Deep Red Color Research Articles

Petrological Characterization of Pelites from the Mintom Basin and Their Weathering Mantle

The aim of the present study is to characterize a weathering mantle developed on pelitic rock in the tropical forest region precisely in Mintom (South East Cameroun). This characterization include morphology, physico-chemical and mineralogic analyses. The region is characterize by a hot and wet climate consisting of four seasons of inequal length and intensity. The average temperature is about 24°C and the mean rainfall is about 1633mm/years. The rocks in the area consist of limestone, dolomites and pelites. Fieldwork consist of landscape analysis, geologic prospection and soil profile description. Mineralogical and physico-chemical was carried out on various samples in the laboratory. Morphological results show that the studied profile has a general brownish yellow aspect, with a thickness of about 6m and a silty-clayey texture. Five horizons can be distinguished from top to bottom: a humiferous horizon, a loose yellow set, a yellow horizon bearing quartz fragments and large indurated blocks, a saprolite consisting of a fine and coarse saprolite possessing some pelite relics of variable sizes and a deep red colour just like that of the parent rock. The parent rock is a massive pelite with a reddish colour when wet and a violet colour when dry. It has a powdery feel. Analytically, the soils have an acidic pH (4,0 to 4,2), a high organic matter content (4,8%), a C/N ratio of about 6,76, a cationic exchange capacity of 7,64meq/100g with a saturation rate S/T of about 7. Particle size distribution shows that the silty fraction is dominant (59%), followed by the clayey fraction (30%). The main minerals are kaolinite, quartz, smectites, calcites, dolomites, goethite and hematite.

Chemical Constituents and Therapeutic Properties of Himalayan Rhododendron Arboreum - Review

ABSTRACT Nature has plentiful plant sources to fulfil the needs of human beings in terms of food and medicines. Rhododendron tree is one of them. The literature reviewed from online resources suggests that Rhododendron arboretum belongs to family Ericaceae and bears pale pink to deep red colour flowers. It is a national flower of Nepal and a state flower of Uttarakhand. The flowers generally blossom in the months of March to April and June to September. Rhododendron contains significant amount of minerals and many phytochemicals and secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins and steroids. Rhododendron arboreum has various therapeutic properties like anti-diabetic property, anti- inflammatory property, antioxidant property, anti-hyperlipidemic property, anti-cancerous property, cardio protective properties. People of India use it in preparation of many valued products like jellies, squashes, ready to serve drinks etc. But their commercialized value added products are not available. This study suggests for more extensive studies on development of commercial product for utilization of its nutritional and therapeutic value.

Reinstatement of Kalanchoe decumbens Compton (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), an endemic species from eastern southern Africa

Summary: The endemic southern African species Kalanchoe decumbens Compton (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), which was most recently treated as a synonym of K. rotundifolia (Haw.) Haw., is reinstated. These two species are closely related but K. decumbens differs in having narrowly oblong, somewhat clavate, round-tipped leaves that often curl upwards along the margins giving them the appearance of being channelled above. At reproductive maturity plants are often decumbent, with only the upper parts of the peduncles turned upwards. The upper part of the floral tube is most often a near fluorescent orange-red to deep red colour, with the centres of the lobes sometimes slightly yellowish-infused. An amplified description is provided for K. decumbens and the species is illustrated.

Phytochemical screening and spectrum profile of functional group from Banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) stem waste extract using Fourier-transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy method

Banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) is plant that contain secondary metabolites compounds such as tannins and flavanoids. Tannins and flavanoids have various properties for human health. Research had been conducted to identify secondary metabolite compounds (tannins, flavanoids, and saponins) with phytochemical screening methods and to look at the spectrum profile of the functional group found in the waste extract of banana stem. The waste of banana stem extracted with 96% ethanol. From the obtained extract, evaporation and phytochemical screening were carried; consecutively. From the screening results, tannin compounds were characterized by a greenish-black result, and flavanoids created a deep red color. Saponins were expressed negatively because the formed foam had a height of 0.3 cm and did not meet the requirements of saponins expression (foam height 1-3 cm and stable for 5 minutes). After that, the identification of the functional group found in the banana stem waste extract was carried out using Fourier-transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Banana stem waste obtained the form of compound function clusters supported by o-H bound absorption data in the area of 3284.91 cm-1, c = O in the area of 1643.06 cm-1, bend CH2 in the area 1409.25 cm-1, and C-C in the area 1078.56 cm-1.

Comparison of anthocyanins, polyphenols, and antioxidant capacities among raspberry, blackberry, and Japanese wild Rubus species

The breeding of raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) and blackberries (R. fruticosus Agg.) has shifted in focus toward traits associated with the sensory qualities and potential health benefits of the fruit, and Rubus wild species have attracted a great deal of attention as new sources of genetic diversity. In this study, the anthocyanin and polyphenol contents and compositions, and three types of antioxidant capacities were compared in mature fruits including raspberries, blackberries, and Japanese wild Rubus species. ‘Blackcap’ black raspberry showed the significantly highest values of total anthocyanin content and total polyphenol content among 12 Rubus species or cultivars. Cyanidin-3-xylosyl-rutinoside was contained only in black raspberries, and was characteristic anthocyanin in Rubus species. R. croceacanthus H. Lév., a Japanese wild species that is adapted to warm regions, had a deep red fruit color, and had the highest total anthocyanin and total polyphenol contents among the four Japanese wild species examined. As for the antioxidant capacities, the highest values were observed in ‘Blackcap’ among 12 Rubus species. Furthermore, a high positive correlation was shown between total anthocyanin or total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacities. In particular, black raspberries and blackberries contained high concentrations of rutin. Thus, rutin might contribute to the high antioxidant capacities in these cultivars.

Implantable blood clot loaded with BMP-2 for regulation of osteoimmunology and enhancement of bone repair

The treatment of large-area bone defects still faces many difficulties and challenges. Here, we developed a blood clot delivery platform loaded with BMP-2 protein (BMP-2@BC) for enhanced bone regeneration. Blood clot gel platform as natural biomaterials can be engineered from autologous blood. Once implanted into the large bone defect site, it can be used for BMP-2 local delivery, as well as modulating osteoimmunology by recruiting a great number of macrophages and regulating their polarization at different stages. Moreover, due to the deep-red color of blood clot gel, mild localized hyperthermia under laser irradiation further accelerated bone repair and regeneration. We find that the immune niche within the bone defect microenvironment can be modulated in a controllable manner by the blood clots implantation and laser treatment. We further demonstrate that the newly formed bone covered almost 95% of the skull defect area by our strategy in both mice and rat disease models. Due to the great biocompatibility, photothermal potential, and osteoimmunomodulation capacity, such technology shows great promise to be used in further clinical translation.

Oral capillary hemangioma mimicking gingival polyp: A Case Report

Hemangioma is a relatively common benign proliferation of blood vessels that primarily develops during childhood. Two main forms of hemangioma recognized: capillary and cavernous. The capillary form presents as a flat area consisting of numerous small capillaries. Cavernous hemangioma appears as an elevated lesion of a deep red color, and consists of large dilated sinuses filled with blood. The present case report is an presentation of gingival growth, which was clinically diagnosed as gingival polyp but histopathologically as capillary haemangioma. These lesions present as a diagnostic dilemma to the clinician and can lead to serious complications if not carefully managed. The purpose of the case report is to present the case of a capillary hemangioma in a patient and to describe the successful treatment of this case.

Understanding colour retention in red chilli pepper fruit using a metabolite profiling approach

Carotenoids are the pigments responsible for conferring the characteristic deep red colour to chilli pepper. The post-harvest retention of this colour is a key trait that governs the price of the produce. Determining colour retention and the associated underlying biochemical mechanisms are important issues that require investigation. In this present study, the ability of image analysis to determine colour change in ground chilli fruit was evaluated. This method enabled differentiation of extreme retention phenotypes whilst also reducing the duration of storage required to make accurate determinations. The analysis of volatiles indicated different levels of lipid and carotenoid derived volatiles in lines with different retention properties. Metabolite profiling of intermediary metabolism supported these findings, with increased levels of unsaturated fatty acids present in lines with low retention properties. Collectively, these data have led us to propose that in chilli fruit lipid peroxidation is one of the progenitors of carotenoid degradation.

Alexandrite with an Uncommon Deep Red Colour

Alexandrite with an Uncommon Deep Red Colour

Performance evaluation of natural dwarf mutant tomato suitable for vertical gardening

A dwarf mutant genotype Selection-24 (Seln-24) was identifed and stabilized from a segregating population of tomato variety Pusa Gaurav. Performance of Seln-24 was compared with six genotypes of tomato, including parental line for resistance to insect vectors, Tomato leaf curl virus and for different horticultural traits. Seln-24 plants were of compact-miniature type and recorded signifcantly less height (41.53 cm) compared to parent Pusa Gaurav (134.62cm). Fruits are bullet shaped with bright deep red color. Each fruits weighs around 55g. The fruits are frm with thick pericarp (0.5 cm) with two well flled locules which facilitates good shelf-life. It is highly rich in vitamin C and was found tolerant to whiteflies and leaf curl virus. Due to its compact and dwarf nature, Seln-24 requires minimum staking and training. The line is very useful for vertical gardening or container gardening in multistoried buildings in urban setup.

Two Beethoven Facsimiles

Reviewed by: Streichquartett B-Dur op. 130; Grande Fugue: B-Dur op. 133 by Ludwig van Beethoven, and: Klaviertrio B-Dur Opus 97 "Erzherzog"-Trio by Ludwig van Beethoven Seow-Chin Ong Ludwig van Beethoven. Klaviertrio B-Dur Opus 97 "Erzherzog"-Trio. Foreword by Mitsuko Uchida. Introduction by Julia Ronge. München: G. Henle Verlag, 2020. [Foreword and introduction in German and English. Cloth on slipcase. ISMN 979-0-201-83230-2. $245.] Ludwig van Beethoven. Streichquartett B-Dur op. 130; Grande Fugue: B-Dur op. 133. Commentary by Ulrich Konrad. Kassel: Bärenreiter, 2019. (Documenta musicological. Zweite Reihe, Handschriften-Faksimiles; Bd. LV) [Commentary in German and English. Hardcover. ISBN 978-3-376-182464-1. $436.] [End Page 640] Issued to commemorate the 250th anniversary of Beethoven's birth in 2020, Henle's facsimile of the autograph of Beethoven's Piano Trio in B-flat major, op. 97, the "Archduke" Trio, the most expansive of all the composer's essays in the genre, is a beautiful document, with the deep red color of the binding and the hard case contrasting strikingly with the decorative gold lettering. Quite apart from the content of the facsimile, the richness of the presentation alone invites one to pick it up and admire it. The autograph, originally housed in the Preußische Staatsbibliothek in Berlin prior to World War II, is now kept in the Biblioteka Jagiellónska in Cracow, Poland. An account of how this autograph, together with many other priceless manuscripts previously kept in the Preußische Staatsbibliothek came to be deposited in the Biblioteka Jagiellónska, is given in Nigel Lewis's Paperchase (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1981). The autograph is bound in two volumes, the first containing the first two movements of the work and the second, the last two. Both volumes, however, are not of the same size, and the facsimile is accordingly published in similar fashion. Published in color, it appears to preserve the physical dimensions of the autograph (although this is not mentioned in the commentary). The first two movements of the autograph feature papers in the usual oblong Querformat that Beethoven had so often used throughout his career. The last two movements, by contrast, are characterized by papers in vertical Hochformat. This dissimilarity in paper size and orientation within the same autograph is extremely unusual for Beethoven. Indeed, the watermark of the second volume's Hochformat paper is a rarity in Beethoven: among the thousands of Beethoven manuscript papers in existence, only forty-five folios are known to bear a similar watermark (including the papers for the autograph of the Violin Sonata in G major, op. 96, a work roughly contemporaneous with the "Archduke" Trio). Manufactured in Italy, in a town called Fabriano (in the Marche region), this Italian paper stands apart from the vast majority of papers made within the Hapsburg empire that Beethoven had often used. For a more extensive discussion of the autograph, see my article "The Autograph of Beethoven's 'Archduke' Trio," in Beethoven Forum, vol. 11, no. 2 (2004): 181–208. The introduction to the facsimile, written by Julia Ronge, describes in brief the history of the work, its genesis, the circumstances of its publication, the autograph, and the composer's working methods in connection with the "Archduke" autograph (although, to be sure, Beethoven's manner of working described here may be applied more widely to the composer's manuscripts in general, including his sketches). Not included in the introduction are some of the details that a musicologist may look for, such as diagrams showing the paper gathering structure of the autograph and drawings of the watermarks of the papers used. While these details are available elsewhere, having them here would have been especially appropriate and convenient. Beethoven's autographs are essentially working manuscripts at a late [End Page 641] stage of the compositional process. As such, they are typically characterized by revisions and emendations of various kinds, from corrections of small errors to reworkings of longer musical passages. Revisions that are particularly involved are sometimes written out on fresh manuscript paper that is then pasted over the original musical text. Although such paste-overs are not present in the "Archduke" Trio autograph...

Spectrophotometric method for determination of ranitidine hydrochloride in bulk and in pharmaceutical preparation using ninhydrin

A simple, sensitive and reproducible method for the determination of ranitidine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations was investigated. This spectrophotometric method was based on the formation of a deep red color product with ninhydrin in basic media and the absorbance measured at λmax = 480 nm. The reaction occurs at 45 °C with pH = 10 having a contact time of 38 minutes. Under the optimum conditions, Beer’s Law is obeyed in the concentration range of 8.98×103 - 9.90×104 µg/L. The coefficient of correlation was found to be 0.999 for the obtained method with molar absorptivity of 3.05×103 L/mol.cm. The calculated Sandell’s sensitivity is 0.108 μg/cm2. The limit of detection and limit of quantification are 0.0997 and 0.3023 µg/mL, respectively. The low values of the percentage relative standard deviation and percentage relative error indicate the high precision and the good accuracy of the proposed method. The stoichiometry of the reaction is determined and found to be 1:4 (Ranitidine hydrochloride:Ninhydrin). The initial rate method confirmed that this reaction is first order one.

Breeding of Moon Cactus ‘Aul’ with Symmetric Bicolor Offsets

The cultivar of the moon cactus, ‘Aul’, was bred by the National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science in 2016. To obtain ‘Aul’, the maternal line, ‘0809067’ with red and yellow colors, and the paternal line, ‘0828039’ with deep red color, were crossed on July 7, 2012. Until 2013, a young moon cactus was grafted twice onto the vine cactus, Hylocereus trigonus, in vitro and in vivo. The growth characteristics were surveyed three times from 2014 to 2016, according to the guidelines of Gymnocalycium mihanovichii of the Korea Seed and Variety Service. ‘Aul’ has a flat round shape, red skin (R44A), and average of 9.7 ribs. The spine on its body has a gray color. The spine grew on average to 3.0 mm in a straight shape. The shape of the tubercle on the rib was projecting. This cultivar was 46.9 mm in diameter, and produced 16.4 offsets on average, with red & yellow colors 10 months after planting. This cultivar symmetrically produced 1 or 2 offsets per rib. The preference score was 3.8 on a 5-point scale. On May 16, 2018, ‘Aul’ was registered (Registration No. 7195) and is now being protected by the Act on the Protection of New Varieties of Plants.

Efficient White Electrochemiluminescent Emission From Carbon Quantum Dot Films.

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were manufactured from citric acid and urea in a gram-scale synthesis with a controlled size range between 1. 5 and 23.8 nm. The size control was realized by varying volume of the precursor solution in a hydrothermal synthesis method. The prepared CQDs were investigated using electrochemiluminescence (ECL) spectroscopy at interfaces of their electrode films and electrolyte solution containing coreactants rather than conventional optoelectronic tests, providing an in-depth analysis of light-emission mechanisms of the so-called half-cells. ECL from the CQD films with TPrA and K2S2O8 as coreactants provided information on the stability of the CQD radicals in the films. It was discovered that CQD•− has a powerful electron donating nature to sulfate radical to generate ECL at a relative efficiency of 96% to the Ru(bpy)3Cl2/K2S2O8 coreactant system, indicating a strong performance in light emitting applications. The smaller the CQD particle sizes, the higher the ECL efficiency of the film interface, most likely due to the increased presence of surface states per mass of CQDs. Spooling ECL spectroscopy of the system revealed a potential-dependent light emission starting from a deep red color to blue-shifted intensity maximum, cool bright white emission with a correlated color temperature of 3,200 K. This color temperature is appropriate for most indoor lighting applications. The above ECL results provide information on the performance of CQD light emitters in films, permitting preliminary screening for light emitting candidates in optoelectronic applications. This screening has revealed CQD films as a powerful and cost-effective light emitting layer toward lighting devices for indoor applications.

High Yields of Shrimp Oil Rich in Omega-3 and Natural Astaxanthin from Shrimp Waste.

A valued marine oil rich in omega-3 lipids and natural astaxanthin is obtained with remarkably high yield (up to 5 wt %) extending to pink shrimp waste (head and carapace) using the approach to extract fish oil from fish processing byproducts using d-limonene. Biobased limonene is an excellent solvent for both unsaturated lipids and astaxanthin-based carotenoids preventing oxidative degradation during the extraction cycle including solvent separation at 85 °C. Explaining the deep red color of the shrimp oil obtained, computational simulation suggests that d-limonene is also a good solvent for natural astaxanthin abundant in shrimp.

The Effects of Salicylic Acid and Its Derivatives on Increasing Pomegranate Fruit Quality and Bioactive Compounds at Harvest and During Storage.

In the present research two experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of pre-harvest salicylic acid (SA), acetyl salicylic acid (ASA), and methyl salicylate (MeSa), applied as a foliar spray to pomegranate “Mollar de Elche,” on crop yield, fruit quality parameters, and bioactive compounds at harvest and during storage. In the 2017 experiment, trees were treated with SA, ASA, and MeSa at 1, 5, and 10 mM and a higher crop yield (kg tree–1 and number of harvested fruit tree–1) and quality parameters (firmness, aril color, and individual sugars and organic acids) at harvest were obtained, as well as a higher concentration of phenolics, anthocyanins, and ascorbic acid. The best results were achieved with 10 mM dose of the three assayed compounds, which was chosen for the 2018 experiment, and results for crop yield and fruit quality attributes were confirmed. These quality traits and the concentration of phenolics, anthocyanins, and ascorbic acid were maintained at higher levels in pomegranate fruit from treated trees than in controls during prolonged storage at 10°C. In addition, the effects of salicylate treatments on increasing total and individual anthocyanin concentration in pomegranate arils led to arils with a deeper red color (Graphical ) and, in turn, fruit that would be more appreciated in the international market. This fact, together with the increased crop yield, would contribute to the increased profit of this crop. Thus, pre-harvest treatment with salicylates, and especially SA at 10 mM concentration, could be a safe, natural, and new tool to improve fruit quality and its content on antioxidant compounds with health beneficial effects (namely, ascorbic acid, phenolics, and anthocyanins) at harvest and during storage.

Isolation and characterization of Anoxygenic phototrophs from shrimp ponds in Thailand

Anoxygenic phototrophic purple bacteria are ubiquitous in aquatic and terrestrial environments and demonstrate broad phenotypic diversity. Purple bacteriaderive energy from light under anaerobic conditions via anoxygenic photosynthesis, a process in which water is not the electron donor. It has been suggested that these bacteria are useful for a variety of applications, including: wastewater treatment; heavy metal remediation; nitrogen fixation; and, control of CH4 emissions. In this study, the goal was to isolate and characterize PNSB from shrimp ponds in Thailand. Surface water and sediment were collected. Enrichment cultures were prepared using Pfenning’s mineral media. As indicated by development of reddish color and turbidity, anoxygenic phototrophic growth was observed within two days of incubation. Cultures in liquid media and on solid plates exhibited a deep red or purple color ten weeks post-inoculation. Under light microscopy, enrichments consist of communities dominated by thin, elongated gram-negative cells with granules of elemental sulfur, which are characteristic of purple bacteria. Molecular methods confirm the presence of pufLM, a genetic biomarker for purple bacteria (e.g., Thiohalocapsa marina, Allochromatium vinosum, Roseovarius tolerans). Initial sequencing of key genes (i.e., pufLM) indicate that these environmental samples contain novel isolates or “geographic variants” that have not been previously described. We have developed a few pure cultures of multiple species from these environmental samples. Since shrimp farming is a key industry in southern Thailand, the characterization of the microbial communities in these ecosystems, including anoxygenic phototrophs, will provide insights into how to maintain water quality in these food production systems.

Field test for identifying problematic red parent materials

AbstractWetlands are valuable ecosystems protected under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act, and accurate delineation of wetlands is thus important for their continued preservation. The standard method for wetland delineation includes identifying hydric soils based on their distinctive hydromorphology, which often includes gley colors. However, in some cases soil colors can be misleading. One example is hydric soils derived from problematic red parent material (PRPM), which fail to exhibit the dominantly gray colors commonly observed in soils formed under hydric conditions. Recently, the widespread distribution of soils derived from PRPM was tied to red‐bed formations of Mesozoic or Paleozoic age, with deep red colors associated with large hematite crystals. The color change propensity index currently used to test (in the laboratory) for PRPM soils takes many hours and requires specialized expensive equipment, which may substantially delay assessment. The objective of this study was to develop a rapid field test that could be used to recognize soils formed from PRPM. The proposed field test and calculated One Hour Color Index can be used to determine if soils are derived from PRPM with 90% accuracy, using easily accessible chemicals and equipment (sodium dithionite, sodium chloride, distilled water, plastic test tubes) and a Munsell color book.

ALTERNATIVE STAINING OF FASCIOLA GIGANTICA USING NATURAL HERBAL DYES

The Aqueous extracts of red beet, China rose, henna and acid carmine stains were used to stain the adult worms of F. gigantca. The stained flukes showed varying degrees of pigmentation with well-defined external and internal structure. Oral and ventral sucker, muscular pharynx, oesophagus, intestinal ceca and cirrus sac took rose to light cherry color in aqueous extract of china rose, orange to brown color in aqueous extract of sugar beet, beige to pale brown color in aqueous extract of henna while they took deep red color in carmine stain with best quality achieved by china rose aqueous extract. The ovary, testes and longitudinal excretory canal/pore took rose to cherry color in aqueous extract of China rose, pale brown color in aqueous extracts of both sugar beet and henna while they acquired red to pink color in acid carmine stain. Aqueous extracts of sugar beet exhibited little better quality in revealing characteristics of vitelline ducts andvitelline glands compared to the aqueous extract of China rose, henna and carmine stain. Uterus stained brown in both sugar beet aqueous extracts and carmine stain while it took yellow color when stained with China rose and henna. Eggs inside uterus took light yellow color in all tested aqueous extracts. Ootype/mehli gland and yolk reservoir of F. gigantica took brown color in aqueous extracts of red beet, China rose and henna, red to pink color in carmine stain. Spinescovering the cuticle appeared rose color in aqueous extract of china rose, pale brown color in aqueous extract of sugar beet extract and henna, and pale red color in carmine stain.

Plant Domestication: Reconstructing the Route toModern Tomatoes.

An explosion of genome sequencing has facilitated a deep understanding of the tomato's domestication history. Although the species emerged in Ecuador, domestication is likely to have occurred in Mexico whence it was transported to Europe and ultimately improved into one of our favorite foods.