Deep Questions Research Articles

Evolutionary robotics as a modelling tool in evolutionary biology

The use of evolutionary robotic systems to model aspects of evolutionary biology is well-established. Yet, few studies have asked the question, “What kind of model is an evolutionary robotic system?” This paper seeks to address that question in several ways. First, it is addressed by applying a structured model description developed for physical robot models of animal sensorimotor systems, then by outlining the strengths and limitations of evolutionary robotics for modelling evolutionary biology, and, finally, by considering the deepest questions in evolution and which of them might feasibly be modelled by evolutionary robotics. The paper concludes that although evolutionary robotics faces serious limitations in exploring deeper questions in evolutionary biology, its bottom-up approach to modelling populations of evolving phenotypes and their embodied interactions holds significant value for both testing and generating hypotheses.

Mycologists and Virologists Align: Proposing Botrytis cinerea for Global Mycovirus Studies.

Mycoviruses are highly genetically diverse and can significantly change their fungal host's phenotype, yet they are generally under-described in genotypic and biological studies. We propose Botrytis cinerea as a model mycovirus system in which to develop a deeper understanding of mycovirus epidemiology including diversity, impact, and the associated cellular biology of the host and virus interaction. Over 100 mycoviruses have been described in this fungal host. B. cinerea is an ideal model fungus for mycovirology as it has highly tractable characteristics-it is easy to culture, has a worldwide distribution, infects a wide range of host plants, can be transformed and gene-edited, and has an existing depth of biological resources including annotated genomes, transcriptomes, and isolates with gene knockouts. Focusing on a model system for mycoviruses will enable the research community to address deep research questions that cannot be answered in a non-systematic manner. Since B. cinerea is a major plant pathogen, new insights may have immediate utility as well as creating new knowledge that complements and extends the knowledge of mycovirus interactions in other fungi, alone or with their respective plant hosts. In this review, we set out some of the critical steps required to develop B. cinerea as a model mycovirus system and how this may be used in the future.

ГЕНЕРАЛЬНЫЙ ШТАБ ЭПОХИ ГРАЖДАНСКОЙ ВОЙНЫ В НОВОМ ИССЛЕДОВАНИИ А.В. ГАНИНА

В статье рецензируется двухтомная монография А.В. Ганина «Кадры Генерального штаба в период Гражданской войны в России 1917–1922 гг.». Рецензируемая работа помещена в контекст исследований по истории Генерального штаба в Европе и в Российской империи. Представлены основные выводы автора, проанализирована методология исследования, отмечаются возможные пути развития темы. The article reviews the two-volume monograph by A. V. Ganin “Personnel of the General Staff during the Civil War in Russia 1917–1922.” The work is placed in the context of research on the history of the General Staff in Europe and, in particular, in the Russian Empire. The review presents the author's main conclusions, analyzes the research methodology, and notes possible ways to develop the topic. The work of A.V. Ganin represents the history of the General Staff as a single corporation that split under the influence of the civil war. The historian analyzed the fate of 2,859 graduates of the General Staff Academy and accelerated courses, as well as students who did not complete their studies. The book combines statistical data and descriptions of individual destinies. Using extensive material, A.V. Ganin shows that on the eve of 1917, the bulk of the General Staff were politically immature people who were far from public issues. During revolutionary events, as a rule, they behaved passively and followed events. The choice of one side or another during the civil war was more often determined by random factors. The study is built on a strong archival base, presented in clear and simple language, poses and resolves deep questions that go far beyond the topic of the Civil War in Russia.

Generative models for simulation of KamLAND-Zen

The next generation of searches for neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$0 \ u \\beta \\beta $$\\end{document}) are poised to answer deep questions on the nature of neutrinos and the source of the Universe’s matter–antimatter asymmetry. They will be looking for event rates of less than one event per ton of instrumented isotope per year. To claim discovery, accurate and efficient simulations of detector events that mimic 0νββ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$0 \ u \\beta \\beta $$\\end{document} is critical. Traditional Monte Carlo (MC) simulations can be supplemented by machine-learning-based generative models. This work describes the performance of generative models that we designed for monolithic liquid scintillator detectors like KamLAND to produce accurate simulation data without a predefined physics model. We present their current ability to recover low-level features and perform interpolation. In the future, the results of these generative models can be used to improve event classification and background rejection by providing high-quality abundant generated data.

Deep question generation model based on dual attention guidance

Deep question generation model based on dual attention guidance

RTRL: Relation-aware Transformer with Reinforcement Learning for Deep Question Generation

Deep question generation is an important yet challenging NLP task where a multi-step reasoning chain connecting multiple documents is required to answer the questions. In this paper, we propose a Relation-aware Transformer with Reinforcement Learning (RTRL) to improve the performance of deep question generation. Specifically, RTRL first utilizes the relation-aware Transformer to capture both the explicit linguistic and implicit semantic relations for better text representation. Besides, RTRL utilizes the sentence-level reward in a reinforcement learning framework to deal with the metric inconsistency between training and evaluation, and thus improve evaluation metrics with reference questions. Experimental results on the HotpotQA dataset show that RTRL outperforms baselines, highlighting its effectiveness in generating deep questions.

Do vocal mimics learn their mimetic songs from heterospecifics or conspecifics?

Abstract Vocal mimicry can develop either through imitation of heterospecific models (primary mimicry) or through imitation of conspecifics already producing mimetic song (secondary mimicry). Distinguishing primary versus secondary mimicry is important from ecological, evolutionary, and neurobiological perspectives. We outline four empirical strategies for researchers to detect the usage of secondary mimicry: (1) model selection strategy (heterospecific model commonly mimicked but rare or absent locally), (2) usage frequency strategy (syllable types commonly mimicked but rarely used by the model), (3) acoustic structure strategy (acoustic divergence in how a syllable type gets produced by mimics versus models), and (4) syntax strategy (consistent variation between mimic and model in the ordering of syllable types). We then use these strategies to produce evidence for secondary mimicry in northern mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos), focusing mostly on the mimicked songs of northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) and tufted titmice (Baeolophus bicolor). As further evidence of the mechanisms by which secondary mimicry might occur, we also demonstrate that mockingbirds match countersing much more frequently in response to conspecifics versus heterospecifics. Deeper questions about the precise extent of primary versus secondary mimicry in mockingbirds and other mimicking species still need answers.

THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MODERN EDUCATION

The contribution of computer science to education has always been important. From robotic teaching to the phenomenon of automatic system to analyze the answer sheet, Artificial Intelligence has always helped every teacher and student. In this study, we took a deep look at various analytics developments in use around the world, such as computing in education. Science techniques and thereby generalize and emphasize the role of artificial intelligence in teaching and analyzing students. Artificial intelligencehas enabled intelligent tutoring systems, the basis of all information science. These systems help develop the skills of self-reflection, deep questions to answer, breaking down conflicting statements, creating artistic questions, and making choices.

Promoting teaching improvement in elementary mathematics: A case with inverse relations

In this study, we examine two U.S. elementary teachers’ use of worked examples, representations, and deep questions in elementary mathematics lessons both before and after a project intervention designed to promote teaching improvement. This intervention was guided by a cognitive construct containing these three aspects, which were demonstrated via cross-cultural video lessons of both U.S. and Chinese teachers. We specifically analyze two teachers (Ann and Bea) who taught first-grade lessons on the topic of inverse relations. Although their lessons were rated similarly in year 1, the rating of their lessons in year 4, post-intervention, demonstrated different patterns of change. While Ann's use of worked examples and representations underwent no significant improvement, Bea spent more time unpacking a single worked example with a representational sequence fading from concrete to abstract (also called “concreteness fading”). Neither teacher showed improvement in asking deep questions. An analysis of the teachers’ responses to the project intervention revealed that their video noticing skills and personal takeaways were related to the areas of teaching where they improved. Other factors such as teachers’ prior knowledge, beliefs, and textbook resources, also played a role in teaching changes. These findings shed light on a recent endeavor called the “science of improvement” in mathematics teaching, which seeks to document teaching changes and the underlying mechanisms that might induce these changes. Implications for both research and practice are discussed.

Will Learning Machines Take Over the World?

Learning is an integral part of our lives, and the lives of all animals, but do you realize how wondrous our learning ability is? When we try to build machines that can learn, we are faced with deep questions about the nature and functioning of intelligence. In this article, I will tell you about special artificial networks, called neural networks, that mimic the brain to produce intelligent behavior. Neural networks are an integral part of artificial intelligence, widely used in many daily applications, from face recognition to autonomous driving. I am certain that neural networks will play a key role in our future lives, making them more comfortable and improving our understanding of big riddles such as what intelligence is and how our brains work.

Implementation of Nursing Ethics at Nort Moyo Health Center

The problem of ethical behavior in nursing services will have an impact on the emergence of a feeling of dissatisfaction with the nursing services provided. Patients will feel that their needs are not being met and feel that they are not getting attention from nurses. Ethical issues in nursing often cause conflict in relationships between patients and colleagues. Ethical behavior problems that occur in the nursing process are a sense of injustice in nursing services, a lack of attention and concern for patients, ignoring patient rights, a lack of respect for patients, and high demands for professional ethics in every nursing service. The aim of this research is to determine the implementation of nursing ethics for nurses at the North Moyo Health Center, as well as the obstacles to implementing nursing ethics at the North Moyo Health Center. This research is empirical juridical research. This research is a descriptive analysis. Field research was carried out through interviews with research subjects using open-ended interviews and deep questions. The study data were analyzed qualitatively and presented in descriptive form. Based on research results, the application of ethics in providing health services at the North Moyo Community Health Center is optimal in accordance with standard operating procedures, codes of ethics, and applicable laws and regulations

The effect of different question types on vicarious learning

This study explored the role of question types and prior knowledge in vicarious learning with an intelligent tutoring system. In experiment 1, the participants were assigned to three conditions (deep questions, shallow questions, control), the results showed that participants in the deep questions condition had higher retention test scores than those in the shallow questions condition and those in the control condition. In experiment 2, we conducted a 2 (prior knowledge: high, low) × 3 (question types: deep question, shallow question, control) between-subjects experimental design, and participants in the deep question condition again had higher retention test scores than the other conditions. Also, participants in the shallow question condition had higher retention test scores than those in the control condition. Additionally, no interaction between prior knowledge and question types was observed. In conclusion, deep questions can promote learning of experimental design, which replicates prior research results on deep level questions.

Disciples and Friends: Investigations in Disability, Dementia, and Mental Health

Disciples and Friends: Investigations in Disability, Dementia, and Mental Health

Disciples and Friends: Investigations in Disability, Dementia, and Mental Health

Disciples and Friends: Investigations in Disability, Dementia, and Mental Health

Pengaruh Media Sosial Instagram terhadap Konstruksi Realitas Sosial pada Komunitas Mahasiswa Untirta

In today's digital era, social media has become an inseparable part of daily life, especially for the younger generation. Among the various social media platforms, Instagram has become one of the most popular, especially among Untirta students. This media is not only used as a place to share photos and videos, but also as a space for social interaction, self-expression, and the search for information. However, behind its diverse functions, there are deep questions about the extent of Instagram's influence in shaping the social reality of the Untirta student community. This research uses a phenomenological approach, which is a way of building understanding of the reality experienced by someone, and that understanding is built from the subjects who live their activities in their lives. The focus of the phenomenological approach is how the subject interprets their personal experiences related to certain phenomena, experiences that are not just ordinary experiences, but experiences related to the structure of individual consciousness both directly and indirectly. Based on the research results and discussions conducted by the researcher, categorized into fan identity on social media, the construction of female fan identity of F.C. Barcelona, and fanaticism of F.C. Barcelona fans show that as a female fan of F.C. Barcelona, the interviewee wants to be seen as someone who truly supports F.C. Barcelona.

Ecology of the ‘Other’: A Posthumanist Study of Easterine Kire’s When the River Sleeps (2014)

In Posthuman Ecology, anthropocentrism, based on the binary division between the privileged human and the ‘other’, gets deconstructed, leading to an acknowledgment of humans as essentially tangled in an intricate web of the natural world. In such ecologies, boundaries between the human and the more-than-human (non-human) worlds become porous, creating fluid identities and conditions of being within a framework of active interplay between the human and the non-human world. The ecology of folktales is replete with Posthumanism, as their narratives consistently break the unbridgeable gap between the human, non-human, and the spiritual and/or supernatural worlds and present certain non-naturalist ontologies that are mostly at odds with naturalism or modern empirical science. Such tales provided much-needed templates for sustainable development in the time of the Anthropocene. This paper attempts to study Easterine Kire’s When the River Sleeps (2014) as a posthumanist narrative where Vilie (a hunter) goes on a fantastical journey to find a fabled magical stone from the bottom of the ‘sleeping river’. Vilie’s journey comes out as a playground for both mundane and fantastic elements. He grows as a human being, and this happens as he transacts with the non-human and the supernatural world and comes across deep metaphysical questions and presents keys to understanding balance-in-transcendence.

Real Face Value: The Processing of Naturalistic Facial Expressions in the Macaque Inferior Temporal Cortex.

For primates, expressions of fear are thought to be powerful social signals. In laboratory settings, faces with fearful expressions have reliably evoked valence effects in inferior temporal cortex. However, because macaques use so called "fear grins" in a variety of different contexts, the deeper question is whether the macaque inferior temporal cortex is tuned to the prototypical fear grin, or to conspecifics signaling fear? In this study, we combined neuroimaging with the results of a behavioral task to investigate how macaques encode a wide variety of fearful facial expressions. In Experiment 1, we identified two sets of macaque face stimuli using different approaches; we selected faces based on the emotional context (i.e., calm vs. fearful), and we selected faces based on the engagement of action units (i.e., neutral vs. fear grins). We also included human faces in Experiment 1. Then, using fMRI, we found that the faces selected based on context elicited a larger valence effect in the inferior temporal cortex than faces selected based on visual appearance. Furthermore, human facial expressions only elicited weak valence effects. These observations were further supported by the results of a two-alternative, forced-choice task (Experiment 2), suggesting that fear grins vary in their perceived pleasantness. Collectively, these findings indicate that the macaque inferior temporal cortex is more involved in social intelligence than commonly assumed, encoding emergent properties in naturalistic face stimuli that transcend basic visual features. These results demand a rethinking of theories surrounding the function and operationalization of primate inferior temporal cortex.

Ethical Dilemma and Compassionate Choices: Intersection of Buddhist Ethics and Euthanasia in India

Euthanasia, also known as mercy killing, involves the act of ending a person's life to alleviate unbearable pain or suffering, or to facilitate a painless death in situations where life has lost its meaning and has become unpleasant. While, Buddhism is about being kind, paying attention, and stopping suffering, so it has a different view that might affect people and communities dealing with end-of-life decisions. Focusing on compassionate choices, the study examines how Buddhist principles influence perceptions and decisions regarding end-of-life care. Investigating the conflicts between Buddhist teachings, which emphasize compassion and the easing of distress, and the evolving legal landscape of euthanasia in India. In this paper we shed light on the nuanced ethical considerations and we suggest that people should work together and think carefully to find a good balance between what Buddhism teaches and the laws about euthanasia in India. This means including kindness and being aware of others in legal discussions and making sure everyone understands each other's viewpoints. The goal of this paper is to create a fair way that respects each person's rights while dealing with the deep ethical questions connected to Buddhism.

Роль институтов развития в обеспечении технологического прогресса страны (на примере Орловской области)

Taking into account the technological vector of the country's development, based on the functions of development institutions, the purpose of the study is to assess how well existing development institutions meet the goals of technological development of the country, including the regional level. The first part is devoted to identifying approaches to understanding the essence of development institutions. In the second part, a methodology for analyzing the performance of such functions by development institutions is proposed. In the third (practical part), a study of the results of the development institutes of the Orel region was conducted. An example of the special economic zone "Orel" is considered in the context of the relationship between the functions of the SEZ and the needs of regional technological development. It was revealed that the region is aimed at the active use of innovative development institutions, but the SEZ «Orel» with high indicators of innovative attractiveness has low indicators of digital development. The article contributes to the discussion of deep questions about the goals and strategic objectives of development institutions in the era of technological development.

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION IN THE RECOVERY EFFORTS OF MENTALLY ILL STUDENTS AT THE BOARDING SCHOOL CONDROMOWO 2 NGAWI DISTRICT

The purpose of this article is to find out the form of interpersonal communication in the recovery efforts of mentally ill students at Condromowo 2 Islamic Boarding School and the supporting and inhibiting factors in the recovery process of mentally ill students. The method used in this article is descriptive qualitative method with data collection through interviews, observation, documentation, and literature research. The results of this analysis show that there are five forms of interpersonal communication in the recovery efforts of mentally ill students, namely dialogue, sharing, interviews, counseling, and spiritual therapy. In the process of dialoguing with students, there is one-way communication, two-way communication, the use of verbal language, and the use of non-verbal language. Sharing occurs when students already have trust in the rehabilitation sector administrators. The interview occurs when the santri are not clear about their problems, thus encouraging the administrators to ask deeper questions. Counseling is done by providing solutions to the problems experienced by students. As for spiritual therapy using alternative wirid, reciting the Koran, reading sholawat, and praying in congregation five times. The supporting factors contained in the interpersonal communication process between rehabilitation administrators and mentally ill students can be divided into three, namely supporting factors from the communicator's angle, supporting factors from the communicator's angle, and supporting factors from the message angle. The obstacles that occur during the recovery process of mentally ill students are process, semantic, and psychological obstacles.