Deep Water Running Research Articles

A Comparison of Ratings of Perceived Exertion During Deep Water Running and Treadmill Running: Considerations in the Prescription of Exercise Intensity

Deep water running (DWR) is a form a aquatic exercise that simulates the action of land based running (LBR), but appears to cause less musculo-skeletal stress. Consequently, it has become a popular training modality for athletes recovering from injury. The psychophysical effects of DWR and LBR respectively were investigated at three exercise intensities. Maximum heart rate (HR max ) was established using a Cooper 1.5 mile run test and the Karvonen Heart Rate Reserve (HRR) method was used to calculate exercise intensity at 60%, 70%, and 80% HRR, respectively. Six males and four females with a mean age (‐SD) of 28.1 ‐ 4.9 years and unfamiliar with DWR undertook a 30-minute test in both DWR and LBR conditions. Each test consisted of 3 x 10 minute periods at 60%, 70%, and 80% HRR respectively. Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) was recorded during the last minute of each period. A difference in RPE was found between LBR and DWR at 60% (11.4 Vs 12.8, p < 0.001), 70% (12.9 Vs 15.2, p < 0.001), and 80% HRR (14.5 Vs 17.7, p < 0.001). A significant difference in RPE was attributed to localized fatigue associated with the unfamiliarity of the task, reflected by increased cardiovascular stress at any given heart rate. Athletes and trainers should exhibit caution when prescribing a specific DWR exercise intensity based on HR max date obtained from a land based test. A downward adjustment of 12n17 beats per minute is considered prudent to ensure that exercise intensity is appropriate to the goal of the training program and to the traineeis current ability.

Deep Water Running Training and Road Running Training Improve Vo2 max in Untrained Women

Deep Water Running Training and Road Running Training Improve Vo2 max in Untrained Women

Deep Water Running Training and Road Running Training Improve &amp;Vdot;o2 max in Untrained Women

The primary purpose of this investigation was to compare the effects of deep water running (DWR) training and road running (RR) training on the VO2max of untrained women. The subjects were 10 untrained women volunteers who were randomly assigned to either the DWR or RR training pro- grams after first undertaking a pretest VO2max. All subjects participated in DWR and RR training programs consisting of a 4-week, 3-day-a-week, progressive aerobic interval pro- gram. After training in either medium, subjects were again tested for VO2max and then each undertook a 10-week de- training program. Subjects were again tested for VO2max and then undertook the opposite program. At the end of the final 4-week program, subjects again underwent a VO2max test. Subjects were relatively unfit, with a pretraining VO2max of 34.1 6 2.1 ml·kg 21 ·min 21 . When a comparison of the 2 training methods was carried out, the difference was significant, while post hoc analyses indicated both the DWR and RR training significantly (p , 0.001) increased VO2max when compared to resting levels. A comparison of all post- DWR data revealed a VO2max value of 42.5 6 1.5 ml·kg21 ·min 21 , while post-RR there was a VO2max value of 42.9 6 1.5 ml·kg21 ·min 21 , and therefore, no significant dif- ference between DWR and RR training programs, in their ability to improve VO2max. Thus, both deep water running and road running training improved cardiovascular fitness of young, sedentary women.

The Effect of a Modified Physical Training Program in Reducing Injury and Medical Discharge Rates in Australian Army Recruits

This uncontrolled observational study examined the injury and medical discharge outcomes in 318 female and 1,634 male recruits as a result of changes to the Australian Army recruit physical training program. Changes included cessation of road runs, introduction of 400- to 800-m interval training, reduction in test run distance from 5 to 2.4 km, standardization of route marches, and the introduction of deep-water running. There was a 46.6% reduction in the rate of total injury presentation (chi 2 = 14.31, p = 0.0002) after the change. The annual rate of male medical discharges decreased 40.8% from 81.1/1,000 recruits in 1994/1995 to 47.0/1,000 recruits in 1995/1996 (chi 2 = 26.33, p = 0.0001). Female rates increased 58.3% from 104/1,000 recruits to 164.2/1,000 recruits (chi 2 = 6.09, p = 0.014). The decrease in the male medical discharge rate resulted in an estimated saving of $1,267,805 Australian. Bone scans were reduced by 50%, resulting in an estimated annual saving of $61,539 Australian. The disparity between male and female injury rates is a concern. The merits of mixed-gender physical training should be reviewed in the light of these observations, and the establishment of initial entry fitness standards for recruit training may need to be considered.

Maximal physiological responses to deep and shallow water running

The maximal physiological responses to treadmill running (TMR), shallow water running (SWR) and deep water running (DWR) while wearing a buoyancy vest were compared in 15 trained male runners. Measurements included oxygen consumption (VO2max), respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and heart rate (HR). Treadmill running elicited VO2max and HRmax, which were higher than the peaks attained in both water tests (p < 0.01). VO2max averaged 83.7 and 75.3% of VO2max peak for SWR and DWR respectively. Peak HR for SWR and DWR were 94.1 and 87.2% of the HRmax reached in the TMR. RER responses were similar between the three modalities. The observations suggest that the training stimulus provided by water is still adequate for supplementary training. While SWR is potentially an efficient method of maintaining cardiovascular fitness, it needs to be investigated further to establish if it is a viable technique for the injured athlete to employ.

Maximal physiological responses to deep water running at thermoneutral temperature.

This study investigated the metabolic demands of deep water running (DWR) compared with those of treadmill running (TMR) while the water and ambient temperatures were kept under thermoneutral condition. Two maximal tests, one on treadmill and the other running in deep water using the Wet Vest (Lincoln life jacket) were undertaken by twenty healthy non-smoker males (Age = 28.0 +/- 9.2 years). The order of trials was counterbalanced with half of the subjects completing the treadmill first and the rest completing the water running first. Oxygen consumption (VO2), ventilation, heart rate (HR), respiratory exchange ratio (RQ), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and blood lactate were measured. VO2max (2.68 vs 3.40 ml/kg/min), HRmax (171.5 vs 190.8 beats/min), maximal minute ventilation (98.5 vs 113.31/min), and peak blood lactate value (10.44 vs 12.47 mmol/l) in response to DWR were significantly lower than those of TMR in the thermoneutral conditions. The lower VO2max and HRmax values of DWR compared to those of TMR are shown to be attributed to the hydrostatic effects caused by water and different muscle recruitment patterns between DWR and TMR.

Physiological responses to maximal treadmill and deep water running in the young and the middle aged males.

In this study we investigated the effects of age factors on physiological responses to deep water running (DWR) compared with those of treadmill running (TMR) while the water and ambient temperatures were kept in thermoneutral conditions. Fourteen young healthy non-smoker males (Age = 20.4 +/- 3.3 years, Height = 170.7 +/- 6.2 cm, Weight = 65.1 +/- 11.4 kg) and fourteen middle aged healthy non-smoker males (Age = 38.6 +/- 4.4 years, Height = 171.8 +/- 4.7 cm, Weight = 75.4 +/- 9.6 kg) were selected for the study. Two maximal tests, one on the treadmill and the other running in deep water using the Wet Vest (Lincoln life jacket) were completed by each subject. The order of trial was counterbalanced with half of the subjects in each group completing TMR first and the rest of those completing DWR first. Although the young males had significantly (P < 0.05) higher relative VO2max, HRmax than the middle aged males, there were no significant differences in absolute VO2max, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), maximal ventilation (VEmax), ratings of perceived exhaustion (RPE), and peak blood lactate values between the two groups. In conclusion, the VO2max, HRmax, VEmax, and peak blood lactate value in response to DWR were significantly lower than those to TMR in both the young and the middle aged males in the thermoneutral conditions. However, there was no significant interaction between age and exercise modes other than RPE of legs at maximal efforts in the present study. We found that the decrease in the maximal physiological responses to DWR compared to TMR is not different between the young and middle aged males.

Relationship of Heart Rate and Oxygen Uptake Kinetics during Deep Water Running in the Adult Population—Ages 50 to 70 Years

This study was performed to investigate the relationship between heart rate (HR) as a percentage of peak HR and oxygen uptake (V̇O2) as a percentage of peak V̇O2 in older adults while performing deep water running (DWR). Twenty-three (14 male and 9 female) apparently healthy older adults, age 50 to 70 years, volunteered. Deep water running to V̇O2peak was performed in 3-min stages at leg speeds controlled by a metronome beginning at 60 strides per minute and increasing 12 strides per minute each additional stage. Oxygen uptake and HR were continuously monitored by open-circuit spirometry and radiotelemetry, respectively. Simple linear regression analysis was used to establish the relationship between the physiological variables. The relationship between %V̇O2peak and %HRpeak was statistically significant, with the male (%V̇O2peak = 1.5301 [%HRpeak] − 54.4932 [r = .96, SEE = 6.0%]) and female (%V̇O2peak = 1.5904 [%HRpeak] - 62.3935 [r = .91, SEE = 6.9%]) regression equations being significantly different (p &lt; .05). The regression equations of older adults and those for college-aged males (%VO2peak = 1.4634 [%HRpeak] − 49.619) and females (%V̇O2peak = 1.6649 [%HRpeak] − 67.862) were not significantly different.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RELATIVE HEART RATE AND VO2 DURING DEEP WATER RUNNING IN OLDER ADULTS

919 This study was performed to investigate the relationship between heart rate(HR) as a percentage of peak HR and oxygen uptake (˙VO2) as a percentage of peak ˙VO2 in the older adult population while performing deep water running (DWR). Twenty-three (14 male and 9 female) apparently healthy older adults, aged 50 to 70 years, volunteered. Deep water running to ˙VO2 peak was performed in three minute stages at leg speeds controlled by a metronome beginning at 60 strides·min-1 and increasing 12 strides·min-1 each additional stage. Oxygen uptake and HR were continuously monitored by open circuit spirometry and radiotelemetry, respectively. Simple linear regression analysis was used to establish the relationship between the physiological variables. The relationship between% ˙VO2peak and%HRpeak was shown to be statistically significant, with the male -% ˙VO2peak = 1.5301(%HRpeak)-54.4932 (r=.96, SEE=6.0%) and female -% ˙VO2peak = 1.5904 (%HRpeak)-62.3935 (r=.91, SEE=6.9%) regression equations being significantly different ( p<.05). When comparing the regression equations of older adults with those from college-aged males -%˙VO2peak = 1.4634 (%HRpeak)-49.619 and females -%˙VO2peak = 1.6649 (%HRpeak)-67.862, the regression equations were not significantly different. In conclusion, the results of this study have shown that the relationship between% ˙VO2peak and% HRpeak is discriminated by sex in older adults, but not age.

Regression of oxygen consumption on heart rate during supported and unsupported deep water running in healthy mixed gender subjects

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption (VO2) during the performance of unsupported and supported deep water running (DWR) in young healthy males and females. A second purpose was to compare regression of predicted VO2 on heart rate between the two methods of support (i.e., unsupported vs vest supported). Thirty‐three college‐aged students (18 males and 15 females), aged 19 to 28 years, volunteered for this study. Each subject completed practice sessions until satisfactory DWR performance was attained. Subjects returned for a VO2peak test in the water on a subsequent day. The test involved the performance of a DWR graded exercise test at a metronome cadence of 72 strides‐min−1 with a cadence increase of 12 strides min”1 in each subsequent 3 minute stage. Heart rate and VO2 were monitored continuously throughout the test. Statistical analysis of the difference in physiological stimulus between supported and unsupported DWR in female and male subjects was made using simple linear regression. F‐ratios were developed from the residual sum of squares of a restricted and unrestricted model to test the proposed hypotheses. It was shown that unsupported DWR is a mode of exercise that does not produce a graded physiological response. This study demonstrated that during unsupported DWR heart rate predicts VO2 in ml‐min−1 ‐kg−1 with the highest correlation coefficient and the lowest standard error in both gender groups. All developed regression equations were statistically different between gender and between the two methods of support.

Effects of deep and shallow water running on spinal shrinkage.

OBJECTIVES: Running in water has the potential to decrease the compressive forces on the spine as the body is supported. The aim of the study was to determine the magnitude...

Heart Rates at Equivalent Submaximal Levels of &amp;Vdot;O2 Do Not Differ Between Deep Water Running and Treadmill Running

Heart Rates at Equivalent Submaximal Levels of &amp;Vdot;O2 Do Not Differ Between Deep Water Running and Treadmill Running

Reliability and Validity of a Deep Water Running Graded Exercise Test

To examine the reliability for peak responses of oxygen consumption (VO2peak) in relative (ml · kg-1 · min-1) and absolute (L/min-1) measures, as well as peak heart rate (HRpeak) during deep water running (DWR), 26 participants (12 women, 14 men) completed two DWR maximal graded exercise tests. To estimate the validity of the peak responses during DWR, a comparison to a treadmill running (TMR) graded exercise test (GXT) was completed. Test order was randomized. The DWR GXT utilized a system of weights and pulleys to increase intensity of exercise. Reliability of the DWR test for the total group was estimated using a repeated measures one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for VO2peak (ml · kg-1 · min-1, R = .96; L/min-1, R = .97) and HRpeak (R = .90). There were no significant differences (p > .05) between the two DWR tests for men or women for the means of VO2peak in relative units (men: 50.5 vs. 52.0 ml · kg-1 · min-1; women: 37.1 vs. 36.8 ml · kg-1 · min-1), or absolute units (men: 4.1 vs. 4.1 L/min-1; women: 2.2 vs. 2.2 L/min-1), or HR (men: 174 vs. 175 beats per minute (bpm); women: 181 vs. 183 bpm). There was a significant correlation between the average of the two DWR tests and TMR for the total group for VO2peak for relative (r = .88, p = .001) and absolute (r = .93, p = .001) measures as well as HRpeak (r = .64, p = .001). Peak responses during the DWR protocol were judged to be reliable. Also, the correlation for the variables between DWR and TMR indicates a positive relation between peak responses. The correlation suggests validity of predicting TMR peak responses from DWR peak responses; however, this conclusion may be questionable due to the low sample size and the large systemic differences between tests. Finally, HRpeak and VO2peak were lower during DWR than TMR for both men and women.

Aquajogging in rehabilitation

Aquajogging consists of simulated running in deep water aided by a flotation device (vest or belt) that maintains the head above water. In sports, Aquajogging is used as a training for regeneration or a low impact training alternative. In rehabilitation Aquajogging is well used in rheumatology diseases, in the pre- and postoperative management of musculoskeletal diseases and in endurance and power training in cardiorespiratory diseases.

Predicting Oxygen Consumption During Deep Water Running

Predicting Oxygen Consumption During Deep Water Running

&amp;OV0312;O2 max Estimation in Healthy Adults Using Submaximal Deep-Water Running

The purpose of this study was to develop a deep-water running field test for estimating O2, max. Subjects, 21 men and 19 women, participated in maximal treadmill testing, 2 or 3 deep-water running familiarization sessions, and a 15-min submaximal deep-water running test at a self-selected cadence (Cad). Cadence, RPE, body weight, and gender were used to develop the following regression model: O2, max (L · min−1) = 0.425 + {Cad × 0.029} + {:RPE × −0.169} + {Wt × 0.013} + {Gender(0,l) × 1.2}. The model accurately estimated O2, max (R = 0.931, SEE = 0.33 L · min−1). Based on these results, a self-selected, submaximal deep-water running bout can be used to estimate O2, max in young, healthy adults.

Injured but Fit With Deep-Water Running

Injured but Fit With Deep-Water Running

The psychophysical and heart rate relationship between treadmill and deep-water running

The relationship between ratings of perceived exertion and heart rate attained during submaximal running tests on a treadmill and during deep-water running was investigated in 12 male subjects. Heart rate and rating of perceived exertion scores analysed by analysis of covariance tested the equality of adjusted means and parallelism of the slope of this relationship. No significant difference existed between the slopes of the regression equations established for treadmill running and deep-water running. A paired t-test performed across the adjusted group mean heart rates revealed a significant difference between the two conditions. While the slope of the heart rate to rating of perceived exertion regression equations remained similar, the mean heart rate was 17 beats per minute lower in the deep-water running condition than during the treadmill run.

Aqua-jogging in the rehabilitation process

Aquajogging consists of simulated running in deep water aided by a flotation device (vest or belt) that maintains the head above water. In sports, Aquajogging is used as a training for regeneration or a low impact training alternative. In rehabilitation Aquajogging is well used in rheumatology diseases, in the pre- and postoperative management of musculoskeletal diseases and in endurance and power training in cardiorespiratory diseases.

Predicting Oxygen Consumption During Deep Water Running: Gender Differences

Predicting Oxygen Consumption During Deep Water Running: Gender Differences