Defect Area Research Articles

Comparison the Cosmetic Outcome of the Triangular Flap Insertion Versus Direct Linear Resection in Correction of Dog Ear Deformities on the Face—A Prospective and Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Compared with direct linear resection, the triangular flap insertion method is a correction method that purportedly reduces the incision tension of dog ears deformity. Randomized clinical trials comparing these 2 methods seem to be limited or absent. Objective: A randomized study was planned to compare the cosmetic effect and scar in the defect area between the triangular flap insertion method and direct linear resection in the repair of dog ear deformities after the suture of the facial circular defect. Methods: The authors' study was prospective, 2-arm, randomized, evaluator-blinded clinical trial in a single-center outpatient academic plastic surgery center. Patients were eligible if they or their parents were able to provide informed consent and had dog ear deformity higher than 8 mm at both ends of the incision after suture of a circular or oval facial defect. Each dog ear deformity at the ends of the incision, half accept direct linear random resection, the other half to accept triangular flap insert. At 3-month and 6-month follow-up, each patient and 2 blinded observers evaluated the wound using the Patient Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS). Results: In all, 52 subjects completed the study. At the 3-month follow-up, there was a statistically significant difference in the mean total POSAS scores for both the blinded observer and patients, indicating a preference for the side with the triangular flap insertion method. However, at the 6-month follow-up, this difference was lost. Conclusion: Three months after surgery, the triangular flap insertion method resulted in a better scar outcome than direct linear resection in correction of dog ear deformities on the face. At 6 months’ follow-up, this difference diminished, with scars for both sides appearing similar. Level of Evidence: Level II

Bioelectrically Reprogramming Hydrogels Rejuvenate Vascularized Bone Regeneration in Senescence.

Senescent bone tissue displays a pathological imbalance characterized by decreased angiogenesis, disrupted bioelectric signaling, ion dysregulation, and reduced stem cell differentiation. Once bone defects occur, this pathological imbalance makes them difficult to repair. An innovative synergistic therapeutic strategy is utilized to reverse these pathological imbalances via a conductive hydrogel doped with magnesium ion (Mg2+)-modified black phosphorus (BP). The hydrogel reprograms electrical signals, restores Mg2+ homeostasis, reconstructs physiological signals, and promotes blood vessel regeneration in senile bone defects. The conductive hydrogel synergistically restores both the chemical and bioelectric signals within the bone microenvironment. This hydrogel increases the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2), activates the PI3K-AKT-eNOS pathway, and significantly increases the angiogenic ability of vascular endothelial cells in the aged state. In addition, the conductive hydrogel normalizes calcium ion (Ca2+) influx, increases the accumulation of osteogenic transcription factors in the nucleus, and promotes the osteogenic differentiation of senescent stem cells. This innovative treatment strategy restores bone-vascular coupling in areas of senile bone defects, achieves effective vascularized bone regeneration, and has good potential for the treatment of senile bone defects.

Effect of nanoparticulate CaCO3 on the biological properties of calcium silicate cement

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of nanoparticulate CaCO3 (NPCC) on the biological properties of calcium silicate-based cements (CSCs), including their cytotoxicity, in vitro osteogenic activity, and interactions with rat femur tissue. The average size of NPCC was 90.3±26.0 nm. Cytotoxicity and osteogenic activity assays were performed using mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). BMSCs exposed to the eluents from CSC alone and CSC containing 2.5% NPCC (CSC-NPCC (2.5%)) for 24 h showed decreased cell viability at an eluent concentration of 75%. In contrast, CSC-NPCCs (5%, 10%, and 20%) did not affect cell viability. Regarding osteogenic activity, CSC-NPCCs (5%, 10%, 20%) enhanced the expression of osteogenic genes, including runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), type I collagen (COL-1), and osteocalcin (OCN). Additionally, mineralization in cell cultures was enhanced by CSC-NPCC, indicating that NPCC promoted the osteogenic activity of CSCs. In rat femurs, NPCC accelerates CSC resorption and stimulates bone regeneration at the implantation site. CSC alone occupied 22.2%±3.25% of the total femoral area at the implantation site, whereas CSC-NPCC (20%) occupied only 4%. These histological findings suggest that CSC-NPCC has potential as a biodegradable bone cement for use in bone defect areas that require regeneration.

Drug-Loaded Microspheres on NIR-Responsive PLA/MXene Scaffolds: Controlled Release and Bone Tissue Regeneration.

The resection of bone tumors results in large bone defects with some residual tumor cells, and the treatment of this type of bone defect area often faces a dilemma, namely, the trade-off between bone repair and antitumor after the resection of bone tumors. In order to promote local bone repair, and at the same time inhibit tumor recurrence by continuous and controlled drug administration, we developed a multifunctional NIR-responsive scaffold, whose main components are polylactic acid and MXene, and loaded with PLGA/DOX microspheres, and we hope that the scaffold can take into account both antitumor and bone repair in the bidirectional modulation effect of NIR. The results showed that the scaffold with 1% MXene content had relatively good performance in photothermal therapy (PT) and other aspects, and it could be smoothly increased to 50 °C within 2 min under NIR illumination, and the drug release of microspheres was increased by 10% after illumination compared with that at body temperature. In vivo experiments in animals showed that this scaffold effectively limited the in situ recurrence of tumor cells and lung metastasis and was able to promote osteogenic differentiation under NIR irradiation. Therefore, this scaffold can not only control the release of antitumor drugs but also enhance the antitumor effect through the bidirectional modulation effect of PT and at the same time promote bone formation, which provides a good application solution for the integrated treatment of the bone defect area after bone tumor surgery.

MORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF POST-TRAUMATIC LOWER JAW REMODELING IN THE SETTING OF OSTEOPLASTY

Bone tissue regeneration remains a complex and crucial challenge for modern medicine. The unique properties of chitosan, its effects on bone regeneration in the maxillofacial region, as well as the underlying mechanisms and dynamics, remain poorly understood and warrant further investigation. Aim. The aim of the study is to determine the dynamics of morphological, radiological, and lectin-histochemical characteristics of bone-ceramic regenerate after the transplantation of octacalcium phosphate with the addition of chitosan acetate with ampicillin into an experimental defect in the rabbit mandible. Materials and methods. Adult male rabbits aged 6-7 months and weighing 2.5-3 kg were used for the study. The control group consisted of animals with a bone defect that healed under a blood clot. The experimental group consisted of rabbits in which the bone defect was filled with an osteotropic material containing octacalcium phosphate, chitosan acetate, and ampicillin (OCР-N-Chitosan-Ampicillin). Post-traumatic bone tissue status within the defect area was monitored for 84 days. The following methods were employed: bone defect modeling, assessment of jaw macrostructure, radiographic examination, radiovisiography, examination of bone sections under a microscope, and lectin-histochemical analysis of decalcified bone sections. Results. Examination of the macrostructure of the experimental bone defect in the rabbit mandible after implantation of material with octacalcium phosphate, chitosan acetate, and ampicillin (OCР-N -Chitosan-Ampicillin) revealed numerous regenerative changes that occurred after the injury and correlated with the data of radiographic and radiovisiographic examinations. Microscopic examination of bone sections allowed us to establish the phased nature of the dynamics of the studied regenerative changes and the composition of the regenerate. Conclusions. It was established that in the experimental group of animals in which defect repair was performed using OCP-N-Chitosan-Ampicillin material, a shortening of the reactive phase of the post-traumatic inflammatory process was observed, which ensured the active onset of osteoregeneration. The use of this combination of drugs showed accelerated reparative regeneration of the mandible and adjacent mucosa.

Morphological characteristics of regeneration of the lower jaw bone in an experiment using natural collagen with lincomycin

This study aimed to investigate the dynamic changes in the histo­morphological architecture of bone-ceramic regeneration following the transplantation of natural collagen combined with lincomycin into an experimental defect of the rabbit mandible. 45 adult male rabbits aged 6-7 months and weighing 2.5-3 kg were used for the study. 20 animals were in control group and 20 animals in experimental. An additional 5 intact animals were used to study the normal structure of bone tissue in the studied area of the lower jaw. The control group consisted of animals with a bone defect that healed under a blood clot. The experimental group consisted of rabbits with the bone defect filled with natural collagen, with simultaneous intramuscular injections of lincomycin at a dose of 12 mg/kg body weight once a day for 6 days (Col-C-lincomycin). Post-traumatic bone tissue status within the defect area was monitored for 84 days. Ultrastructural changes were studied using scanning electron microscopy. To determine changes in the composition in the bone regeneration, three parameters were calculated – the relative volume of: 1) bone tissue, 2) osteoplastic material and 3) connective tissue in the bone regeneration. The data were analyzed using the Student's t-test, and a difference at p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. The research of the surface topography of the experimental bone defect in the rabbit mandible, following the implantation of Col-C material in combination with lincomycin, revealed numerous regenerative changes that occurred after injury and correlated with the dynamic changes in the relative volume of bone tissue, osteoplastic material, and connective tissue within the regeneration. Morphometric analysis of the relative volume of the constituent components of the regeneration in the experimental defect revealed a phased nature of the dynamics of the observed changes. The osteocyte lacuno-canalicular system that formed after material implantation acquired characteristics of typical structure. Foci of incomplete osteogenesis were not visualized. Unlike the control group, after the application of Col-C material in combination with lincomycin, the majority of osteons in the regeneration near the outer bone plate did not differ from the typical structure of the maternal bone in terms of both its structure and geometry.

MORPHOLOGICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF MANDIBULAR BONE REMODELLING AFTER ACTIVATED CHITOSAN IMPLANTATION

Introduction. Bone regeneration remains a complex and challenging area for modern medicine. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of bone tissue remodeling after defect creation and filling with chitosan-based osteoplastic material. While osteoplastic materials are widely used clinically, and chitosan offers unique properties, its impact on maxillofacial bone regeneration, particularly the underlying mechanisms and dynamics, is not fully understood and requires further clarification and detailed investigation. Aim: this study aims to determine and compare the morphological, radiological, and lectin-histochemical characteristics of osteoregeneration after the transplantation of activated chitosan (Chitosan-A) into an experimental defect in the rabbit mandible. Materials and methods. The study was carried out on mature male rabbits aged 6-7 months, weighing 2.5-3 kg. The control group included animals with a bone tissue defect that healed under a blood clot. The experimental group consisted of rabbits in which the bone defect was filled with activated chitosan (Chitosan-A). The post-traumatic state of bone tissue in the defect area was monitored over a period of 84 days using the following methods: bone defect modeling, assessment of jaw macrostructure, radiographic examination, radiovisiography, microscopic analysis of bone sections, and lectin-histochemical analysis of decalcified bone sections. Results. Examination of the macrostructure of the experimental bone defect in the rabbit mandible, following the implantation of chitosan activated with acetic acid (Chitosan-A) into the defect cavity, revealed extensive regenerative changes associated with injury recovery. These findings correlated with data obtained from radiographic and radiovisiographic examinations. Microscopic analysis of bone sections demonstrated a staged progression of regenerative changes and provided insights into the composition of the regenerate. Conclusions. The use of Chitosan-A was shown to modulate tissue development and remodeling throughout the experiment. Bone density in the experimental group approached normal levels, being only 10.2% lower than in the control group at the end of the study. Microscopic examination revealed bone tissue remodeling with incomplete geometry of newly formed osteons and residual traces of the Chitosan-A material.

THE USE OF AUTOLOGOUS DENTIN-GRAFT TO REPLACE PERIODONTAL DEFECTS: CASE REPORT

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the preservation of vertical alveolar ridge parameters in cases of volumetric post-extraction defects in the mandible using a combination of autologous dentin graft and platelet-rich fibrin, assessed at short-term (3 months) and long-term (12 months) follow-ups. Subjects and methods. A clinical case of patient Zh., 45 years old, who sought dental care at the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, the Lviv Regional Clinical Hospital, is presented. Cone-beam computed tomography, orthopantomogram were performed followed by surgical treatment in accordance with the recommended protocol. Results. Partial or complete tooth loss, regardless of the causes of its occurrence, is accompanied by physiological reduction (atrophy) of the alveolar processes of the jaws in the vertical and horizontal planes, which is an indication for bone-plastic replacement of post-extraction defects. The technology of manufacturing and application of granulated dentin for the replacement of various defects of the alveolar bone has made it possible to consider autologous dentin graft as the “gold standard” of regenerative bone surgery due to its unique osteogenic, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive properties, and its combination with platelet-rich fibrin containing growth factors has an additional positive effect on the healing of soft- and bone-tissue wounds and regenerative processes. A clinical example of replacement of a large post-extraction defect of the lower jaw using a composition of autologous dentin and platelet-rich fibrin with simultaneous implantation is demonstrated. Control radiological examinations performed 3 and 12 months after the operation showed that the newly formed bone tissue in the area of the former defects did not differ in structure and density from the surrounding areas, and most importantly, no vertical loss of height of the reconstructed alveolar ridge was noted. Conclusion. All of the above indicates that the composition of autologous dentin and platelet-rich fibrin may be a promising therapeutic option for the replacement of post-extraction defects, horizontal or vertical augmentation of alveolar ridge.

Fluorinated Porcine Bone-Derived Hydroxyapatite Promotes Vascularized Osteogenesis by Coordinating Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell/Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell Complexes.

Biogenic hydroxyapatite is known for its osteoinductive potential due to its similarity to human bone and biocompatibility, but insufficient vascularization compared to autogenous bone during early implantation limits bone integration and osteogenesis. Fluorine has been shown to improve hydroxyapatite's mechanical properties and the coupling of osteogenic and angiogenic cells. In this study, fluorine-modified biogenic hydroxyapatite (FPHA) with varying fluorine concentrations was prepared and tested for its ability to promote vascularized osteogenesis. FPHA prepared in this study retained the natural porous structure of biological cancellous bone and released F- ions when immersed in cell culture medium. The extraction solutions of FPHA0.25 and FPHA0.50 promoted the formation of capillary-like tubes by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), with FPHA0.25 significantly upregulating vegf mRNA and VEGF protein levels in co-cultured human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (HBMSCs). Additionally, FPHA0.25 and FPHA0.50 upregulated pdgf-bb mRNA and PDGF-BB protein levels in HUVECs. In vivo experiments using a rabbit cranial defect model demonstrated that FPHA0.25 promoted early bone formation and angiogenesis in the defect area, enhanced VEGF secretion, and increased PDGFR-β expression in endothelial and mesenchymal cells. These findings suggest that fluorine-modified biogenic hydroxyapatite with an optimal fluorine concentration (FPHA0.25) may offer a promising strategy to enhance the body's innate bone-healing potential by accelerating vascularization.

Image fusion of ultrasonic and thermography for delamination detection of CFRP based on data post-processing methods

ABSTRACT Delamination is crucial damage in carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. Various non-destructive testing methods could detect the delamination with different merits. Ultrasonic can penetrate CFRP but has the dead zone effect, whereas thermography can reveal shallow defect but is insensitive to deep delamination. Therefore, in this work, the results of ultrasonic C-scan and locked-in thermography were fused to inspect the delamination. The ultrasonic C-scan images were processed by 6 dB drop criteria to quantify defect area. Principal component thermography, thermographic signal reconstruction and phase extraction were implemented on the thermographic images. C-scan images and thermographic images were fused using the proposed fusion algorithm that combines the evidence theory and minimum values. The performances of fused images were evaluated by the index of signal-to-noise ratio. The results show that the C-scan image fused with the thermographic phase image can significantly improve the signal-to-noise ratio of shallow defect detection and reduce the error with the actual defect area.

Design of a computer vision system for accurate measurement of mango skin defects by surface image slicing

Abstract External features such as color, size, weight, and defect area are among the critical parameters for grading mangoes for export purposes. This paper describes a novel computer vision system (CVS) for the accurate measurement of mango skin defects. A novel algorithm called mango skin image slicing (MSIS) was developed to generate mango slices, each of which includes points of pseudo-equidistance from the camera to accurately calculate the defect area. Based on images captured from 360-degree views, defects on the entire mango surface can be detected. For the first time, a strategy for preventing multiple considerations of the same defects from 360-degree images was introduced based on MSIS. The experimental results revealed that recalculations of the same defects were avoided, and negligible minor defects were excluded, complying with the guidance of the mango exporting firms. The measurement accuracy was evaluated with artificial defects of 100 mm2, yielding a mean error of 6.0 ± 1.4 mm2, which was suitable for defect area measurement considering the mango grading standard. The CVS throughput of approximately 644 mangoes per hour was also a reasonable trade-off for the achieved accuracy and great potential of extending the CVS for more sophisticated classification of non-negligible defects based on the advantages of mango images captured at closer camera–object distances.

Delamination damage identification through multi-input data using impact echo and study of model efficiency

ABSTRACT This paper describes delamination damage identification using a robust multi-input deep convolutional neural network (MI – DCNN) model. By incorporating various impact echo signals, including time-domain, frequency-domain, and short-time Fourier transform (STFT) data, the proposed model captures a wider range of signal characteristics, thus improving the accuracy of damage detection. The study compares four different damage identification models applied to six artificially created delamination cases with varying depths and sizes. Among the models, the MI – DCNN that leverages frequency-domain and STFT data achieves the highest testing accuracy at 89.7%. Furthermore, the study explores the trade-off between model accuracy and computation time, concluding that optimal performance is achieved using 200 × 200 resolution images and 100 input samples. To assess real-world applicability, the model’s performance was validated using previously collected field data from a concrete wall, where known defect areas were identified through core sampling. These findings provide valuable insights for improving damage detection in non-destructive testing techniques, offering practical implications for enhancing structural health monitoring systems, where both accuracy and computational efficiency are critical.

Degradation Detection in Rice Products via Shape Variations in XCT Simulation-Empowered AI

This research explores the process of generating artificial training data for the detection and classification of defective areas in X-ray computed tomography (XCT) scans in the agricultural domain using AI techniques. It aims to determine the minimum detectability limit for such defects through analyses regarding the Probability of Detection based on analytic XCT simulations. For this purpose, the presented methodology introduces randomized shape variations in surface models used as descriptors for specimens in XCT simulations for generating virtual XCT data. Specifically, the agricultural sector is targeted in this work in terms of analyzing common degradation or defective areas in rice products. This is of special interest due to the huge biological genotypic and phenotypic variations occurring in nature. The proposed method is demonstrated on the application of analyzing rice grains for common defects (chalky and pore areas).

REPAIR OF BURNT DEFECTS IN CGB (CORRECTED GRAIN BOX) ARTICLES THROUGH THE FINISHING PROCESS

The purpose of this study was to repair Corrected Grain Box (CGB) leather which had burnt defects through a finishing process so that the finished leather could meet SNI 0234:2009 standards. The material used is CGB finish cowhide leather with reject quality for 1 side with an area of ​​16.50 sqft and a thickness of 1.76 mm as raw material. The chemicals used are stucco, flesh side binder, compact binder, soft resin compact, copolymer binder, adhesion, filler, acrylic binder, pigment, lacquer, thinner, and silicon. The research process consists of two stages, namely the implementation of the finishing process and testing. The finishing process includes coarse buffing, stucco, fine buffing, spray backside or flesh side, ironing, roll coating 1 (base coat), spray lacquer solvent 1, emboss sandblast 1, roll coating 2 (medium coat), spray lacquer solvent 2, staking, embossing sandblast 2 and measuring. The finish results of the CGB skin obtained were skin which initially had a burned defect area of ​​82%, after repairs the area of ​​the defect was reduced to <10%. Organoleptic testing consisted of color evenness and nerf release, while physical tests, namely the rubbing resistance of wet and dry paint, were carried out and all the results met the SNI 0234:2009 standard.

Auricular epithesis-Blending digital & conventional techniques

Auricular epithesis is the most challenging in maxillofacial reconstruction. The advent of the digital technology in the field of the maxillofacial prosthesis ensures accuracy and precision. This paper highlights the case of a 34-year patient of an alleged road traffic accident with resultant in traumatic partial avulsion of the left ear. The data acquisition of the healthy ear was captured using a Computed Tomography Machine and mirrored using the Geomagic freeform Software to mirror the healthy ear into the defect area. The mirrored image was then processed to a watertight model for 3D printing. Stereolithography (SLA) was used to print the model followed by which the silicone epithesis was fabricated. This case report also explains about the various techniques to capture the data digitally and the several softwares that are available to process the data. Blending both analogue and digital method, an auricular epithesis can be made more lifelike, comfortable and functional thereby improving the quality of life of individuals with ear deformities.

Perigenital Defect Reconstruction Post Giant Condyloma Acuminata Resection: Experience With The Double Keystone Flap

Abstract: Due to its high recurrence, genital condyloma acuminata should be widely excised to include the full dermal thickness. Currettage is not advisable, as the rate of recurrence is high. The bigger the lession, the bigger donor area needed to close the defect. The reconstructive options do not merely depend on the defect area, but also on selecting a tissue donor of similar color, thickness, sensation and durability. The ease of donor transfer is equally important. Not many case of giant genital condyloma acuminata wide excision and reconstruction has been reported. For coverage of larger soft tissue defect, skin graft is the most common option; however durability is of concern and the perigenital area is a challenging area to graft. Two cases of perigenital reconstruction after giant genital condyloma excision is reported in this paper, using random perforator based flaps, the double keystone flap. Patient and Method: Both cases of giant genital condyloma underwent wide excision by the urologist and referred to our division for reconstruction. Both patients are male, and the defects were reconstructed using the double keystone flap. One patient needed a split thickness skin graft to cover remaining defect on the penile shaft. Result: In both cases, the double keystone flap successfully covered for the defects on the perigenital with tissue quality similar to its original characteristics. No complication ensued. All flaps were vital, no dehisence nor local infection occurred. Summary: The double keystone flap is a reliable option for the reconstruction of large defects on the perigenital region.

Multi-Channel Fusion Decision-Making Online Detection Network for Surface Defects in Automotive Pipelines Based on Transfer Learning VGG16 Network.

Although approaches for the online surface detection of automotive pipelines exist, low defect area rates, small-sample and long-tailed data, and the difficulty of detection due to the variable morphology of defects are three major problems faced when using such methods. In order to solve these problems, this study combines traditional visual detection methods and deep neural network technology to propose a transfer learning multi-channel fusion decision network without significantly increasing the number of network layers or the structural complexity. Each channel of the network is designed according to the characteristics of different types of defects. Dynamic weights are assigned to achieve decision-level fusion through the use of a matrix of indicators to evaluate the performance of each channel's recognition ability. In order to improve the detection efficiency and reduce the amount of data transmission and processing, an improved ROI detection algorithm for surface defects is proposed. It can enable the rapid screening of target surfaces for the high-quality and rapid acquisition of surface defect images. On an automotive pipeline surface defect dataset, the detection accuracy of the multi-channel fusion decision network with transfer learning was 97.78% and its detection speed was 153.8 FPS. The experimental results indicate that the multi-channel fusion decision network could simultaneously take into account the needs for real-time detection and accuracy, synthesize the advantages of different network structures, and avoid the limitations of single-channel networks.

Siamese-RCNet: Defect Detection Model for Complex Textured Surfaces with Few Annotations

The surface texture of objects in industrial scenes is complex and diverse, and the characteristics of surface defects are often very similar to the surrounding environment and texture background, so it is difficult to accurately detect the defect area. However, when deep learning technology is used to detect complex texture surface defects, the detection accuracy is not high, due to the lack of large-scale pixel-level label datasets. Therefore, a defect detection model Siamese-RCNet for complex texture surface with a small number of annotations is proposed. The Cascade R-CNN target detection network is used as the basic framework, making full use of unlabeled image feature information, and fusing the nonlinear relationship learning ability of Siamese network and the feature extraction ability of the Res2Net backbone network to more effectively capture the subtle features of complex texture surface defects. The image difference measurement method is used to calculate the similarity between different images, and the attention module is constructed to weight the feature map of the feature extraction pyramid, so that the model can focus more on the defect area and suppress the influence of complex background texture area, so as to improve the accuracy of detection. To verify the effectiveness of the Siamese-RCNet model, a series of experiments were carried out on the DAGM2007 dataset of weakly supervised learning texture surface defects for industrial optical inspection. The results show that even if only 20% of the labeled datasets are used, the mAP@0.5 of the Siamese-RCNet model can still reach 96.9%. Compared with the traditional Cascade R-CNN and Faster R-CNN target detection networks, the Siamese-RCNet model has high accuracy, can reduce the workload of manual labeling, and provides strong support for practical applications.

Macrophages regulate angiogenesis-osteogenesis coupling induced by mechanical loading through the Piezo1 pathway.

Bone is a mechanosensitive organ, and its regeneration also depends on the ability of bone cells to perceive and react to mechanical stimuli. Macrophages are indispensable for bone formation, regeneration, and maintenance. Depletion of macrophages resulted in poor bone development, due to impaired vessels formation and osteogenesis. However, how mechanical stimulation stimulates macrophages during bone regeneration is unclear. As in many cell types, Piezo1 is part of the mechanotransduction in macrophages, and modulates macrophage activity. Here, we utilized conditional knockout of Piezo1 in LysM+ myeloid cells and in vivo mechanical loading to investigate the mechanoregulation of macrophages and their contribution to bone repair. We found that mechanical loading increased the ratio of CD206+ macrophages, angiogenesis-osteogenesis coupling, and cell proliferation within defect region, leading to enhanced bone regeneration. However, all the loading-induced upregulation were blunted by conditional knockout of Piezo1 in macrophages. Furthermore, we implanted wildtype bone marrow-derived macrophages into defect area in Piezo1 knockout mice. Wildtype macrophages rescued mechanosensitive angiogenesis-osteogenesis coupling and promoted bone regeneration in Piezo1 knockout mice. Together, our data showed that Piezo1 in macrophages is indispensable for loading-induced bone regeneration by stimulating macrophage polarization into the CD206+ phenotype, thereby facilitating the angiogenesis-osteogenesis coupling, promoting cell proliferation, and finally resulting in enhanced bone regeneration.

An in vivo evaluation of the safety and efficacy of using decellularized bovine parietal peritoneum membranes as dural substitutes.

The reconstruction of dura matter is a challenging problem for neurosurgeons. A number of materials for dural reconstruction have recently been developed, but some of them have poor biocompatibility, poor mechanical properties, and adverse effects. Bovine parietal peritoneum is a promising natural material for regenerative medicine and reconstructive surgery. In this study, we conducted an in vivo evaluation of the safety and efficacy of using decellularized bovine peritoneum membranes (BPMs) as natural dural substitutes in a rabbit model. The dural defects in mature New Zealand rabbits were studied. A BPM was sutured on the dural defect area of each animal. Autologous periosteum and collagen membranes (Lyoplant®) were used to facilitate a comparison with the BPMs. ELISA, histomorphological analysis, and hematological analysis were carried out to examine the safety and efficacy of using BPMs as dural substitutes. Our results showed that the BPMs demonstrated a deterioration rate that is suitable for gathering newly formed meningothelial tissue. The thickness and density of BPM fibers prevents resorption in the first few days after use as a plastic material, and the regeneration of the dura mater does not occur at an accelerated pace, meaning that the gradual formation of fibrous tissue prevents adhesion to the brain surface. It was observed that the BPM can integrate with the adjacent tissue to repair dural defects. Moreover, the transplantation of BPMs did not cause significant adverse effects or immunological responses, indicating the safety and good biocompatibility of the BPM. Thus, our in vivo study in a rabbit model showed that decellularized BPMs may represent a biocompatible natural material that can be used in cases requiring dura matter repair without significant adverse effects.