Default Mode Network In Children Research Articles

Default at fault? Exploring neural correlates of default mode network in children with ADHD, their unaffected siblings versus neurotypical controls: A quantitative EEG study

BackgroundSustained activation of default mode network has been implicated for momentary lapses of attention and higher errors during performance of cognitive tasks in attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) children. Despite emerging evidence indicating the genetic basis of ADHD, there is paucity of literature investigating the alteration of DMN in children with ADHD and their unaffected siblings. AimTo study the cortical sources of DMN in children with ADHD compared to their siblings and neurotypical controls. MethodsEighty-six participants (35 ADHD (12.4(±2.7) years), 16 unaffected siblings (11.8(±4.3) years) and 35 matched neurotypical controls (12.6 (±3.6) years) participated in the study. 128 channel EEG data was acquired during rest and Stroop cognitive task and analyzed for cortical source estimation using LORETA software. ResultsHigher activation of DMN and DMN associated areas were observed during encoding of the color-word stimuli in children with ADHD. Sustained activation of core DMN areas namely medial frontal gyrus, posterior cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus and inferior parietal lobule was observed across all groups. Among the three groups, distinct cortical source activation differences were identified solely in the DMN and its associated areas among children with ADHD during the task encoding phase compared to baseline. In contrast, both siblings and neurotypical controls displayed activation in fronto-parieto-temporal areas subserving executive function were also observed. ConclusionSustained activity of DMN areas with minimal activity in executive network in ADHD children and unaffected siblings during encoding of stimulus implies potential endophenotypic marker in children with ADHD compared to neurotypical controls.

Altered static and dynamic functional connectivity of the default mode network across epilepsy subtypes in children: A resting-state fMRI study

BackgroundEpilepsy is a chronic neurologic disorder characterized by abnormal functioning of brain networks, making it a complex research topic. Recent advancements in neuroimaging technology offer an effective approach to unraveling the intricacies of the human brain. Within different types of epilepsy, there is growing recognition regarding ongoing changes in the default mode network (DMN). However, little is known about the shared and distinct alterations of static functional connectivity (sFC) and dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) in DMN among epileptic subtypes, especially in children with epilepsy. MethodsHere, 110 children with epilepsy at a single center, including idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE), frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE), temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), and parietal lobe epilepsy (PLE), as well as 84 healthy controls (HC) underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan. We investigated both sFC and dFC between groups of the DMN. ResultsDecreased static and dynamic connectivity within the DMN subsystem were shared by all subtypes. In each epilepsy subtype, children with epilepsy displayed significant and distinct patterns of DMN connectivity compared to the control group: the IGE group showed reduced interhemispheric connectivity, the FLE group consistently demonstrated disturbances in frontal region connectivity, the TLE group exhibited significant disruptions in hippocampal connectivity, and the PLE group displayed a notable decrease in parietal-temporal connectivity within the DMN. Some state-specific FC disruptions (decreased dFC) were observed in each epilepsy subtype that cannot detect by sFC. To determine their uniqueness within specific subtypes, bootstrapping methods were employed and found the significant results (IGE: between PCC and bilateral precuneus, FLE: between right middle frontal gyrus and bilateral middle temporal gyrus, TLE: between left Hippocampus and right fusiform, PLE: between left angular and cingulate cortex). Furthermore, only children with IGE exhibited dynamic features associated with clinical variables. ConclusionsOur findings highlight both shared and distinct FC alterations within the DMN in children with different types of epilepsy. Furthermore, our work provides a novel perspective on the functional alterations in the DMN of pediatric patients, suggesting that combined sFC and dFC analysis can provide valuable insights for deepening our understanding of the neuronal mechanism underlying epilepsy in children.

Meditation reduces brain activity in the default mode network in children with active cancer and survivors.

Mounting evidence demonstrates that meditation can lower pain and emotional distress in adults, and more recently, in children. Children may benefit from meditation given its accessibility across a variety of settings (e.g., surgical preparation). Recent neuroimaging studies in adults suggest that meditation techniques are neurobiologically distinct from other forms of emotion regulation, such as distraction, that rely on prefrontal control mechanisms, which are underdeveloped in youth. Rather, meditation techniques may not rely on "top-down" prefrontal control and may therefore be utilized across the lifespan. We examined neural activation in children with cancer, a potentially distressing diagnosis. During neuroimaging, children viewed distress-inducing video clips while using martial arts-based meditation (focused attention, mindful acceptance) or non-meditation (distraction) emotion regulation techniques. In a third condition (control), participants passively viewed the video clip. We found that meditation techniques were associated with lower activation in default mode network (DMN) regions, including the medial frontal cortex, precuneus, and posterior cingulate cortex, compared to the control condition. Additionally, we found evidence that meditation techniques may be more effective for modulating DMN activity than distraction. There were no differences in self-reported distress ratings between conditions. Together, these findings suggest that martial arts-based meditation modulates negative self-referential processing associated with the DMN, and may have implications for the management of pediatric pain and negative emotion.

Brain Network Connectivity and Executive Function in Children with Infantile Hydrocephalus.

Introduction: Infantile hydrocephalus (HCP) is a condition in which there is an abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles within the first few months of life, which puts pressure on surrounding brain tissues. Compression of the developing brain increases the risk of secondary brain injury and cognitive disabilities. Methods: In this study, we used diffusion-weighted imaging and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the effects of ventricle dilatation on structural and functional brain networks in children with shunted infantile HCP and examined how these brain changes may impact executive function. Results: We found that children with HCP have altered structural and functional connectivity between and within large-scale networks. Moreover, hyperconnectivity between the ventral attention and default mode network in children with HCP correlated with reduced executive function scores. Compared with typically developing age-matched control participants, our patient population also had lower fractional anisotropy in posterior white matter. Discussion: Overall, these findings suggest that infantile HCP has long-term effects on brain network connectivity, white matter development, and executive function in children at school age. Future work will examine the relationship between ventricular volumes before shunt placement in infancy and brain network development throughout childhood.

State-Dependent Effective Connectivity in Resting-State fMRI.

The human brain at rest exhibits intrinsic dynamics transitioning among the multiple metastable states of the inter-regional functional connectivity. Accordingly, the demand for exploring the state-specific functional connectivity increases for a deeper understanding of mental diseases. Functional connectivity, however, lacks information about the directed causal influences among the brain regions, called effective connectivity. This study presents the dynamic causal modeling (DCM) framework to explore the state-dependent effective connectivity using spectral DCM for the resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI). We established the sequence of brain states using the hidden Markov model with the multivariate autoregressive coefficients of rsfMRI, summarizing the functional connectivity. We decomposed the state-dependent effective connectivity using a parametric empirical Bayes scheme that models the effective connectivity of consecutive windows with the time course of the discrete states as regressors. We showed the plausibility of the state-dependent effective connectivity analysis in a simulation setting. To test the clinical applicability, we applied the proposed method to characterize the state- and subtype-dependent effective connectivity of the default mode network in children with combined-type attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD-C) compared with age-matched, typically developed children (TDC). All 88 children were subtyped according to the occupation times (i.e., dwell times) of the three dominant functional connectivity states, independently of clinical diagnosis. The state-dependent effective connectivity differences between ADHD-C and TDC according to the subtypes and those between the subtypes of ADHD-C were expressed mainly in self-inhibition, magnifying the importance of excitation inhibition balance in the subtyping. These findings provide a clear motivation for decomposing the state-dependent dynamic effective connectivity and state-dependent analysis of the directed coupling in exploring mental diseases.

Impact of Antiepileptic Drugs on Cognition and Neuromagnetic Activity in Childhood Epilepsy With Centrotemporal Spikes: A Magnetoencephalography Study.

Objective: Childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (CECTS), the most common childhood epilepsy, still lacks longitudinal imaging studies involving antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). In order to examine the effect of AEDs on cognition and brain activity. We investigated the neuromagnetic activities and cognitive profile in children with CECTS before and after 1 year of treatment.Methods: Fifteen children with CECTS aged 6–12 years underwent high-sampling magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings before treatment and at 1 year after treatment, and 12 completed the cognitive assessment (The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children). Next, magnetic source location and functional connectivity (FC) were investigated in order to characterize interictal neuromagnetic activity in the seven frequency sub-bands, including: delta (1–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (8–12 Hz), beta (12–30 Hz), gamma (30–80 Hz), ripple (80–250 Hz), and fast ripple (250–500 Hz).Results: After 1 year of treatment, children with CECTS had increased scores on full-scale intelligence quotient, verbal comprehension index (VCI) and perceptual reasoning index (PRI). Alterations of neural activity occurred in specific frequency bands. Source location, in the 30–80 Hz frequency band, was significantly increased in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) after treatment. Moreover, FC analysis demonstrated that after treatment, the connectivity between the PCC and the medial frontal cortex (MFC) was enhanced in the 8–12 Hz frequency band. Additionally, the whole-brain network distribution was more dispersed in the 80–250 Hz frequency band.Conclusion: Intrinsic neural activity has frequency-dependent characteristic. AEDs have impact on regional activity and FC of the default mode network (DMN). Normalization of aberrant DMN in children with CECTS after treatment is likely the reason for improvement of cognitive function.

Cognition and the Default Mode Network in Children with Sickle Cell Disease: A Resting State Functional MRI Study.

Cerebrovascular complications are frequent events in children with sickle cell disease, yet routinely used techniques such as Transcranial Doppler (TCD), Magnetic Resonance (MRI) and Angiography (MRA), insufficiently explain the cause of poor cognitive performances. Forty children with SS-Sβ° (mean age 8 years) underwent neurocognitive evaluation and comprehensive brain imaging assessment with TCD, MRI, MRA, Resting State (RS) Functional MRI with evaluation of the Default Mode Network (DMN). Sixteen healthy age-matched controls underwent MRI, MRA and RS functional MRI.Children with SCD display increased brain connectivity in the DMN even in the absence of alterations in standard imaging techniques. Patients with low neurocognitive scores presented higher brain connectivity compared to children without cognitive impairment or controls, suggesting an initial compensatory mechanism to maintain performances. In our cohort steady state haemoglobin level was not related to increased brain connectivity, but SatO2<97% was. Our findings provide novel evidence that SCD is characterized by a selective disruption of connectivity among relevant regions of the brain, potentially leading to reduced cognition and altered functional brain dynamics. RS functional MRI could be used as a useful tool to evaluate cognition and cerebral damage in SCD in longitudinal trials.

Default mode network alterations during language task performance in children with benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS)

Benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) is the most common idiopathic epileptic disorder in children. Besides reported cognitive deficits, functional alterations mostly in the reorganization of language areas have also been described. In several publications, it has been reported that activation of the default mode network (DMN) can be reduced or altered in different neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders in adults. Whether this also holds true for children with epilepsy has so far not been clarified.To determine the functional activation of the DMN in children with BECTS, 20 patients and 16 healthy controls were examined using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), while a sentence generation task and a reading task were applied in a block design manner. To study the default mode network and the functional alterations between groups, an independent component analysis (ICA) was computed and further analyzed using SPM5.Compared with controls, children with BECTS showed not only significantly less activation of the DMN during the rest condition but also less deactivation during cognitive effort. This was most apparent in the precuneus, a key region of the DMN, while subjects were generating sentences.From these findings, we hypothesize that children with BECTS show a functional deficit that is reflected by alterations in the DMN.

Reduced resting-state brain activity in the default mode network in children with (central) auditory processing disorders.

BackgroundIn recent years, there has been a growing interest in Central Auditory Processing Disorder (C)APD. However, the neural correlates of (C)APD are poorly understood. Previous neuroimaging experiments have shown changes in the intrinsic activity of the brain in various cognitive deficits and brain disorders. The present study investigated the spontaneous brain activity in (C)APD subjects with resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI).MethodsThirteen children diagnosed with (C)APD and fifteen age and gender-matched controls participated in a rs-fMRI study during which they were asked to relax keeping their eyes open. Two different techniques of the rs-fMRI data analysis were used: Regional Homogeneity (ReHo) and Independent Component Analysis (ICA), which approach is rare.ResultsBoth methods of data analysis showed comparable results in the pattern of DMN activity within groups. Additionally, ReHo analysis revealed increased co-activation of the superior frontal gyrus, the posterior cingulate cortex/the precuneus in controls, compared to the (C)APD group. ICA yielded inconsistent results across groups.ConclusionsOur ReHo results suggest that (C)APD children seem to present reduced regional homogeneity in brain regions considered a part of the default mode network (DMN). These findings might contribute to a better understanding of neural mechanisms of (C)APD.

Mental time travel and default-mode network functional connectivity in the developing brain

A core brain network is engaged in remembering the past and envisioning the future. This network overlaps with the so-called default-mode network, the activity of which increases when demands for focused attention are low. Because of their shared brain substrates, an intriguing hypothesis is that default-mode activity, measured at rest, is related to performance in separate attention-focused recall and imagination tasks. However, we do not know how functional connectivity of the default-mode network is related to individual differences in reconstruction of the past and imagination of the future. Here, we show that functional connectivity of the default-mode network in children and adolescents is related to the quality of past remembering and marginally to future imagination. These results corroborate previous findings of a common neuronal substrate for memory and imagination and provide evidence suggesting that mental time travel is modulated by the task-independent functional architecture of the default-mode network in the developing brain. A further analysis showed that local cortical arealization also contributed to explain recall of the past and imagination of the future, underscoring the benefits of studying both functional and structural properties to understand the brain basis for complex human cognition.

Default mode network connectivity in children with a history of preschool onset depression

Atypical Default Mode Network (DMN) functional connectivity has been previously reported in depressed adults. However, there is relatively little data informing the developmental nature of this phenomenon. The current case-control study examined the DMN in a unique prospective sample of school-age children with a previous history of preschool depression. DMN functional connectivity was assessed using resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging data and the posterior cingulate (PCC) as a seed region of interest. Thirty-nine medication naïve school age children (21 with a history of preschool depression and 18 healthy peers) and their families who were ascertained as preschoolers and prospectively assessed over at least 4 annual waves as part of a federally funded study of preschool depression were included. Decreased connectivity between the PCC and regions within the middle temporal gyrus (MTG), inferior parietal lobule, and cerebellum was found in children with known depression during the preschool period. Increased connectivity between the PCC and regions within the subgenual and anterior cingulate cortices and anterior MTG bilaterally was also found in these children. Additionally, a clinically relevant 'brain-behavior' relationship between atypical functional connectivity of the PCC and disruptions in emotion regulation was identified. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the DMN in children known to have experienced the onset of a clinically significant depressive syndrome during preschool. Results suggest that a history of preschool depression is associated with atypical DMN connectivity. However, longitudinal studies are needed to clarify whether the current findings of atypical DMN connectivity are a precursor or a consequence of preschool depression.

Abnormal functional connectivity between the anterior cingulate and the default mode network in drug-naïve boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

A previous study indicated that adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) had a decreased anti-correlation between the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and the default mode network (DMN). In this study, we investigated whether children with ADHD also show a decreased anti-correlation between the dACC and the DMN. We also explored the developmental characteristics of the resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) of the dACC with the DMN in children with ADHD. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained from a 3T scanner in 19 drug-naïve boys with ADHD and 23 controls. Compared with normal controls, the dACC in boys with ADHD showed a significantly decreased negative RSFC with the DMN, including the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and the posterior cingulate cortex. The RSFC strength between the dACC and the posterior cingulate cortex showed a significantly negative correlation with age in normal controls, but not in boys with ADHD. This decreased anti-correlation may suggest an abnormal balance or interaction between attentional and intrinsic thoughts. Our age-related analysis suggested an abnormal development pattern of the dACC-DMN interaction in ADHD.

By Fault or by Default

By Fault or by Default

Default-mode function and task-induced deactivation have overlapping brain substrates in children

The regions that comprise the functionally connected resting-state default-mode network (DMN) in adults appear to be the same as those that are characterized by task-induced decreases in blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal. Independent component analysis can be used to produce a picture of the DMN as an individual rests quietly in the scanner. Contrasts across conditions in which cognitive load is parametrically modulated can delineate neural structures that have decreases in activation in response to high-demand task conditions. Examination of the degree to which these networks subsume dissociable brain substrates, and of the degree to which they overlap, provides insight concerning their purpose, function, and the nature of their associations. Few studies have examined the DMN in children, and none have tested whether the neural regions that comprise the DMN during a resting condition are the same regions that show reduced activity when children engage in cognitive tasks. In this paper we describe regions that show both task-related decreases and spontaneous intrinsic activity at rest in children, and we examine the co-localization of these networks. We describe ways in which the DMN in 7–12-year-old children is both similar to and different from the DMN in adults; moreover, we document that task-induced deactivations and default-mode resting-state activity in children share common neural substrates. It appears, therefore, that even before adolescence a core aspect of task-induced deactivation involves reallocating processing resources that are active at rest. We describe how future studies assessing the development of these systems would benefit from examining these constructs as part of one continuous system.