Deep Flooding Research Articles

Influence of road characteristics on flood fatalities in Australia

ABSTRACTAn analysis of published flood fatalities in Australia occurring between 1960 and 2015 revealed that 49% of 229 flood fatalities were vehicle related. After reviewing previous work on vehicle-related flood fatalities, this study examines attributes of roadways that may have influenced driver decisions to enter floodwaters and the survivability of people in vehicles that did so and concludes by discussing policy implications. Characteristics most frequently present were small upstream catchment length that may influence the rate of rise of floodwaters; the absence of roadside barricades; deep flooding immediately adjacent to the roadway; the absence of lighting; dipping road grades that lead floodwaters to increase once a vehicle enters them; the lack of curb and guttering and the inability of motorists to easily turn around. Each of these factors were observed in at least 50% of the cases studied and provide a risk-based means of assessing other sites vulnerable to flooding but where fatalities have not been observed to date.

Water Level Monitoring System

The drinking water is one of the main problems affecting many countries now, in the same way we are not actually using the rain water properly. The misuse of water leads no many problems like uncontrolled water flow etc. Last year 2018 Kerala undergrown a deep flood because of huge rain due to that all the dams in Kerala opened simultaneously. It creates a huge flood in Kerala. Around 370 peoples died in Kerala due to this flood. The main reason is people are not aware of dam opening so the peoples near to the river all are washed off. Most of the dams are not having a digital sensing for water level. All the dams are having only scale measurement so failed to give information about damn opening. Water level monitoring system solves this problem It will give right information about water level in reservoir and it will avoid wastage water in tank.

English

Selection done using molecular markers has spread to all types of agricultural plants and animals. Marker assisted selection (MAS) is safe for ecology and food products consumed. The purpose of the study is to develop Sub1A gene (which determines tolerance to prolonged flooding) in the Russian rice varieties using DNA-markers and Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. A large volume of pre-breeding rice material (F2-F4, BC2F2) was created with tolerance genes for prolonged flooding, to control weed in rice agrophytocenosis. The forms with 120-130-day vegetation period were selected. An analysis of the co-inheritance of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers Sub1Aq, Sub1C173, Sub1A203 with the Sub1 gene was carried out. It revealed the codominance of the selected microsatellites. They can be used to identify and visualize the allelic state of a given target gene in the breeding material. The recurrent parental rice forms, donors of the gene Sub 1 and the hybrids of F2 and Ð’Ði2F1 population were tested on tolerance to prolonged flooding. The gene is effective in ensuring resistance to this stress factor within 2 to 3 weeks and it can be recommended for the breeding programs to develop modern genetic resources of rice tolerant to prolonged and deep flooding for weed control on rice fields. Key words: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), rice, Sub genes, tolerance to flooding, weeds.

Contrasting effects of flooding on tree growth and stand density determine aboveground production, in baldcypress forests

Stand production, a common indicator of site productivity, is often low in flooded wetland forests. However, it remains unclear whether the low production reflects flood stress limiting tree growth, flood disturbance limiting tree density, or both. Here, we investigate how tree growth and stand density vary in baldcypress forests, across gradients of flooding by both fresh and saline waters. We used three investigations to conduct this analysis: (a) a meta-analysis of previously reported tree- and stand-production measurements; (b) an analysis of tree cores from 204 baldcypress trees in 16 sites; and (c) intensive stand surveys and growth measurements across two freshwater flooding gradients in southern Louisiana. The meta-analysis (a) showed that stand production generally varies linearly with stand density, and that detrimental effects of flooding on tree-level growth are only consistently evident in saline systems. The tree-core investigation (b) showed that tree basal area growth was largely a function of tree sapwood area, but basal area growth per sapwood area (i.e. sapwood efficiency, a measure of how efficiently trees grow per growing space occupied) was higher in the more flooded sites of freshwater gradients and lower in the more saline sites of salinity gradients. The intensively studied sites (c) showed that deeper flooding was associated with sparse stands with lower production; however, trees in those sparser sites had higher sapwood efficiency, implying that the benefits of reduced competition were greater than any potential physiological limitations caused by that deeper flooding. Our findings generally show that sparser stands with saline flooding contained poorly growing trees, but sparser stands with freshwater flooding generally did not. These dichotomous effects of freshwater flooding on tree growth versus stand density demonstrate the need to conceptualize production as a dual function of disturbance effects on stand structure and environmental limitations on individual trees, each with potentially different limiting factors.

Methane emission from rice cultivation in different agro-ecological zones of the Mekong river delta: seasonal patterns and emission factors for baseline water management

ABSTRACTThis study comprises a set of methane emission measurements in rice fields located in the four agro-ecological zones of the Mekong River Delta (MRD), namely the zones with (i) alluvial soils, (ii) salinity intrusion, (iii) deep flood, and (iv) acid sulfate soils. These zones have very distinct bio-physical conditions and cropping cycles that will affect methane emissions in various forms. Our study includes comprehensive mapping of these zones as well as an overview of rice statistics (activity data) at provincial level for each cropping season. Emission data were obtained by the closed chamber method. The available data set comprises 7 sites with 15 cropping seasons. Mean emission rates showed large variations ranging from 0.31 to 9.14 kg CH4 ha−1 d−1. Statistical analysis resulted in weighted means for all zones that we use as zone-specific CH4 emission factors (EFz) in the context of the IPCC Tier 2 approach. The lowest EFz was computed for the saline accounting for 1.14 kg CH4 ha−1 d−1 (confidence interval: 0.60–2.14). The EFz values of the alluvial and acid sulfate zones were 2.39 kg CH4 ha−1 d−1 (2.19–4.13) and 2.78 kg CH4 ha−1 d−1 (2.65–3.76), respectively, which indicated that they were not different from each other derived from their confidence intervals. The deep flood zone, however, required a season-specific, assessment of EFz because emission in the autumn–winter cropping season, corresponding to the wet period, was significantly higher (9.14 kg CH4 ha−1 d−1 (7.08–11.2)) than the other seasons (2.24 kg CH4 ha−1 d−1 (1.59–3.47)). Although these emission factors correspond to baseline water management and do not capture the diversity of farmers’ practices, we see the availability of zone-specific data as an important step for a more detailed assessment of Business as Usual emissions as well as possible mitigation potentials in one of the most important rice growing regions of the world.

FLOOD HYDRAULICS DUE TO EMERGENT VEGETATION ALONG A RIPARIAN ZONE IN MEANDERING CHANNELS

Frequent floods around the globe including recent events in several states in Malaysia have damaged the residential properties, infrastructures and crops or even deaths. Clearing vegetations or trees on the floodplain has been pointed out as a contributing factor to the damages. Thus, the influence of floodplain vegetation on the river hydraulics during flooding must be better understood. The hydraulics of flood flows in non-erodible vegetated meandering channel was experimented in the laboratory where two-lined steel rods were installed along a riparian zone to simulate as trees. The stage-discharge relationship, flow resistance, depth-averaged velocity, streamwise vorticity and boundary shear stress patterns during shallow and deep flood inundations were studied. The findings showed that floodplain vegetation had increased the channel flow depth by 32% and its flow resistance. The velocity in vegetated zone was lowered and the shear stress reduced by 86.5% to 91% along the river meander. In addition, the trees also limit flow interaction between main channel and floodplain

Variant restoration trajectories for wetland plant communities on a channelized floodplain

AbstractRestoration efforts are typically based on an assumption that reestablishment of altered determinants of ecological structure and function will lead to a predictable reestablishment of populations and reassembly of communities. Dechannelization and reestablishment of natural hydrologic regimes provide the basis for the ongoing restoration of the Kissimmee River in Central Florida, United States. The expected reestablishment of historically dominant broadleaf marsh (BLM) and buttonbush shrub (BB) communities was evaluated over a 10‐year period following implementation of the first phase of the restoration project. Plant species composition and cover were assessed during dry (spring) and wet (summer) season sampling periods at five sites on the restored floodplain, and four “control” sites on the channelized floodplain. Mean daily stage data from nearby gauges indicated hydroperiods and depths on the reflooded floodplain were within the range of historic hydrologic conditions that selected for BLM and BB communities on the pre‐channelization floodplain. After reflooding, pasture grass and upland shrub communities rapidly transitioned to a fluid mix of obligate and facultative wetland species. Although signature BLM and BB species, Sagittaria lancifolia (bulltongue arrowhead), Pontederia cordata (pickerel weed), and Cephalanthus occidentalis (buttonbush), recolonized all study sites, the expected reestablishment of dominant cover of these species did not occur. Results indicate that restoration of BLM and BB communities has been impeded by deep flood pulse disturbances, establishment of invasive wetland grasses, and mineralized soil characteristics of the drained floodplain.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT FLOODING METHODS USED FOR RICE CULTIVATION AT THE STATE RICE FARM ''BOSHOD''

A field experiment was carried out at the State Rice Farm of Boshod in the Chimkent Region, the Republic of Kazakhstan, to compare and contrast the effects of four flooding methods on the production of the rice variety ‘’Uros-59’’. The flooding methods included: deep flooding (20cm) – Ao; shallow flooding (10-15cm) - A1; initial shallow flooding (10-15cm) with intermittent renewal of water -A2 and moistening the soil up to the tillering phase of the rice before flooding (15cm) -A3. The percent germination, biometric measurements, leaf surface area and yield levels of the rice plants grown under the different variants of flooding were taken; and the economic rentability of the different flooding methods for the rice production calculated. The deep flooding method-(Ao) showed the lowest (70%) seed germination rate. Generally, the variant A3 exhibited outstanding results with the highest percentage of seed germination (90 %) and comparatively good physiological growth of the rice variety “Uros-59. With the A3 variant the quantity of irrigation water used was about 2000 m3/Ha lower than the control (Ao). Variant A3 also registered relatively the highest yields (68.5centiner/Ha) and the most rentable method of irrigation (100 %). The variant A3 was, therefore, recommended for the State Rice Farm at Boshod.

Strategies to avoid drowning in the deep sequencing data flood

The enormous technological progress in the field of functional genomics during the last 15 years had a significant impact on animal sciences. With the development of Next Generation Sequencing it became feasible to analyze genomes and transcriptomes within short time frames and affordable costs. One major challenge of this rapid development is to manage the data flood and to perform data analysis and integration in an optimal manner. This review provides some information about a typical analysis pipeline for RNASequencing (RNA-Seq) data and a strategy for the analysis of small RNA-Seq data derived from species with poor annotation for non-coding RNA genes. Furthermore, problems regarding gene annotation in livestock species and their possible implications for data analysis and interpretation are discussed. Despite of not yet solved problems and challenges with respect to data analysis and integration the approaches in the field of functional genome analysis opened up new ways to try to understand the complex trait fertility.

North America’s Midcontinent Rift: When rift met LIP

Rifts are segmented linear depressions that are filled with sedimentary and igneous rocks; they form by extension and often evolve into plate boundaries. Flood basalts, a class of large igneous provinces (LIPs), are broad regions of extensive volcanism formed by sublithospheric processes. Typical rifts are not filled with flood basalts, and typical flood basalts are not associated with significant crustal extension and faulting. North America’s Midcontinent Rift (MCR) is an unusual combination, because its 3000-km length formed during a continental breakup event 1.1 Ga, but it contains an enormous volume of igneous rocks that are mostly flood basalt. We show that MCR volcanic rocks are significantly thicker than other flood basalts, due to their deposition in a narrow rift rather than across a broad region, giving the MCR a rift’s geometry but a LIP’s magma volume. Structural modeling of seismic-reflection data shows that LIP volcanics were deposited during two phases—an initial rift phase where flood basalts filled a fault-controlled extending basin and a postrift phase where LIP volcanics and sediments were deposited in a thermally subsiding sag basin without associated faulting. The crust thinned during the initial rifting phase and then rethickened during the postrift phase and later compression, yielding the present thicker crust observed seismologically. The restriction of extension to a single normal fault in each rift segment, steeply inward-dipping rift shoulders with sharp hinges, and persistence of volcanism after rifting ended gave rise to a deep flood basalt–filled rift geometry not observed in other presently active or ancient rifts. The unusual coincidence of a rift and LIP arose when a new rift associated with continental breakup interacted with a mantle plume or overrode anomalously hot or fertile upper mantle.

Life cycle stage and water depth affect flooding-induced adventitious root formation in the terrestrial species Solanum dulcamara.

Flooding can occur at any stage of the life cycle of a plant, but often adaptive responses of plants are only studied at a single developmental stage. It may be anticipated that juvenile plants may respond differently from mature plants, as the amount of stored resources may differ and morphological changes can be constrained. Moreover, different water depths may require different strategies to cope with the flooding stress, the expression of which may also depend on developmental stage. This study investigated whether flooding-induced adventitious root formation and plant growth were affected by flooding depth in Solanum dulcamara plants at different developmental stages. Juvenile plants without pre-formed adventitious root primordia and mature plants with primordia were subjected to shallow flooding or deep flooding for 5 weeks. Plant growth and the timing of adventitious root formation were monitored during the flooding treatments. Adventitious root formation in response to shallow flooding was significantly constrained in juvenile S. dulcamara plants compared with mature plants, and was delayed by deep flooding compared with shallow flooding. Complete submergence suppressed adventitious root formation until up to 2 weeks after shoots restored contact with the atmosphere. Independent of developmental stage, a strong positive correlation was found between adventitious root formation and total biomass accumulation during shallow flooding. The potential to deploy an escape strategy (i.e. adventitious root formation) may change throughout a plant's life cycle, and is largely dependent on flooding depth. Adaptive responses at a given stage of the life cycle thus do not necessarily predict how the plant responds to flooding in another growth stage. As variation in adventitious root formation also correlates with finally attained biomass, this variation may form the basis for variation in resistance to shallow flooding among plants.

Design and Development of a Remote Station for Real-time Monitoring of Urban Flooding

This paper presents the design and development of urban flood monitoring stations that use pressure sensor to determine flooding levels. GPRS and SMS were used to communicate data from the remote stations to a server located at a data center. A web-based visualization tool has been developed to allow access to data in real-time. Based on experiments, the sensor measurements have a difference of 0.872cm to 3.067cm with actual values. The higher differences tend to be associated with higher water levels while lower differences were noted for lower water levels. With further experimentation, these differences can be used as correction factors to get to a more accurate reading, specially for purposes of R&D or modeling, though for issuance of warnings to the public, these differences are small enough especially since warnings are mostly based on qualitative descriptions such as knee-deep or waist deep flood level. Image capture was also experimented on and is envisioned to be incorporated with the station to provide a means to verify water level by providing a visual reference. Likewise, the image capture device will serve as a redundant sensor that can also determine flood levels thru image processing. Currently, two prototypes are deployed along Espana Avenue, an area known for flooding. Data from the stations show the typical behavior of flood water but currently, there is no reliable means to verify the accuracy of sensor readings, until the image capture device is installed. The data are viewable thru a web-based visualization tool.

Priority Selection of Weak Gel Flooding Formula on Heterogeneous Reservoir

Nowadays, most of the oilfields have been entered later development stage, it is difficult for reservoirs to depend on water flooding technology to improve recovery factor enormously. To satisfy deep flooding demand on heterogeneous reservoirs, the weak gel system is developed in the lab. Due to the mixture of organic chromium and HAPM, forming the organic weak gel system. HPAM concentration is from 1300mg/l to 1500mg/l and from 150mg/l to 210mg/l for cross-linking agent, the weak gel system formed stably with the high viscosity which is above 10000mp·s and moderate gelation time is from 45h to 130h.The best formula was selected with HPAM concentration 1500mg/l, and cross-linking agent concentration 210mg/l.The core displacement experiment shows the weak gel system has a well flooding effect on heterogeneous reservoirs, and its recovery rate increases 16.2%。

Diversity and Seasonal Fluctuations of Arthropod Fauna in Bangladesh Deepwater Rice

An intensive study of the diversity of arthropod fauna in Bangladesh deepwater rice ecosystem from 1977 to 1980 revealed: 139 phytophages, 75 predators, 75 parasitoids and 44 scavengers identified to species level. Adding those forms identified to family/subfamily brought the total to 375 species. Insecta comprised 354 species belonging to more than 100 families. This is a conservative estimate since the main sampling methods used, sweepnetting and the rearing of parasitoids, is fairly effective for mid- and upper canopy forms, but is not effective for collecting fauna in the benthos, neuston and lower plant canopy for which a suction sampler is necessary.There was a marked seasonal fluctuation in numbers and composition of the fauna due mainly to the nature of the deepwater rice plant and the annual flooding pattern. The preflood period was conducive to moderate buildups of some canopy-living insects. In the flooding period the numbers of many arthropods crashed precipitously and never recovered (eg leafhoppers and planthoppers). Those forms adapted to deep flooding continued at moderate levels (eg acridids, green leafhopper), while a few arthropods were able to increase their numbers (eg tettigonids, yellow stem borer and spiders). Spiders, the most abundant predator group, were numerous at all times even during deep flooding and they probably limited the numbers of leafhoppers, planthoppers and some other pests. In addition, 75 parasitoids formed part of the faunal community and attacked many phytophages.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v17i1-2.20903Bangladesh Rice j. 2013, 17(1&2): 75-104

Wetland plant growth under contrasting water regimes associated with river regulation and drought: implications for environmental water management

An important characteristic of many wetland plants in semi-arid regions is their capacity to withstand fluctuations between extended dry phases and floods. However, anthropogenic river regulation can reduce natural flow variability in riverine wetlands, causing a decline in the frequency and duration of deep flooding as well as extended droughts, and an increase in shallow flooding and soil saturation. Our aim in this paper was to use an experimental approach to examine whether reductions in flooding and drought disadvantage species adapted to both these extremes, and favours those with water requirements that match the new regime of frequent low-level flooding. We compared the growth characteristics and biomass allocation of three native Australian aquatic macrophytes (Pseudoraphis spinescens, Juncus ingens and Typha domingensis), which co-occur at Barmah Forest, south-eastern Australia, under three water treatments: drought, soil saturation and deep flooding. The responses of species to the treatments largely reflected changes in their relative abundance at Barmah Forest since river regulation. Typha domingensis, which has remained uncommon, performed relatively poorly in all treatments, while J. ingens, which has increased its range, exhibited more vigorous growth under soil saturation. Pseudoraphis spinescens, which was once widespread but has declined markedly in its distribution, grew strongly under all water treatments. These findings suggest that a return to more natural, variable river flow regimes can potentially be an important conservation and restoration strategy in ecosystems characterised by species that have adaptations to extreme hydrological growing conditions.

Does plant performance under stress explain divergent life history strategies? The effects of flooding and nutrient stress on two wetland sedges

Novel hydrology and nutrient loads are common environmental filters in disturbed wetlands. These filters impact plant growth and influence the composition and productivity of wetland plant communities by selecting for flooding-tolerant species that can efficiently acquire and use nutrients. We performed a factorial greenhouse trial to elucidate how nutrients and flooding affect the growth and morphology of Carex obnupta and Carex stipata, two wetland sedges with divergent life history strategies. Individual seedlings of each species were exposed to a combination of flooding (deep or shallow) and fertilization (low or high) treatments. These treatment combinations create a stress gradient from high fertilization and shallow flooding (lowest stress) to low fertilization and deep flooding (highest stress). Plant biomass accumulation and allocation were measured after 77-days. Total biomass, leaf area, and shoot biomass were greatest in high fertilizer treatments, regardless of flooding treatment. There was an initial plant size effect in C. obnupta: small plants accumulated less biomass than large plants under high flooding. C. stipata had higher biomass and specific leaf areas than C. obnupta in all treatments. C. obnupta had higher net assimilation rates per unit biomass and leaf area than C. stipata. These stress responses illustrate that each species has a distinct life history strategy. C. obnupta is a stress tolerator that can persist across a range of flooding conditions. C. stipata is a ruderal species that outgrows flooding stress by allocating carbon to leaf growth. These species’ niches likely diverge based on how each species grows and allocates biomass under environmental stress

北東北地域の飼料イネ栽培における深水と除草剤による雑草防除の検討

北東北地域の飼料イネ栽培における深水と除草剤による雑草防除の検討

DEM and SAR image based flood feature extraction techniques to map the deep and shallow flood inundated regions of known as well as remote disaster regions

It is viable to differentiate the deep and shallow flood inundated regions through a new flood feature extraction techniques named as ‘Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image based flood feature extraction model’. The proposed model has been built mainly on the top of DEM of the disaster region without adopting standard multi-layer GIS techniques. To meet the time related factors of flood early warning system the image clustering operations has been automated at three different levels which bifurcates the input datasets and extracts the much required end results such as deep flooded regions, shallow flood inundated regions and non-flooded regions. The model has been tested with SAR flood images of known geographical region as well as remote geographical region. The proposed model can be automated against the input SAR sensor image and corresponding DEM of the respective SAR scene of any part of the world.

Ecology and conservation of grassy wetlands dominated by spiny mud grass Pseudoraphis spinescens in the southern Murray–Darling Basin, Australia

ABSTRACT The distribution, ecosystem functions, conservation status and threatening processes of grassy wetlands are reviewed, with an emphasis on changes in flood regimes, water resource development and land use. The focus of the review is the ecology of spiny mud grass Pseudoraphis spinescens (R.Br.) Vickery, a C4 perennial aquatic grass. In Australia P. spinescens is a dominant species in grassy wetlands of the southern Murray–Darling Basin, the Wet–Dry Tropics and coastal New South Wales. Adapted to high irradiance and ambient temperatures, and to intermittent inundation for several months’ duration, it is a rapidly growing (> 20 mm d‐1), stoloniferous species, requiring prolonged, deep flooding interspersed with drying to achieve maximum growth and reproduction. Pseudoraphis spinescens can be considered an important species of grassy wetlands, providing food and habitat for waterfowl and other aquatic organisms through high primary productivity and nutrient cycling. Grassy wetlands in Australia are under threat from altered flood regimes, water resource development, grazing and land‐use change. The provision of flood regimes that most closely match plant‐specific water requirements represents the management action with the best prospect for the conservation of grassy wetlands on regulated rivers. A basic model for the water regime of P. spinescens grassy wetlands is presented to inform conservation and management, and stressing the need of such wetlands for large areas and rivers with high flow volumes that generate relatively deep prolonged flooding followed by drying out of the floodplain. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Study on the Evaluation Method of Deep Profile Control and Flooding Effect

This paper tries to sum up every development indicator of the deep oil profile control and displacement effect evaluation in the oilfield, through the study of evaluation method in terms of the deep profile control and displacement effect, it establishes a set of index systems as for the deep oil displacement effect evaluation, including the injection well and production well and blocks these three aspects. It aims to make up the software for the deep flooding effect evaluation, H-12 Well is tracing software with the help of software, and the results show that the flooding effect of H-12 Well is obvious.