Deep River Research Articles

Deep river: music and memory in Harlem Renaissance thought

“The American Negro,” Arthur Schomburg wrote in 1925, “must remake his past in order to make his future.” Many Harlem Renaissance figures agreed that reframing the black folk inheritance could play a major role in imagining a new future of racial equality and artistic freedom. In Deep River Paul Allen Anderson focuses on the role of African American folk music in the Renaissance aesthetic and in political debates about racial performance, social memory, and national identity. Deep River elucidates how spirituals, African American concert music, the blues, and jazz became symbolic sites of social memory and anticipation during the Harlem Renaissance. Anderson traces the roots of this period’s debates about music to the American and European tours of the Fisk Jubilee Singers in the 1870s and to W. E. B. Du Bois’s influential writings at the turn of the century about folk culture and its bearing on racial progress and national identity. He details how musical idioms spoke to contrasting visions of New Negro art, folk authenticity, and modernist cosmopolitanism in the works of Du Bois, Alain Locke, Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes, Jean Toomer, Sterling Brown, Roland Hayes, Paul Robeson, Carl Van Vechten, and others. In addition to revisiting the place of music in the culture wars of the 1920s, Deep River provides fresh perspectives on the aesthetics of race and the politics of music in Popular Front and Swing Era music criticism, African American critical theory, and contemporary musicology. Deep River offers a sophisticated historical account of American racial ideologies and their function in music criticism and modernist thought. It will interest general readers as well as students of African American studies, American studies, intellectual history, musicology, and literature.

The Effect of Theoretical Retention Time on the Hydrodynamics of Deep River Valley Reservoirs

The one-dimensional numerical simulation model of reservoir hydrodynamics, DYRESM, is used to examine the effects of Retention Time (RT) on reservoir stratification. The model is verified using data from 3 years of high flow (short retention time, RT), on two reservoirs in the Czech Republic. The verified model was used to make a systematic series of simulations with varying RT, outlet location and inflow temperature in order to gauge the affect on heat budgets, temperature stratification, flows and mixing in deep valley reservoirs. The prototype examples corresponded to two temperate and one subtropical reservoir. The results show important effects of RT on reservoir hydrodynamics up to RT = 200, but a leveling off for RT > 400. Temperature stratification and hydrodynamic conditions are shown to be very sensitive to the inflow temperature and outlet depth. Results indicate that the energy released by large inflows is a major factor in determining the degree of mixing, and hence lower RT values lead to a weaker stratification in general. However, the height of withdrawal can have a significant impact on overall temperature and hence stratification. For example, large withdrawals from a deep outlet can lead to a reservoir with warmer average temperature by removing large amounts of cooler bottom water. Similarly, surface withdrawals may remove warmer water leading to a cooler average temperature. These effects are moderated by inflow temperatures and surface heat exchanges. In this paper an attempt is made to quantify these effects and come up with some general rules of thumb as to how different management strategies might influence the reservoir's average structure.

River, Symbol, Plot, and Narrative in Shūsaku Endō’s Deep River

River, Symbol, Plot, and Narrative in Shūsaku Endō’s <i>Deep River</i>

Forbush decrease of June 8, 1969: Causes of the unusually long recovery

The cosmic-ray decreases and interplanetary disturbances, that occurred at 1 AU during the period, June 8–July 21, 1969, have been investigated by using the cosmic-ray intensity data recorded with ground-based monitors at Mt. Washington and Deep River, as well as the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (magnitude and direction) and the Solar Wind Plasma bulk speed, density and temperature at 1 AU. We observed a two-step Forbush decrease on June 8–9, 1969, which was due to the structure within the shock and sheath preceding the interplanetary coronal mass ejection. We also observed two cosmic-ray depressions on June 16–20 and July 13–15, 1969, which were attributed to a long-lived corotating high-speed solar wind stream. The outward propagating interplanetary shock waves that occurred at about 0700 UT on June 16, 1969, and at about 1400 UT on July 13, 1969 and which were associated with the long-lived corotating high-speed solar wind stream, most probably swept away the galactic cosmic rays, causing the delay in the Forbush decrease recovery at 1 AU, and, hence, the unusually long recovery of the two-step Forbush decrease at 1 AU with onset on June 8, 1969. The additional depressions by the interplanetary shocks associated with the long-lived corotating high-speed solar wind streams which were superposed on the recovery phase of the Forbush decrease of June 8, 1969, were shown to be larger on the lower energy galactic cosmic-ray particles, and therefore the duration of the recovery phase would be much longer in the lower energy region, an expectation which is consistent with the observations.

Responses of Very Shallow Marine Ecosystems to Nutrient Enrichment

The success of simple predictive relationships such as the Vollenweider plot in limnology has encouraged marine ecologists to attempt to develop similar models relating pollutant inputs to ecological conditions in estuaries. Most of these efforts have focused on relatively deep (>5 m) river mouth estuaries and embayments where primary production is dominated by phytoplankton. Experimental nutrient enrichment studies of phytoplankton-based mesocosms at the Marine Ecosystems Research Laboratory (MERL) have confirmed that simple Vollenweider type relationships can be found between the rate of input of inorganic nutrients and annual mean chlorophyll concentrations and primary production. However, much of the coastline of the U.S. is characterized by estuarine ecosystems that are very shallow, and where most of the primary production is carried out by angiosperms, such as eelgrass, Zostera marina, epiphytic algae, drift and attached macroalgae, and epibenthic microalgae, rather than by phytoplankton. We have not been able to find useful relationships between nutrient input and the type of plant providing most of the primary production or between nutrient input and the amount of primary production in such shallow lagoon systems. Attempting to adjust nutrient loading for varying hydraulic residence time did not improve the models. Experimental studies using shallow lagoon mesocosms have shown that there is a large variation in the abundance of the various plant forms in these very shallow systems, and that simple Vollenweider models are not likely to emerge for this type of environment. However, it does seem that total system production increases with nutrient enrichment at very low rates of input, and that eelgrass does not persist when exposed to even moderate levels of fertilization. Zostera responds to inorganic nitrogen enrichment and to shading by increasing the rate of leaf elongation and decreasing the allocation of resources to below ground roots and rhizomes. This reduces or eliminates lateral branching of the rhizomes and causes a decline in the density of shoots. Based on mesocosm studies, we propose several indicators of eelgrass health, including the rate of leaf elongation, plant density, and the shoot: root biomass ratio that all deserve further study and field testing.

Ivoryton, Connecticut: The Ivory Industry and Voluntary and Involuntary Migration in the Late Nineteenth Century

The lower Connecticut River Valley was the site of the ivory industry in the United States commencing at the turn of the 19th century. Ultimately, two firms—Comstock, Cheney &amp; Co. in Ivoryton and Pratt Read Co. in Deep River—came to dominate this industry. The demand for ivory resulted in environmental losses in Central and East Africa, as well as the forced displacement of many human beings. Since 75 percent of the ivory exported from this area went to these two towns in the lower valley, one can see the direct impact Ivoryton and Deep River had on the social, economic, and environmental life of Africa. The voluntary migration of people from Europe to Ivoryton and Deep River in the late 19th century to work in these factories paralleled other situations in the United States that were a result of the Industrial Revolution.

Dosimetric implications of atmospheric dispersal of tritium near a heavy-water research reactor facility.

An estimate of the tritium dose to the public in the vicinity of the heavy water research reactor facility at AECL-Chalk River Laboratories, Ontario, Canada, has largely been accomplished from analyses on regularly-collected samples of air, precipitation, drinking water and foodstuffs (pasture, fruit, vegetables and milk) and environmental dose models. To increase the confidence with which public doses are calculated, tritium doses were estimated directly from the ratio of tritiated species in urine samples from members of the general public. Single cumulative 24 h urine samples from a few adults living in the vicinity of the heavy-water research reactor facility at Chalk River Laboratories, Canada were collected and analysed for tritiated water and organically bound tritium. The participants were from Ottawa (200 km east), Deep River (10 km west) and Chalk River Laboratories. Tritiated water concentrations in urine ranged from 6.5 Bq.l-1 for the Ottawa resident to 15.9 Bq.l-1 for the Deep River resident, and were comparable to the ambient levels of tritium-in-precipitation at their locations. The ultra-low levels of organically bound tritium in urine from these same individuals were measured by 3He-ingrowth mass spectrometry and were 0.06 Bq.l-1 (Ottawa) and 0.29 Bq.l-1 (Deep River). For Chalk River Laboratories workers, tritiated water concentrations in urine ranged from 32 Bq.l-1 to 9.2 x 10(4) Bq.l-1, depending on the ambient levels of tritium in their workplace. The organically bound tritium concentrations in urine from the same workers were between 0.08 Bq.l-1 and 350 Bq.l-1. With a model based on the ratio of tritiated water to organically bound tritium in urine, the estimated dose arising from organically bound tritium in the body for the Ottawa and Deep River residents was about 26% and 50%, respectively, of the body water tritium dose. The workers in a reactor building at Chalk River Laboratories had less than 10% dose contribution from organically bound tritium, but had higher overall tritium dose due to frequent intakes of tritiated water vapour in the workplace. The results of this study suggest that most of the tritium dose to workers at Chalk River and general population near Chalk River is the result of tritiated water intakes and not due to dietary intake of organically bound tritium.

An Exposed Evaporite Weld and Related Deformational Structures, Edwards Plateau, I-10 Corridor, Kerrville-Junction-Sonora area, Texas

ABSTRACT As Interstate Highway 10 (I-10) transects the Edwards Plateau northwest of San Antonio, Texas, its roadcuts augment natural outcrops allowing detailed examination of stratigraphic and structural relations. Overall, strata are nearly horizontal, with hills capped by Cretaceous Edwards Group carbonates and younger strata, and exposures of older Cretaceous clastics and locally Paleozoic strata in deep river valleys. Between Kerrville, Junction, and Sonora, though the bulk stratigraphic package remains nearly horizontal, roadcuts reveal intense brecciation and deformation, including local overturning. The causal mechanism is generally interpreted to be gypsum dissolution and resultant welding of Edwards Group strata. A distinct zone of brecciation and related deformation occurs at the same stratigraphic position for over 60 miles along I-10. The basal contact is sharp, marked by horizontal, undisturbed strata below, and intense brecciation above. Original bedding is unrecognizable for several feet above the contact. Proceeding upsection, large blocks of strata several feet across occur in chaotic arrangement. Bedding becomes progressively more coherent upsection, but is still intensely folded and faulted. Deformation decreases upsection, until overlying strata appear undisturbed, nearly horizontal. Structural details of withdrawal synclines provide outcrop analogues to similar structures in the Gulf of Mexico salt basin. A nearby quarry and well control indicate presence of gypsum layers within Edwards Group strata. No gypsum occurs in I-10 roadcuts, but macroscopic and petrographic evidence indicates its former presence. The occurrence of peat deposits and caliche over structural lows, and the breccia's commonly open framework favor relatively recent (Quaternary) gypsum dissolution, although some dissolution may have occurred much earlier.

A small RNA virus isolated from apparently healthy wild sandbar shiners,Notropisscepticus(Jordan &amp; Gilbert)

As part of the National Wild Fish Health Survey, the US Fish and Wildlife Service initiated a survey of pathogens present in wild fish populations. During that survey, a filterable agent was isolated from a pooled sample of sandbar shiners, Notropis scepticus (Jordan & Gilbert), at the Warm Springs Fisheries Center, Fish Health Laboratory, Warm Springs, Georgia. The shiners were collected from North Carolina’s Deep River at the SR 1456 bridge on October 22 1998. The liver, kidney, spleen and intestine of five apparently healthy sandbar shiners were pooled and homogenized in Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS, Sigma) at a dilution of 1:10 (w/v). The homogenate was further diluted in HBSS to 1:100 and centrifuged at 2500 g for 20 min at 4 °C. The resulting supernatant was stored overnight at 4 °C and inoculated onto epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) and fathead minnow (FHM) cell lines cultured in minimum essential medium (Gibco) supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS) (Fryer & Lannan 1994). Cell cultures were incubated at 20 °C; when a cytopathic effect (CPE) was observed, the supernatant was removed, passed through a 0.45-mm syringe filter, and transferred to fresh EPC and FHM cells. A CPE of focal cell rounding occurred in the FHM cell line 72-h post-inoculation. Focal aggregates of refractile, rounded cells became numerous and at 13 days post-inoculation the monolayer was destroyed. The EPC cell line was also susceptible to the viral agent; however, the CPE was more diffuse and exhibited cellular hypotrophy in addition to cell rounding. Monolayers of this cell line were completely destroyed following a 13-day incubation at 25 °C. Inoculation of the rainbow trout gonad cell line (RTG-2) with the isolate resulted in a focal CPE similar to that observed in the FHM cells (Fig. 1). Determination of particle size and morphology was achieved using electron microscopy of negatively stained particles. Briefly, the monolayers of EPC cells were inoculated with the virus suspension and incubated at 25 °C until the CPE was extensive. Monolayers were scraped from the flask surface and suspended in the culture supernatant. Cell-associated virions were released from the cells with two freeze–thaw cycles and the supernatant was clarified using centrifugation (Marathon 6K, Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) at 6000 g for 30 min. The supernatant was removed and centrifuged at 106000 g for 60 min in SSC buffer (0.15 M sodium chloride, 0.15 M sodium citrate, pH 7.4). The resulting pellet was suspended in 20 L SSC buffer. Negatively stained preparations examined by electron microscopy revealed spherical virions measuring c. 20–25 nm in diameter (Fig. 2). The thymidine analogue, 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine (IDU), was used to determine the nucleic acid composition of the viral genome. Epithelioma papulosum cyprini cells were seeded at c. 90% confluency on a 48-well plate and incubated overnight in a 50-mg mL IDU solution at 25 °C (Rovozzo & Burke 1973). Media was removed from the cell monolayers; the cells were then inoculated with tenfold dilutions of the virus suspension in IDU solution and incubated at room temperature for 1 h. Fresh IDU solution supplemented with 10% FBS was then added to the Correspondence A E Goodwin, Aquaculture/Fisheries Center, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 N. University Drive, P.O. Box 4912, Pine Bluff, AR 71611, USA (e-mail: agoodwin@uaex.edu)

Folk Music on Disc: The Alan Lomax Collection

Folk Music on Disc: The Alan Lomax Collection

The Danube-Net-Basket-Sampler - A simple but effective device for sampling benthic invertebrates in deep and large stony rivers

Quantitative sampling in large, deep rivers is both difficult and cost-intensive. Areas such as steep banks, deep runs and in high current velocity are often inaccessable and standard methods are difficult to apply. Dredging nets, grabs, corers and air-lift samplers can be used, but they have been developed for research and are usually too expensive for routine monitoring programs. Colonization samplers containing artificial substrate can provide a valid alternative, but nevertheless are mostly too complicated for routine use. To overcome these problems a new colonization sampler based on the Belgian artificial substrate sampler (DE PAUW 1993) was developed and tested for its efficiency were used for the study. At two sites in the Danube near Vienna samples from the colonizing device were compared with samples taken from natural substrates with a Surber-sampler. The sampling method decribed proved to produce reproducible results and is practicable for routine monitoring. The collecting gear consists of inexpensive and readily available materials, sampling can be carried out quickly with few personnel, and handling is easy. Although the Danube-Net-Basket-Sampler seems to display some degree of selectivity, it provides a representative sample of macroinvertebrate fauna with respect to taxonomic composition, individual numbers, and biomass, sufficient for a correct assessment of a given set of metrics used for routine water quality assessment. The colonization samples also support the analysis of functional ecosystem aspects, such as the distribution of functional-feeding guilds and zonation aspects.

A Late Triassic traversodont cynodont from the Newark Supergroup of North Carolina

ABSTRACT A new traversodont cynodont, Plinthogomphodon herpetairus, is described on the basis of a partial snout from Late Triassic strata of the Newark Supergroup exposed in the Deep River basin (Durham sub-basin) of North Carolina. In the structure of its upper postcanine teeth, Plinthogomphodon most closely resembles Boreogomphodon from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) of Virginia and Luangwa from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) of Zambia. It differs from these taxa only in some features of these teeth.

Navigating the Deep River: Spirituality in African American Families: By Archie Smith, Jr. Cleveland, United Church Press, 1997. 216 pp. $15.95.: Soul Survivors: An African American Spirituality: By Carlyle Fielding Stewart, III Louisville, Westminster John Knox, 1997. 146 pp. $15.00

Navigating the Deep River: Spirituality in African American Families: <i>By Archie Smith, Jr.</i> Cleveland, United Church Press, 1997. 216 pp. $15.95.: Soul Survivors: An African American Spirituality: <i>By Carlyle Fielding Stewart, III</i> Louisville, Westminster John Knox, 1997. 146 pp. $15.00

Correlation of the heliospheric current sheet tilts to galactic cosmic ray modulations and solar wind speed

The comparison of the heliospheric current sheet tilts from 1971 to 1992 with cosmic ray intensities recorded at Deep River neutron monitor, solar wind speeds and sunspot numbers, has been investigated. Our results have indicated that the inclination of heliospheric neutral sheet is a suitable parameter for studying disturbances in the interplanetary medium. The observed differences in the sensitivity of cosmic ray intensity to changes in the neutral sheet tilt angles before and after the reversal of interplanetary magnetic field polarity have been studied. A much stronger intensity-tilt angle correlation was found when the solar magnetic field in the north polar region was directed inward than it was outward. The slope of the regression line for the 1981–1989 epoch (qA < 0) was a factor five larger than for the 1971–1978 epoch (qA > 0). A strong correlation was found between the inclination of neutral sheet and solar wind speeds in the ecliptic plane. Furthermore, an excellent correlation was obtained between sunspot numbers and tilt angles of neutral sheet and it was dependent on the reversal of the Sun's magnetic field. The physical significance of our results is discussed.

Religion in Rhythm: William Grant Still's Orchestrations for Willard Robison's "Deep River Hour"

[H]armony ... is not regarded by the intelligent votary of the Muses as given by them with a view to irrational pleasure ... but as meant to correct any discord which may have arisen in the courses of the soul, and to be our ally in bringing her into harmony and agreement with herself; and rhythm too was given by them for the same reason.... --Plato, Timaeus [Jowett translation] December 1931, William Grant Still signed a contract with singer-songwriter-bandleader Willard Robison. Under its terms, Still was to serve as arranger for Robison for a year, with an option to renew for a second year. All arrangements made under this agreement were to be Robison's property. One paragraph of the contract paid tribute to Still's gifts in this area: is agreed that your ability and talents as an arranger and orchestrator of musical compositions [are] extraordinary and unique. Therefore, the contract stipulated, you will not at any time during the term hereof make orchestrations for any person, firm or corporation other than myself (Robison 1931).(1) Still was to receive $100 a week for his services. Not mentioned in the contract was a further service Still would peform for Robison: he would soon be hired as conductor of Robison's radio orchestra. It would be a pioneering example of cooperation between a white singer and a black arranger/conductor. Robison, whose Deep River Orchestra had been a moderately important recording orchestra in the twenties (it is remembered for including Bix Beiderbecke on one highly atypical recording date), is now best known as composer of the jazz standard Old Folks and as lyricist of Cottage for Sale. February 1931, building on successful appearances on the previous year's Camel Pleasure Hour broadcasts, Robison started his own radio program, the Deep River Hour.(2) By November 1931, the show was broadcasting three times a week over New York radio station WOR. The arranger for the first Deep River Hour radio shows had been Kenn Sisson (1898-1947), an experienced radio arranger who had worked with Ben Bernie (ASCAP 1980, 468; I am assuming that Sisson's work with Bernie preceded his work with Robison). Sisson was an able arranger of popular songs; his published stock arrangements are spoken of with approval by twenties-revival bandleaders. But Robison had higher ambitions for the Deep River Hour. One of Robison's ambitions was to present light classics arranged for his orchestra. Robison himself wrote atmospheric piano pieces--two of his suites for piano, Inspiration Suite and Rural Revelations, had been published by Robbins--and he hoped to hear his compositions, along with others he admired, presented by his orchestra. (Four numbers from his Robbins suites--By Quiet Firesides, Down a Daisy Lane, In Pastures Green, and In a Poinsettia Garden--are represented by Still arrangements in the Ellington Collection in the Smithsonian Institution.) Kenn Sisson, fully at home with popular song, seems not to have been comfortable in the world of the light classic; at least, there are no arrangements of light classics by him among the materials in the Ellington Collection. A deeper reason for Robison's interest in Still was Robison's style and subject matter as a performer. Much of Robison's repertoire, including many of his own songs, deals with the rural South (Georgia on My Mind, a Hoagy Carmichael song written the year before the Deep River Hour began broadcasting, is a good example) and, specifically or by inference, with the black experience. Robison was a devotee of W. C. Handy-style blues and of the rhythmic spiritual, a genre that will be discussed later in this article. The very name of the orchestra shows his desire to identify his music with the black experience. And many of Robison's songs--like many of those of Harold Arlen after him--invoke the black experience in order to speak of the human experience in general; Robison may well have seen Still's arrangements and conducting as a chance to validate his right to speak in this voice. …

Galactic cosmic ray transport in the heliosphere: Diffusive anisotropy 1965–1994

Preliminary information pertaining to the diffusive anisotropy of the galactic cosmic rays (GCR) in the inner heliosphere is derived from the study of the steady state solar diurnal variation (SDV) for the period 1965 to 1994. This time period spans three solar activity cycles. Data obtained with the neutron monitors (NM) at Deep River and Huancayo and the underground vertical muon telescopes (UT) at Embudo, are used in our analysis.

Cosmic ray decreases and interplanetary disturbances during early November 1969

Using the cosmic-ray intensity data recorded with ground-based monitors at Mt. Washington, Deep River and Kula, and with the cosmic ray telescopes on Pioneer 8 and 9 spacecraft, the Forbush decrease events, 2–10 November 1969 were investigated, taking into account the associated interplanetary magnetic field and solar wind plasma data. A moving magnetic cloud, without any associated interplanetary shock wave, triggered the small Forbush decrease observed near Earth, with the onset time at 0700 UT on 2 November 1969 coinciding with the arrival time of the low density moving magnetic cloud. This result is consistent with shock unassociated moving magnetic cloud model (e.g., Zhang and Burlaga, 1988). We also found that an IMF shock wave caused the large Forbush decrease with onset time at 1837 UT on 8 November 1969 and with enhanced IMF intensity and SWP speed, a result which is consistent with Parkers blast wave model ( Parker, 1963). This IMF shock wave together with the accompanying moving magnetic cloud produced the large Forbush decrease with the onset time at 1800 UT on 9 November 1969, for which the arrival time of the moving magnetic cloud coincided with the onset time of the Forbush decrease, a result which is consistent with the shock associated moving magnetic cloud model (e.g., Zhang and Burlaga, 1988). The latter observations are also consistent with the model of Barnden, 1973which interprets the two-step Forbush decrease as caused by the post-shock turbulence followed by entry into the shock driver or ejecta. For the Forbush decrease event, 9–10 November 1969, there was no corotation delay in the Earth, Pioneer 8 and 9 data; nearly radial propagation of the IMF shock wave and the moving magnetic cloud, with expansion, is sufficient to explain the observations at Earth, Pioneer 8 and 9. The essential simultaneity of this large Forbush decrease at the Earth, at Pioneer 8, and at Pioneer 9, which established a heliocentric longitudinal spread of at least 109° from the flare/CME position on the Sun, is a notable result on the Forbush decrease process, considering the relatively small spread recently observed ( Cliver and Cane, 1996; Ifedili, 1997) for the angular extents of solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays during Forbush decreases.

The Faith of the Mithnagdim: Rabbinic Responses to Hasidic Rapture (review)

Book Reviews 121 The Faith of the Mithnagdim: Rabbinic Responses to Hasidic Rapture, by Allan Nadler. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. 254 pp. $35.00. Dr. Allan Nadler, director of research at the VIVO, has presented the reader with the fruits ofhis investigations into what he calls "the faith of the mithnagdim." In contrast to the plethora ofstudies about Hasidim, studies in the "faith," in contrast to the history, of the mitnagdim have been slender indeed. While taking up the teachings of the two most noted leaders ofthis movement, the Gaon ofVilna and Hayim ofVolozhin, about whom works have appeared in recent years (e.g., studies ofR. Hayim's masterpiece, Nefesh HaHaim, by Norman Lamb and Immanuel Etkes), Nadler breaks new ground in his exploration of the works of another such figure, namely R. Phinehas ben Judah, the Maggid of Polotsk. Nadler takes up such issues as the mitnagdim and the immanence of God, Kabbalah, ascetism, Halakha, and the centrality ofTorah study, adding considerably to what we have known about the teachings of those who opposed the Hasidim. In regard to the mitnagdim's attack on the lack ofTorah study and the unmannerly form ofprayer of the Hasidim, it has been suggested elsewhere that instead of seeing the Hasidic movement through the eyes of socialist historians as revolt, a rebellion of the masses against rabbinic authority and learning, Hasidism is better understood as restoration, an attempt to balance the scales which had been upset in the course of history-Torah-study over prayer, knowledge over feeling, gloom over joy, intellectuality over simple virtue, asceticism over serving God through the material world. Nor is this a matter of past history alone. Evidence of such distortion is in our face even today: for example, holding a Mishna in one hand and the siddur in the other and flipping between the two while at worship, implying that prayer is only a required interruption from study. Nor is the plague of conversation-filled synagogues much different from what must have prevailed in the time ofthe Besht. (Recall the tale of the Besht's refusal to allow his disciples to pray in a certain synagogue because it was "filled" with prayer, that is, with insincere prayer which congested the room because it did not rise to heaven.) To the perennial question as to the astonishing growth of Hasidism in so short a period oftime-a thousand or so followers at the death of the Besht in 1760 to a third of the Jewry of Eastern Europe fifty years later in 1810-and why it has been reborn once again since the Holocaust, Nadler provides an answer. It is found at the end of Phinehas' central work, Even Bohan, purporting to be a death diary written in the author's youth. It deserves lengthy citation. The contrast to Hasidic joy is startling. . . . Woe to us for the humiliation that is man ... the lowly product of a repugnant drop which twice must pass through the urinary shaft submerged in blood ... Man spends his pubescent years screeching and crying ... Marked by shame, they match him with a wife; she too is a repugnant dribble ... never really more than a container filled with manure ... 122 SHOFAR Summer 1998 Vol. 16, No.4 No man enjoys a single hour's respite from his wife ... [who brings him] anguish, worry, pain, sadness and feuding ... Throughout the days of your meaningless life, she will drive you to hoard money ... to forsake your mother and your father and even to desert your Lord, in order to fill your house with silver and gold. She will dissipate your soul and disperse your wealth, so that neither frost nor heat, stormy seas nor deep rivers ... will deter you from heeding her will. And if you do, she will certainly lead you down into Sheol. [Her bearing children] will shorten your days, deny you sleep, and increase the burden ofyour labors. She will bicker and bellow at you from all sides with her screeching voice ... [Further,] evil will beset you ... from your own children, who will damn you. Then you will wonder, "Woe, what have I done?" and will realize that you wasted all your...

Cosmic-ray intensity variations during the Forbush decreases, 2–15 May 1969

Using the cosmic-ray intensity data recorded with ground-based monitors at Mt. Washington, Deep River and Kula, and the cosmic ray telescopes on board the Pioneer 8 and 9 spacecraft, the large Forbush decrease events, 2–15 May 1979, were investigated, taking into account the associated interplanetary magnetic field and solar wind plasma data. The Forbush decrease, 2–3 May 1969 appears to be caused by the interplanetary shock wave that was associated with high-speed solar wind plasma, and whose arrival at Earth was marked by the SSC that occurred at about noon on 2 May 1969. We also found that the interplanetary magnetic field shock wave, which originated from the solar flare that occurred at 40° East of the central meridian at 0500 UT on 12 May 1969 at McMath Plage 10088, was responsible for the major event, the Forbush decrease, 14–15 May 1969. The shock wave propagated nearly radially, with expansion, to Earth and Pioneer 8, but the post-shock turbulent region rotated and expanded to the Pioneer 9 telescope. Magnetic clouds were not associated with the shock wave. Our results are consistent with Parker's blast wave model (1963), but are inconsistent with Gold's magnetic tongue model (1960) as well as with models that require the presence of moving magnetic clouds (e.g. Zhang and Burlaga, 1988).

A comparison of flow intensities in alluvial rivers: characteristics and implications for modelling flow processes

This paper compares flow intensity data obtained with different instruments from a variety of fluvial environments. It examines associations between the root-mean-square of longitudinal velocity fluctuations (flow intensity), local mean velocity, relative depth, and boundary resistance. Results indicate systematic differences in the behaviour of flow intensity which scale with respect to position in the boundary layer (deep sand-bedded rivers), boundary grain resistance (shallow river environments with coarse beds), and possibly form resistance (shallower sand-bedded rivers). Preliminary approaches to prediction and modelling of variations in flow intensity are suggested based upon linear regression relationships. Intensity values are also compared with theoretical and empirical limits to the use of Taylor's substitution, which allows time and frequency properties of a single-point velocity time series to be used to yield a flow length scale. In general, limits are exceeded in all environments for near-boundary flow measurements, but are met for y/d > 0·3 in most cases in sand-bed rivers, and for y/d > 0·4 in some gravel-bed environments. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.