Military Equipment Research Articles

Limits of state influence on the economy in times of war in the context of upholding and implementing socio-economic human rights

The article emphasizes that the war in Ukraine poses complex challenges to the state, with the need to balance the need to strengthen state regulation of the economy to meet defense needs and preserve the principles of the free market. This balance becomes particularly acute in the context of upholding and implementing socio-economic human rights, which may be restricted in times of war. The authors investigate the limits of state influence on the economy in wartime, taking into account the need to uphold and implement socio-economic human rights, and also explore various strategies of state intervention in the economy in wartime, such as imposing economic sanctions, stimulating the production of military equipment and providing financial support for humanitarian needs. The authors propose a comprehensive analysis of the limits and instruments of state influence on the economy in wartime, taking into account the need to uphold and implement socio-economic human rights. It is argued that the limits and instruments of state influence on the economy, which ensure a balance between the needs of defense, market functioning and upholding of socio-economic human rights, should be defined by law. The current situation of the state’s economy is described. The socio-economic perspectives of post-war reconstruction of Ukraine are characterized. Recommendations for improving the mechanisms of state regulation of the economy in times of war are developed. In particular, the author emphasizes that the longer the war lasts, the deeper the economic crisis will become and the more negative the impact on the socio-economic sphere will increase. This is due to numerous factors, such as: destruction of infrastructure; decline in production; loss of jobs; rising prices; and reduced trade. In view of the significant economic risks, the authors conclude that the political authorities and representatives of civil society should focus their joint efforts on: infrastructure reconstruction; support for small and medium-sized entrepreneurship; social assistance; investments in education and healthcare; and international cooperation.

Clothing and Equipment Fit Among Male and Female Canadian Armed Forces Members.

The fit of military clothing and equipment is essential for the health and safety of military operators. Given the aim of increasing the proportion of women and the known biological and morphological differences between male and female soldiers, an understanding of fit across different items of kit is needed. The aim of this study was to quantify subjective fit ratings of 8 items of military clothing and equipment, including combat shirt, combat pants, rucksack, small pack, tactical vest, fragmentation vest, helmet, and ballistic eyewear as a function of relative stature and occupational group among male and female Canadian Armed Forces members. An online survey was distributed to male and female Canadian Armed Forces members, where fit was reported by participants according to a 7-point Likert acceptability scale. Participants were binned into 1 of 6 (3 males, 3 females) standing stature categories based on percentiles in a male and female distribution that included (1) under 35th percentile stature, (2) 35th to 80th percentile stature, and (3) over 80th percentile stature. Additionally, participants were separated according to occupational group: Group A: Infantry, Combat Engineer, Artillery, Armored; group B: Signals, Medical Technician, Intelligence, Signals Intelligence/Cyber Ops; group C: Supply Technician, Weapons Technician, Vehicle Technician, Electronic-Optronic Technician, Ammunition Technician; other: Not in other groups, examples include: Financial Services Administrator, Cook. This study was approved by the Defence Research and Development Canada Human Research Ethics Committee under protocol 2019-048, Amendment 2. There were significant effects attributable to stature category and occupational group on the fit of equipment. Specifically, fit acceptability of the rucksack helmet, small pack, and tactical vest was significantly affected by occupational group. Differences between stature categories were detected in all items with the exception of the small pack. Military equipment fit has previously been shown to have implications for protection, performance, and mobility. The results of the investigation demonstrate different patterns of fit acceptability in male and female soldiers across items of clothing and equipment and may require different solutions.

Legal basis of defense standardization of the European Union

Legal basis of defense standardization of the European Union

Magnetic-fluid-infiltrated bilaterally polished photonic crystal fiber with butterfly core for LSPR based magnetic field sensing via water based Fe3O4 magnetic fluid

In this manuscript, a sensor is devised employing photonic crystal fiber with localized surface plasmon resonance (PCF-LSPR), emphasizing the manipulation of refractive index (RI) through magnetic fluid (MF). The sensor's air holes adopt a hexagonal arrangement, forming a butterfly core design, and the transmission channels for the effective confinement of optical field energy relies significantly on the regions surrounding the central air hole in both directions. MF serves as the sensing medium, and the top and bottom polished surfaces are coated with gold and titanium dioxide. The sensor undergoes analysis using the finite element method, scrutinizing its model characteristics, structural parameters, and sensing performance. The results indicate a wavelength sensitivity of up to 45,600 nm/RIU and a maximum figure of merit (FOM) of 434 RIU−1. Within the range of magnetic field 30–150 Oe, the highest magnetic field sensitivity records 3350 pm/Oe. Over the temperature range of 27.4–114 °C, the temperature sensitivity measures only 310 pm/°C. A maximum sensor resolution of 2.19×10−6RIU is achieved for x−pol. The linear relationship between the resonant wavelength and the magnetic field yields R2=0.9945, for degree (2) for x−pol. The proposed sensor exhibits notable advantages, including a structure which is very stable, high sensitivity, ease of integration, and resilience to electromagnetic interference. Additionally, it excels in detecting weak magnetic fields. Its potential applications span from industrial production, military technology, to medical equipment.

THE IMPACT OF STRESS-ASSOCIATED DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS ON THE PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL STATE OF OPERATORS OF UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS

Introduction. In the conditions of martial law, an important role belongs to modern military equipment, which includes unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). Оperators of UAS in the course of combat missions are significantly affected by the stress factor. It provokes the occurrence of stress-associated diseases in them, therefore, studying the specifics of the impact of stress-associated diseases on the psychophysiological state of operators determines the relevance of this study. The purpose of the study. To establish the patterns of influence of stress-associated diseases of the digestive organs on the psychophysiological state of the operators of unmanned aircraft systems. Materials and methods. In the course of the research, 94 operators of UAS under the age of 40 were examined, who were then divided into groups based on their health status. The examination was carried out using modern modified methods implemented on the basis of the software and hardware complex for psychophysiological research «PFI-2». The results. It has been proven that stress-associated diseases of the digestive organs significantly worsen (p<0,05) the psychophysiological state of operators of UAS in a sufficiently large number of professionally important psychophysiological qualities. The reliable influence of the «state of health» factor on the indicators of simple and complex visual-motor reaction of operators of UAS is shown. The analysis of correlation constellations according to cognitive parameters showed that 6 of them are observed in healthy operators, 2 in mildly ill patients, and 1 in severely ill patients, that is, the system of connections between cognitive functions breaks down quite strongly with the development of stress-associated diseases of the digestive organs. There is a natural decrease in the number of connections in the series «healthy (13) – mildly ill (10) – severely ill (5)». It is shown that the stress that causes the disease fundamentally destroys the system of ensuring professional activity. Conclusions. It was established that stress-associated diseases of the digestive organs negatively affect the psychophysiological state of operators. The degree of degradation of the structure of correlation relations (р=0,0491) as a result of the influence of the stress factor on the operators was revealed. A hypothesis regarding the destruction of the system of connections between cognitive psychophysiological parameters depending on the «severity of the disease» is proposed. The need to develop a set of measures to prevent the development of stress-related diseases among operators of UAS has been established.

Exploring ten thousand years of variation in weapons technologies: A diachronic analysis of lithic projectile points in the puna de atacama (northern Chile)

This article presents an analysis of the functional design of a collection of 346 projectile points from archaeological sites in the Puna de Atacama (21.9°–24.7° S) that belong to the cultural sequence dating from 12,500–2400 yr BP, which ranges from the earliest groups to inhabit the area to the emergence of the first agro-pastoralist societies. The results obtained reveal significant changes in projectile or weapons technologies throughout the sequence. This begins with projectile points whose measurements point to the predominance of the spearthrower-dart system during the Early Archaic, followed by the diversification and specialization of these technologies during the Middle Archaic, with a significant increase in the use of throwing and thrusting spears. In the Late Archaic, projectile point dimensions diminished significantly, displaying patterns that remained until the Early Formative. Nevertheless, during this last period some measurements decreased slightly, and a major change is detected in the haft width of stemmed points. Three alternate hypotheses are proposed for these last changes: 1) the presence of the bow-and-arrow system from the late Archaic onward; 2) the appearance of the bow-and-arrow system from the Early Formative only; 3) the reduction and standardization of spearthrower-darts, without the presence of the bow-and-arrow system until after the Early Formative. We argue that the first two hypotheses are the most plausible, although we consider the first to be the most likely.

Nuclear powers’ reaction to the US development and testing of thermonuclear weapons in the early 1950s.

Nuclear powers’ reaction to the US development and testing of thermonuclear weapons in the early 1950s.

Non-geodesic winding design method for the composite shell of unequal-pole-hole solid rocket motor

Advanced composite materials have the advantages of high specific strength, high specific modulus, good fatigue resistance, good shock absorption performance, and strong designability. They are widely used in the fields of national defense science and technology and civil engineering. To make a more accurate winding design of the composite shell of the non-equidistant solid rocket motor, based on the ANSYS ACP composite structure design and analysis software, this paper uses the cubic spline function method to design the fiber winding thickness of the shell head section for a solid rocket motor. The Runge-Kutta method is used to calculate the changing winding angle of the non-geodesic line, and the changing winding angle and winding thickness on the head are simulated based on the look-up table interpolation table module in ACP. Finally, the mechanical properties of the designed shell under certain internal pressure are simulated and analyzed. Through the simulation analysis of the designed engine model, it is found that the connection between the front head and the barrel section is a weak profit, and the follow-up study should reinforce this area.

CNN BASED REALTIME AIRCRAFT DETECTION

Deep learning techniques such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Transfer Learning are being used to detect and identify fighter aircraft or jets in a dataset consisting of 21 different aircraft with 20,000 images. The principle of "pooling" in Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) involves progressively reducing the spatial size of the model to decrease the number of parameters and computations in the network. These techniques have been applied to various aspects of aircraft recognition, including object detection and engine defect detection. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are widely employed in various domains, including defence, agriculture, business, and face recognition technology, for image detection tasks. Transfer learning is a machine learning method that involves using a pre-trained model as the initial point for a new task, allowing for faster training and improved performance. This technique is particularly useful in deep learning, where large amounts of data are required for training complex models. The dataset is processed using Python libraries such as pandas, seaborn, and sci-kit-learn to find pre-trained patterns and insights. The data is then split into training and testing datasets, with 80% and 20% of the total data, respectively. A model is built using the TensorFlow library for CNN, and the metric used is "accuracy". Additionally, a transfer learning model is built to compare the accuracy results and adopt the best-fitting one. Keywords: Convolutional Neural Network, Deep Learning, Artificial Neural Network, Support Vector Machines.

Design, Fabrication, and Characterization of a Planar Three-Electrode Trigger Switch Based on Flexible Printed Circuit Process.

An exploding foil initiator system (EFIs) is essential in modern weaponry for its safety and reliability. As the main component of EFIs, the performance of the switch is critical to EFIs. In this study, a planar three-electrode trigger switch was designed and fabricated using the Flexible Printed Circuits (FPC) process. Subsequently, the performance of the FPC switch was tested. The results show that the self-breakdown voltage of the FPC switch is stable. In addition, an FPF switch with a 0.6 mm main electrode gap demonstrated consistency, with delay times below 31.75 ns, and a jitter ranging from 1.7 ns to 10.94 ns at 900 V to 1200 V, evidencing the FPC switches' reliability and uniform performance across various voltages. Compared to the Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) switches of similar dimensions, the FPC switches achieved a faster high-current attainment with less inductance, showing a 5% reduction in loop inductance. The repetitive testing results demonstrate that the FPC switch maintains consistent output performance, with stable peak currents, peak current time, and delay time over 50 action cycles, highlighting its repeatability. The FPC switch was assembled with an EFI chip and capacitor into an integrated system, which was subsequently able to successfully detonate HNS-IV at 1000 V/0.22 μF, proving the FPC switch's potential in low inductance applications.

The development of nuclear weapons in World War II: The confrontation of scientific schools

The development of nuclear weapons in World War II: The confrontation of scientific schools

Technology Transfer from China to Kenya for Transport Infrastructure: The Case of International Trunk Roads

Literature on technology transfer to Africa is dominated by studies on agribusiness, military technology, information and communication technology, energy, climate change, health, and manufacturing, while it is scanty on others like transport infrastructure. In this article, we reviewed literature and carried out key informant interviews to collect data on technology transfer for Chinese-built roads in Kenya. Our objective was to examine the extent of technology transfer from Chinese multinational corporations to Kenyan institutions and organizations. We established that there was little technology transfer mostly because of Kenya’s internal obstacles such as inadequate absorptive capacity, weak competition culture, and weak legal and institutional frameworks on technology transfer. Multinational corporations transferred technology primarily to fulfil their commercial objectives and to meet the domestic labour training requirements. The technology transferred was not sufficient to simulate innovation and technology development in Kenya. We recommend reviewing Kenya’s legal and institutional frameworks on international technology transfer in order to improve the participation in and enforcement of technology transfer by government institutions.

Sandwich-Structured Mxene/Waste Polyurethane Foam Composites For Highly Efficient Electromagnetic Interference, Infrared Shielding and Joule Heating.

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and infrared (IR) stealth materials have attracted increasing attention owing to the rapid development of modern communication and military surveillance technologies. However, to realize excellent EMI shielding and IR stealth performance simultaneously remains a great challenge. Herein, a facile strategy is demonstrated to prepare high-efficiency EMI shielding and IR stealth materials of sandwich-structured MXene-based thin foam composites (M-W-M) via filtration and hot-pressing. In this composite, the conductive Ti3C2Tx MXene/cellulose nanofiber (MXene/CNF) film serves as the outer layer, which reflects electromagnetic waves and reduces the IR emissivity. Meanwhile, the middle layer is composed of a porous waste polyurethane foam (WPUF), which not only improves thermal insulation capacity but also extends electromagnetic wave propagation paths. Owing to the unique sandwich structure of "film-foam-film", the M-W-M composite exhibits a high EMI shielding effectiveness of 83.37dB, and in the meantime extremely low emissivity (22.17%) in the wavelength range of 7-14µm and thermal conductivity (0.19W m-1 K-1), giving rise to impressive IR stealth performance at various surrounding temperatures. Remarkably, the M-W-M composite also shows excellent Joule heating properties, capable of maintaining the IR stealth function during Joule heating.

Probabilistic models for evaluating network edge's resistance against scan and foothold attack

AbstractThe threat of Scan and Foothold Attack to the Network Edge (SFANE) is increasing, which greatly affects the application and development of edge computing network architecture. However, existing works focus on the implementation of specific technologies that resist the SFANE but ignore the effectiveness analysis of them. To overcome this limitation, this paper constructs probabilistic models for evaluating network edge's resistance against SFANE. In particular, the attacker models of the SFANE based on the ATT&CK model are first formalized. Afterward, according to the state‐of‐the‐art defense technologies, three different defense strategies are illustrated: no defense, address mutation, and fingerprint decoy. Subsequently, three different probabilistic models are constructed to provide a deeper analysis of the theoretical effect of these strategies on resisting the SFANE. Finally, the experimental results show that the actual defense effect of each strategy almost perfectly follows its probabilistic model.

On Some Aspects of European Security and Defence in the Context Of War in Ukraine

The European security environment is currently significantly affected by Russian aggression against Ukraine. However, right from the start of the war, the European Union and its member states acted decisively, they unequivocally condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine and began to help it politically, economically, humanitarianly and by supplying military equipment, weapons, ammunition, and training members of the Ukrainian armed forces. And although no European member state of the European Union or the North Atlantic Alliance has been attacked, the ongoing conflict negatively affects European stability and disrupts the European security and defence system. That is also why the authors, using relevant scientific methods and approaches within the framework of interdisciplinary research, deal in the article with some selected aspects of European security and defence in the context of the conflict in Ukraine. They point out how Russian aggression has influenced discussions about the roles of the European Union in ensuring security and defence on the European continent, shed light on the Union's security and defence policy, deal with issues of European strategic autonomy and related relations between the EU and NATO, and at the end of the article indicate challenges, which are closely related to European security and defence in the context of the war in Ukraine.

Composition of the Russian armonymic field and its dynamics

The article is devoted to the study of the history of the formation of Russian proper names of aviation and armored military equipment. Our research has shown that the main function of Russian armonyms – the proper names of Russian weapons – is the representative identification of types and brands of weapons produced at state-owned enterprises or unique mechanisms. Armonyms as verbal identifiers of complex military-technical mechanisms function in professional or publicistic discourse. The structure of the armonymic field includes verbal index signs marking types and series of weapons that correspond to the term pragmatonyms (T-90M «Breakthrough»), and proper names of unique weapons objects - chrematonyms (Tu–160 «Ilya Muromets»). The nominations of individual combat units can form armonymic complexes, for example, one of the Tu-160 strategic bombers of the White Swan series has an individual name «Nikolai Kuznetsov». In the process of the official naming of Russian high-tech combat units, the conventionally symbolic and commemorative principles of nomination traditionally occupy a central place. The composition of the armonym is dominated by the conditionally symbolic type of names, as a rule, not motivated by the properties of the named object (UAV «Geranium»), although some names retain an associative connection with the objects of the nomination (UAV «Lancet» – a high-precision kamikaze drone); the memorative type of names is characteristic of individual names of military vehicles (Tu-160 «Igor Sikorsky»). Official nominations occupy the main place in the Russian field of armonymy; however, some of the names may have an unofficial status, for example, the nicknames of the T-80BV tank Alyosha – «Ded Moroz», or «Ded». Armonyms are not a tool for the advertising promotion of weapons, they do not have an attractive and pragmatic function, however, the choice of words is far from accidental – in general, it reflects the symbolic value orientations of the nominating team.

Strategy of Russian Military Cooperation with the Countries of the Arab Region

The article undertakes an analysis of the prospective domains of Russian military collaboration with Arab countries against the backdrop of geopolitical uncertainties. Despite maintaining its position as the second-largest arms exporter globally, Russia has experienced a proportional decline in its share of the global arms market. Nevertheless, a discernible uptick in the trade volume of conventional weaponry, coupled with cyclical enhancements in the tactical and technical attributes of military assets, reflects positive momentum in this sector. Amid prevailing external constraints and a noticeable scarcity of contemporary Russian weaponry in burgeoning segments of the arms market, Russia necessitates resolute and equitable measures to uphold and fortify collaborative ties with partner nations. Within this context, particular emphasis is placed on Russia's strategic military cooperation with Arab states, given the region's status as a focal point of geopolitical interests for major economies and a primary destination for arms imports.The article scrutinizes Russia's competitive standing in the arms and military equipment markets of the Arab world, acknowledging the region's significance as a pivotal importer of such goods. Employing a multifaceted evaluation encompassing absolute and relative statistical metrics and derived indices, the study assesses the region's role in global arms procurement. Moreover, it offers an appraisal of the existing state and potential avenues for enhancing the efficacy of the Russian-Arab military-technical collaboration framework. The discourse delves into the transformative prospects of this partnership within the framework of networkcentric warfare concepts. Furthermore, the article elucidates the principal risks inherent in military cooperation among nations at present, highlighting concerns regarding the possible manipulation of military-technical cooperation mechanisms to serve as leverage in furthering the geopolitical aspirations of specific stakeholders.In conclusion, the study posits forward-looking trajectories for bolstering bilateral relations, both sectorally and geographically. These include initiatives such as expanding licensing, leasing, offset transactions, and technology transfer initiatives; advocating for fifth-generation fighter aircraft and long-range radar detection and control systems, leveraging Industry 4.0 technologies; and prioritizing the training of foreign specialists.

Ensuring National Security under Martial Law Conditions: Legal Regulation, Threats, Cooperation and Directions for Improvement

The purpose of the article is to reveal the legal regulation of ensuring national security in the conditions of martial law (threats, cooperation and directions for improvement). It has been established that ensuring national security of Ukraine includes a complex of national and international measures. It has been emphasized that financing is one of the important problems in the system of ensuring national security. The financial security of a state as a component of its national security is the basis of the economic development of the country, which ensures sovereignty and integrity of the country, as well as a decent standard of living of its citizens. The financial security of a state as a component of its national security is the basis of the economic development of the country, which ensures sovereignty and integrity of the country, as well as a decent standard of living of its citizens. Another problem of ensuring national security in wartime conditions consists in preventing and combating corruption. Corruption destroys development of the military-industrial complex, prevents introduction of innovative means of protection for military personnel, it disturbs development and testing of new weapons, new technologies, and hampers provision of military personnel with the necessary equipment, protection and weapons. It was concluded that only cooperation can solve the urgent strategic tasks of ensuring national security in difficult world conditions and new globalization challenges.

Artificial Intelligence Computer Weapon Based True Research on Corona Virus [Covid-19

Electronic torture, Electromagnetic radiation torture, or Psychotronic torture are terms used by individuals who are targeted by this wireless Synthetic telepathic technology or Direct Energy Weapon [Electromagnetic Radiation weapon]. Wireless Synthetic telepathy technology or Super artificial intelligence computers Criminal operators, often actors or often government employees, agents or crime syndicates, use transmitted electromagnetic radiation (Such as microwave listening effects), satellite technology and surveillance techniques. Wireless Remote Neural Monitoring: Bridging the gap between brain and technology In the field of neuroscience and technological advancement, the concept of deep tech satellite wireless neural monitoring technology has emerged as an unprecedented innovation weapon. Which has been developed to read and understand the human brain and to interact with the human brain and understand the human body, it is also a wireless direct energy weapon. These deep tech satellite surveillance criminal operators are using this Neurotechnology and wireless Direct Energy Weapons on a large scale against civilians. This true research has been done to protect citizens from illegal deep tech satellite surveillance weapon technology and cyber terrorism. The researcher has presented his research to the whole world in very simple words and in an easy manner. So that the world can easily understand this research and the governments of the countries of the world can protect their citizens from future man-made diseases and viruses.

The Military Rise of China: The Real Defence Budget Over Two Decades

ABSTRACT Despite growing tensions over China’s military build-up and modernization, there is little understanding of China’s defense budget. Published estimates vary implausibly from one quarter of the USA’s defense budget to near parity, and there are very few attempts to understand how its size or composition has changed over time. This paper uses index number techniques to quantify China’s real defense spending over time and relative to the USA. I construct price deflators and show that overall growth has been slower than thought, but also that there has been extremely rapid growth in real military equipment spending that has transformed China’s defense forces. China’s real defense purchasing power is also found to be 60% larger than commonly used market exchange rate estimates and equal to 59% of the USA’s defense budget in 2021. Notwithstanding the rapid growth in equipment, the high relative purchasing power mostly reflects China’s far larger number of active personnel.