Deep-sea Investigations Research Articles

PH Measurements with a Glass Electrode Withstanding 1500 kg/cm2 Hydrostatic Pressure

A glass electrode can be made to withstand high hydrostatic pressure, up to 1500 kg/cm2, by separating the inside fluid from the outside one with a layer of silicone oil acting as a liquid piston, enabling the inside and outside pressure to compensate continuously. Such a glass electrode, with two Ag–AgCl electrodes, maintains its hydrogen electrode function at high pressure. pH changes resulting from dissociation constant shifts caused by pressure in acid and buffer solutions have been measured in good agreement with theoretical expected values for HCl, acetic acid, carbonic acid, and acetate buffer. No agreement was found for bicarbonate buffer. Phosphate buffer and sea water have also been tested. An adapted version of the cell-assembly is planned to equip the French bathyscaphe for deep-sea investigations.

Magnetic Measurements in Deep-Sea Investigations: Magnetic Investigations on the Galathea Expedition

Magnetic Measurements in Deep-Sea Investigations: Magnetic Investigations on the Galathea Expedition

Magnetic Measurements in Deep-Sea Investigations: Construction of Non-magnetic Containers

Magnetic Measurements in Deep-Sea Investigations: Construction of Non-magnetic Containers

Celluloid Tubes for Sampling Cores of Deep Sea Mud

IN recent years, there has been considerable progress in obtaining long cores of deep sea mud in the course of oceanographical and limnological work. Analysis of the stratiiication of these cores frequently gives valuable geological, geochronological and palaeoclimatological results. During deep sea investigations it is possible—at least in the U.S.S.R.—to secure cores four to five metres in length. The preservation and subsequent examination of these cores present, however, some difficulties, due to the necessity of pushing out the obtained core from the Ekman tube, the Meteor type of sounding tube, and the glass container. This operation is often followed by the secondary deformation of the core, and includes other difficulties of minor importance.

Deep Sea Investigations by Submarine Observation Chamber

Deep Sea Investigations by Submarine Observation Chamber

The results of deep-sea investigations in the Tasman Sea. I. The expedition of H.M.C.S. "Miner". No. 5. Polyzoa supplement

I have now completed the examination of the rest of the Polyzoa in the collection forwarded to me by Prof. Haswell. Unfortunately they are mostly in such a fragmentary and imperfect condition that it is impossible to satisfactorily determine the greater portion of them specifically, but I have been enabled to add to the list of known species in the collection the following: Amphiblestrum annulus, Manzoni, sp.; Hornera airensis, Mapl.; Liripora lineata, McGil.; Fasciculipora gracilis, McGil; Heteropora pisiformis, McGil. Etc.

The results of deep-sea investigations in the Tasman Sea. I. The expedition of H.M.C.S. "Miner". 5. The Polyzoa

The results of deep-sea investigations in the Tasman Sea. I. The expedition of H.M.C.S. "Miner". 5. The Polyzoa

A Proposed North Polar Expedition

AT the meeting of the Royal Geographical Society on January 25 Captain Roald Amundsen read a paper explaining his plans for a proposed north polar expedition. Mr. Amundsen urges the necessity for another crossing of the Arctic Ocean, not merely in order to gain further knowledge of the ocean itself, but to study the general problems of oceanography with the greatly improved methods which have come into use since the date of the Fram expedition, under the favourable conditions of an ice-covered sea, which, gives a fixed undisturbed surface from which to work. He brings forward in his paper many interesting examples of the progress which has been made during the last twelve years in improving the apparatus and methods of deep-sea investigation, and many arguments in support of his contention that the polar ocean offers unequalled opportunities for settling vexed questions connected with the cause of currents, the effects of tidal action, the reciprocal action of plants and animals at various depths, and so on. A thorough examination of Nansen's old ship, the Fram, has shown that the vessel is, or can easily be made, as sound as ever, and fit for another voyage similar to that of the famous expedition of 1893–6.

The results of deep sea investigation in the Tasman Sea. II. The expedition of the "Woy Woy". 1. Fishes and crustaceans from eight hundred fathoms

The results of deep sea investigation in the Tasman Sea. II. The expedition of the "Woy Woy". 1. Fishes and crustaceans from eight hundred fathoms

The results of deep-sea investigation in the Tasman Sea. II. The expedition of the "Woy Woy". 2. Mollusca from eight hundred fathoms, thirty-five miles east of Sydney

The results of deep-sea investigation in the Tasman Sea. II. The expedition of the "Woy Woy". 2. Mollusca from eight hundred fathoms, thirty-five miles east of Sydney

The results of deep sea investigation in the Tasman Sea. I. The expedition of H.M.C.S. "Miner". 1. Introductory note on the first deep-sea cruise

The results of deep sea investigation in the Tasman Sea. I. The expedition of H.M.C.S. "Miner". 1. Introductory note on the first deep-sea cruise

The results of deep sea investigation in the Tasman Sea. I. The expedition of H.M.C.S. "Miner". 4. Foraminiferal sand dredged twenty-two miles east of Sydney at a depth of eighty fathoms

The results of deep sea investigation in the Tasman Sea. I. The expedition of H.M.C.S. "Miner". 4. Foraminiferal sand dredged twenty-two miles east of Sydney at a depth of eighty fathoms

The results of deep sea investigation in the Tasman Sea. I. The expedition of H.M.C.S. "Miner". 2. The colonial Radiolaria of the Tasman Sea

The results of deep sea investigation in the Tasman Sea. I. The expedition of H.M.C.S. "Miner". 2. The colonial Radiolaria of the Tasman Sea

The results of deep sea investigation in the Tasman Sea. 3. Mollusca from eighty fathoms off Narrabeen

The results of deep sea investigation in the Tasman Sea. 3. Mollusca from eighty fathoms off Narrabeen

International Oceanography 1

THIS first instalment of the observations of the international scheme of deep-sea investigation proves conclusively the unique value of the undertaking, launched amid many difficulties, both for the advancement of the purely scientific interests of marine zoology and meteorology, and for their practical applications to matters of fisheries and weather forecasting. It contains the numerical results of the observations made during August, 1903, by ships sent out specially by no less than ten countries—Belgium, Germany, Denmark, England, Finland, Holland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and Scotland. The classification is that of the council, and we may ignore any question as to the international relations of Sweden and Norway, Finland and Russia, or England and Scotland, and congratulate ourselves on the fact that so many nationalities have been found to agree to meet on neutral territory and to engage in a uniform scheme of scientific research, as of happy omen.

American Appliances for Deep-Sea Investigation

American Appliances for Deep-Sea Investigation

American Appliances for Deep-Sea Investigation.—Trawls and Tangles

American Appliances for Deep-Sea Investigation.—Trawls and Tangles

XXIV.—Description of Mimaster, a new Genus of Asteroidea from the Faeröe Channel

The area lying between the north of Britain and the Faeröe Islands is classical in the annals of Marine Zoology, not only from the fact that the first systematic deep-sea investigations undertaken by this country were carried out there, but also from the number of new and remarkable types of animal life which have been first found in that region. Speaking only of the Echinoderm fauna, in justification of these remarks, it will suffice to mention the discovery of such forms as Phormosoma and Porocidaris amongst Echinoids, and of Hymenaster, Korethraster and Zoroaster amongst Asteroids.

II. On a new deep-sea thermometer

II. On a new deep-sea thermometer

Deep-sea Researches

WHEN Prof. Wyville Thomson published his recent volume giving the results of the deep-sea researches conducted by himself and his colleagues, Dr. Carpenter, Mr. Jeffreys, and others, he also gave a sketch of the history of the subject; but he made no mention of my memoir on the Microscopic Organisms of the Levant Mud, published in 1847 in the Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, though this memoir had been referred to from time to time by Dr. Carpenter, Messrs. Parker and Rupert Jones, and others, and was, next to Ehrenberg's discovery of the microscopic structure of chalk, the starting-point of all these deep-sea investigations. It was the first to call attention to the existence of foraminiferous deposits in the sea, and to insist upon the organic origin of all limestones except a few freshwater Travertins, in opposition to the theory of chemical deposits that had previously been advocated in the works of Phillips and other geologists. I do not care very much about these questions of priority of observation, but since Dr. Wyville Thomson's article in NATURE, vol. xi. p. 116, dwells largely upon another point, which was also brought prominently forward in my memoir, I think it worth while preventing a repetition of the oversight, because the two subjects referred to, viz. the foraminiferous origin of calcareous deposits, and the subsequent modification of such deposits by the agency of carbonic acid gas, now prove, as I long ago insisted that they would do, two of the most important factors in the solution of the problem of ; the nature and origin of deep-sea deposits. Dr. Wyville Thomson, in the article in question, points out that extensive areas of the deep-sea bottom are now occupied by a reddish earth, and he has arrived at the conclusion that this earth is a residue left after all the calcareous Globigerinæ and other such elements have been removed by the solvent action of carbonic acid accumulated in these deep waters. In my memoir I arrived at the same conclusion from the study of the marine Tertiary deposits, containing Diatomaceæ, of Bermuda, Virginia, and elsewhere. I may perhaps be permitted to republish the following extracts from that memoir, since it is not now readily accessible to all the numerous naturalists who are interested in this question:—