion. The realisation of the greening potential will help protect the country's natural resource potential under the influence of the defence industry. A system of measures should be developed to ensure the protection and restoration of natural systems at a certain cost. Given the importance of the defence industry for the country in the context of current external threats and armed conflicts in certain parts of the territory, it is necessary to develop a strategic vision of environmental security with the involvement of all relevant organisations and taking into account the degree of responsibility and motivation for eco-oriented management.

Основные направления оптимизации развития оборонно-промышленного комплекса в условиях экономических санкций

The article considers the problems of the Russian Federation caused by the economic sanctions and needs to optimize the production of the defense-industrial complex enterprises in conditions of the sanctions field, as well as the ways to optimize business processes at the defense enterprises of the Russian Federation. The main provisions for optimizing the development of the defense industry are outlined: analysis of the industry orientation in the conditions of the sanctions field; studying the existing and possible consequences of the imposed economic sanctions for the defense industrial complex of the Russian Federation; forecasting the development of defense enterprises in the context of economic sanctions; defining the main directions of optimization of production processes in the defense industry complex of the Russian Federation. Among the main ways to optimize business processes at defense industrial enterprises, there are singled out the following directions: development, approval and centralized communication of the results of the unified federal import substitution program to specific defense industry executors; development and implementation of a federal technology upgrade program in the defense industry of the country; creation of a unified center - a governmental agency - to form the production clusters and incubator centers; active involvement of domestic consulting agencies and research centers on a legislative framework; long-term systematic development of international cooperation through the joint defense industry enterprises with enterprises of friendly countries; improving the level of training and qualification of management personnel of defense industry enterprises based on modern IT management technologies; 100% implementation in the defense industry of management accounting systems based on corporate information systems; emphasis on the introduction of progressive technologies into the production processes of the country’s defense complex, increasing the significance of the results of R&D; 100% implementation of international modern TQM systems, ISO standards in the design and technological support of production processes in the defense industry; more active cooperation between the defense enterprises and the industrial development fund.

Социальная инфраструктура предприятия как главный фактор жизнеобеспечения рабочих в военные годы (1941–1945 гг.)

Introduction. The functioning of the social infrastructure of industrial enterprises of the Soviet rear is of research interest to understand the sources of the victory of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War. Methods and Materials. The source base of the study is represented by documents from the central and local archives of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan, most of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. In the course of the study, a modernization methodological approach was applied, historical-comparative and historical-genetic research methods were used. Analysis. The article deals with management mechanisms and characterizes the objects of social infrastructure of industrial enterprises of the military complex of the USSR with the example of defense enterprises of such front and rear regions as Stalingrad, Chelyabinsk region and Kazakhstan with regard to the period 1941–1945. The difficulties of functioning of working hostels, health centers, nurseries, canteens, subsidiary farms, caused by extreme conditions of wartime and a general lack of material and financial resources, are shown. Results. During the analysis, it was possible to establish regional differences in the activities of social infrastructure facilities, violations of the principle of social justice and unsatisfactory quality of social services provided were noted. Using the example of three regions of the USSR, the conclusion is made about the importance of social policy at industrial enterprises for improving production discipline and the survival of workers. Authors’ contribution. M.N. Potemkina analyzed the documents of the Joint State Archive of the Chelyabinsk region, developed the methodological foundations of the study, formulated the main results; R.S. Zharkynbayeva analyzed archival sources from the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which allowed to determine the regional features of the social infrastructure of industrial enterprises. E.V. Anufrieva participated in identifying documents from the archives of the Volgograd region and writing the final text.

Ռազմատեխնիկական քաղաքականության կատարելագործումը որպես պետության պաշտպանունակության ապահովման հանգուցային ուղղություն / Improvement of military-technical policy as a key direction in ensuring the national defense capability

The state’s military-technical policy (MTP) is targeted at the establishment of a scientific, technological and production base for designing and developing Armament, Military and Special Equipment (AMSE). The article suggests a few methodological approaches to the improvement of MTP aimed at ensuring the neutralization of the dangers and threats to the state security, and to national defense capability. In each state the level, quality and choice of the directions in the military-technical policy are to a certain degree influenced by the position the state holds in the world and in the given region, its pretensions, interstate relations, its sci-tech and production engineering capabilities. Nowadays, the significance and impact of different types of uncertainties upon shaping the MTP of large and small states have drastically increased. This is first and foremost stipulated by the consequence that the unipolar model of global dominance gradually fades into the past. Hence, the reconstruction of the world community interaction pattern has its significant impact on the substantiation and selection of the development directions of the means of armed conflict. It is stipulated by largescale changes taking place in numerous spheres. As for the small states’ activity in the direction of the military-technical policy designing and efficiency evaluation, it is noted that those two are connected with essential extra difficulties. That’s why it is necessary to: clearly identify the modern requirements of the armed struggle, the physico-geographical conditions of the given region, the complex of military and military-technical tasks, their correlation, the financial and economic capabilities of the state, etc. It is proposed that a state armament program be drafted with the account of limitations of allocated material, financial, time, human (intellectual) and other resources. More importantly, the evaluation of the feasibility and effectiveness of the armament program should be carried out on the basis of the methodological provisions of the military-economic analysis, using the “time – costs – effectiveness” criterion. When applying this criterion, the combat efficiency of military formations, the economic efficiency of defense enterprises and the military-economic efficiency of weapon samples and systems should be comprehensively considered. In other words, it is not necessary to strive only for cost reduction, it is necessary to ensure an increase in combat capabilities per unit of cost, subject to the mandatory observance of time and other constraints.

Механизмы и методы повышения эффективности использования научных, технических и технологических достижений оборонных предприятий

В статье выявлены и усовершенствованы особенности процесса реализации инновационного потенциала наукоемких и высокотехнологичных предприятий отечественного оборонно-промышленного комплекса. Научно обоснованы организационно-экономический и юридический механизмы, стимулирующие производство конкурентоспособной продукции различного назначения. Показано, для модернизации технического оснащения следует использовать комплексную системную модель, базирующуюся на научных, технологичных, информационных и инновационных достижениях. The article reveals and improves the features of the process of implementing the innovative potential of science-intensive and high-tech enterprises of the domestic military-industrial complex. The organizational, economic and legal mechanisms that stimulate the production of competitive products for various purposes are scientifically substantiated. It is shown that for the modernization of technical equipment, an integrated system model based on scientific, technological, informational and innovative achievements should be used.

Development of the product quality management system of defense enterprises

Development of the product quality management system of defense enterprises

POSSIBILITIES OF STATE SUPPORT FOR THE DIVERSIFICATION OF DEFENSE ENTERPRISES

The purpose of the article is to determine possible directions of state support for the diversification of defense industry enterprises. The paper is based on the study of modern researches and considers the current state of diversification of enterprises performing the government defense order. Also the paper studies the evaluation of possible directions of defense industry enterprises development concerning the production of civil products. As a result, the authors propose the need for government support to achieve the targeted level of civilian production by defense-industrial complex enterprises through government regulation of pricing for the products supplied under the state defense order. The paper offers the consideration of current profit as a source of financing the costs associated with the expansion or start-up of civilian products due to the assumed long-term nature of diversification programs. Additionally, the profit from the performance of government contracts for the supply of products under defense order is considered as a tool that takes into account the current state of order portfolios of defense enterprises and, therefore, assumes the proportional distribution of support measures taking into account the results achieved so far. The conclusions can be used in the study of the areas of state support for the diversification of defense industry enterprises, as well as in the consideration of pricing for products supplied under the state defense order.

Изменения количественного и качественного состава работников оборонных предприятий в военные годы (1941–1945 гг.)

The defense industry of the republic began to develop during the war based on evacuated enterprises. Before the war, the production of ammunition in the republic was not carried out. The republic’s defense enterprises produced mine-mined weapons, torpedoes, artillery shells, mines, aerial bombs, gunpowder, field radio stations, X-ray equipment, and insulating materials. Despite significant difficulties, the evacuated enterprises quickly recovered to new places and began to produce products. The article analyzes changes in thequantitative and qualitative composition of employees of defense enterprises of the USSR during the waryears in the example of the Kazakh SSR. The main quantitative and qualitative changes in the specifics of the formation of labor collectives considering the gender, national, and migration factor are shown. Addressing the problem of manning defense enterprises allows us to reconstruct the features of the state’s mobilization policy, sources of replenishment of workers who, in incredibly difficult conditions, made their significant labor contribution to improving the defense capabilities of the USSR