Deep Dives Research Articles

Physiological and behavioral responses of northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) to global change among three northern California rookeries

The California coast provides a unique study system for investigating the effects of warming and habitat quality on the thermoregulatory capacity of the northern elephant seal (NES). In California, island rookeries such as the offshore site at the Farallon Islands National Wildlife Refuge are experiencing habitat loss and reduced suitable haul-out surfaces due to erosion from storm events. Extreme weather events are increasing in frequency and severity with global change. Semi-aquatic animals face a unique thermal challenge. They possess adaptations to conserve heat when immersed in cold water during deep dives but must compensate for such heat-conserving properties of their physiology when transitioning to heat exposure on land. Therefore, these animals must precisely thermoregulate with physiological and behavioral adjustments across a broad thermal range. We investigated how environmental variables affect seal thermoregulation at three northern California rookeries, the southeast Farallon Island (SEFI), Point Reyes National Seashore (PORE) and Año Nuevo State Park (ANSP). Infrared thermography was used to determine seal skin surface temperature and weather data was collected at each site. We found that average surface temperature increases with solar radiation, maximum surface temperature decreases with increasing wind speed, and thermal window area percentage decreases with relative humidity and increases with ambient temperature. Climatic variation may present physiological and behavioral challenges for marine mammals that experience significant life-history stages on land. Such ongoing findings will be fundamental in predicting climate change vulnerabilities and will be critical in mitigating the impacts of anthropogenic warming and promoting resilience in these populations. Carol Baird Graduate Student Award for Field Research; The Neubacher Fund for Marine Science at Point Reyes National Seashore. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Hitchhiking to the abyss.

We investigated, for the first time, the hitchhiker-host fidelity of deep-diving whale sharks and Chilean devil rays. We found that two of the most ubiquitous oceanic hitchhikers, the common remora and the pilot fish, are able to follow their hosts to bathypelagic depths, where they are exposed to extreme gradients of light, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and pressure. We documented a deep dive of a large whale shark hosting remoras and pilot fish. Common remora was observed at the deepest section of the dive, at 1460 m, where the water temperature was 3.6°C. A pilot fish was recorded at 900 m, during the ascent phase, with the water temperature of 7.5°C. Although the adaptations that allow these hitchhikers to mitigate the impacts of such extreme environmental conditions remain unknown, we discuss these findings in the framework of the ecophysiology of deep diving and the hitchhiker-host fidelity.

Endothelial cells derived from elephant seals blunt angiogenic transcriptional signaling during hypoxia exposure

Northern elephant seals ( Mirounga angustirostris) conduct repeated deep dives, during which arterial blood oxygen becomes depleted. Interestingly, elephant seals require little surface recovery time from these dives, and extreme hypoxemia occurs regardless of dive duration or purpose. Recent in vitro and in silica work indicates that tight regulation of the canonical hypoxia response may protect diving seals against the inflammatory injuries typically associated with repeated hypoxia exposure. In vivo assessments of these phenomena, however, remain restricted due to both technical constraints and animals' inaccessibility while diving at sea. We developed a proliferative endothelial cell culture system from expelled placental arteries to assess the real-time molecular response to hypoxia exposure in northern elephant seals. Hypoxia inducible factor 1a (HIF-1a) protein localized to the nucleus within 1 h of exposure to 1% O2 in both species[KA1]. Hypoxia increased HIF-1a protein levels to a maximum of ~70-fold over (normoxic) baseline levels in both seal and human cells (p=0.005 for both species), though the response dynamics differed between species. HIF-1a abundance in seal cells was biphasic, with an initial rapid peak occurring within 15 min of hypoxia onset. In contrast, HIF-1a levels did not peak in human cells until 1 h in hypoxia and abundance declined continuously following this peak. Interestingly, RNAseq analysis of HIF-1a target gene expression suggested that seal cells blunt angiogenic signaling and vascular remodeling during hypoxia exposure despite sustained HIF-1a protein stabilization. Seal cell expression of STC2, NHE1/SLC9A1, and PFKL lagged behind expression of these genes in human cells during hypoxia exposure, and seal cell expression of ANGPT2 and MMP14 remained stable during long term hypoxia exposure, while expression of these genes was variable or high in human cells. Cis-regulatory analyses suggested a role for altered metabolism (rather than altered oxygen delivery) in seal cells during hypoxia via FOXK1, NFKB1, JUN and ZBTB7A. In contrast, the transcriptional signature in human cells suggests altered expression of oxygen delivery pathways via homeobox A13 (HOXA13), FOS like 1 (FOSL1) and SRF, all of which regulate angiogenesis, vascular remodeling and vasodilation. Together, these data suggest that seal endothelial cells respond to hypoxia by managing metabolic factors rather than calling for increased oxygen delivery despite rapid and sustained HIF-1a stabilization. NSF GRFP and UC Berkeley startup This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Remembering Herbert Gutman's Work, Culture, and Society Fifty Years On

Remembering Herbert Gutman's <i>Work, Culture, and Society</i> Fifty Years On

This is Not My Story by Ryan Uytdewilligen

Reviewed by: This is Not My Story by Ryan Uytdewilligen April Spisak Uytdewilligen, Ryan This is Not My Story; illus. by David Huyck. Kids Can Press, 2023 [40p] Trade ed. ISBN 9781525303432 $19.99 Reviewed from digital galleys R Gr. 1-3 In this clever book that successfully plays around with dismantling the fourth wall and exploring all the best bits of metafiction, a boy and an author grapple with whose story is actually being told. The author has what they are sure are fantastic ideas for the boy's role, such as dragon-slayer, vampire victim, or kid going on a date. The unnamed boy has entirely different opinions about all of the ideas as they are presented rapid fire—no, absolutely not, gross, too weird, and most importantly, not the right story for our protagonist. The illustrator gets a nod for their key work in building this narration, and the visual impact of pages being crumpled or panels being ignored, wildly different color choices, and characters from other concepts creeping across into new plot ideas all add significant fun and depth. It's a happy ending for all involved, but this is a quintessential example of the journey being far more important than the destination. The pace is quick and bouncy, as the two discard topics and bicker about who should have more say in the story: the author or the main character? An accessible and engaging author's note explains what genres are in general, and which ones are represented in this book; the genre descriptions will likely inspire some literary deep dives into the ones most appealing to the listener. [End Page 309] Copyright © 2023 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Reduced venous oxygen depletion in response to at-sea acoustic disturbance in diving northern elephant seals

Marine mammals face increased human activities in the ocean, including shipping, recreation, and seismic exploration. Such disturbances may alter short-term behavior and long-term life history patterns; however, many of the mechanistic details of responses remain unknown. Because marine mammals survival depends on their diving abilities, physiological specializations to diving will likely define the scope of underwater responses to a disturbance. Prior research in aquatic animals has demonstrated an increased bradycardia in response to underwater stressors. We examined cardiovascular physiological responses to disturbances at sea in freely diving juvenile northern elephant seals ( Mirounga angustirostris). We predicted that, after an acoustic disturbance at sea, seals would intensify the dive response, resulting in reduced whole-body oxygen (O 2 ) consumption and slower venous O 2 depletion. To test this hypothesis, we recorded venous P O2 and diving behavior in translocated juvenile northern elephant seals that were exposed to experimental acoustic disturbances while freely diving at sea. Venous P O2 was measured in the extradural vein using a Clark polarographic electrode attached to a biologger. After being exposed to an acoustic noise during the ascent phase of deep dives, seals typically exhibited an immediate inversion of the dive, descending to deeper depths. Dives with acoustic disturbances were significantly longer than dives prior to the acoustic disturbance (24.8 ± 6.2 mins vs 19.1 ± 2.9 mins). Although the magnitude of P O2 depletion was not significantly different between pre-disturbance dives and disturbed dives (52.6 ± 21.6 mmHg vs 53.5 ± 20.8 mmHg, n= 27 paired dives), the depletion rate was slower in disturbed dives. In dives prior to the disturbance, P O2 depletion was 3.2 ± 1.5 mmHg min -1 , but in dives with a disturbance, P O2 depletion was 2.5 ± 1.3 mmHg min -1 . This reduction in venous P O2 depletion rate suggests O 2 consumption during disturbed dives may be similar to the amount consumed during non-disturbed dives. This reduction may be a result of altered perfusion, including reduced muscle blood flow. In particular, reduced perfusion to working muscle would likely reduce O 2 extraction, and may be a key factor in fine-tuning the dive response after a disturbance to conserve O 2 for the brain and heart. National Science Foundation This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Anticipating the unexpected.

This article is a Commentary on Lacchini et al. (2023), 239: 705–719.

Surface and diving metabolic rates, and dynamic aerobic dive limits (dADL) in near‐ and off‐shore bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops spp., indicate that deep diving is energetically cheap

AbstractHigh‐resolution dive depth and acceleration recordings from nearshore (Sarasota Bay, dive depth &lt; 30 m), and offshore (Bermuda) bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) were used to estimate the diving metabolic rate (DMR) and the locomotor metabolic rate (LMR, L O2/min) during three phases of diving (descent, bottom, and ascent). For shallow dives (depth ≤ 30 m), we found no differences between the two ecotypes in the LMR during diving, nor during the postdive shallow interval between dives. For intermediate (30 m &lt; depth ≤ 100 m) and deep dives (depth &gt; 100 m), the LMR was significantly higher during ascent than during descent and the bottom phase by 59% and 9%, respectively. In addition, the rate of change in depth during descent and ascent (meters/second) increased with maximal dive depth. The dynamic aerobic dive limit (dADL) was calculated from the estimated DMR and the estimated predive O2 stores. For the Bermuda dolphins, the dADL decreased with dive depth, and was 18.7, 15.4, and 11.1 min for shallow, intermediate, and deep dives, respectively. These results provide a useful approach to understand the complex nature of physiological interactions between aerobic metabolism, energy use, and diving capacity.

Elevations of Extracellular Vesicles and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Closed Circuit SCUBA Divers.

Blood-borne extracellular vesicles and inflammatory mediators were evaluated in divers using a closed circuit rebreathing apparatus and custom-mixed gases to diminish some diving risks. "Deep" divers (n = 8) dove once to mean (±SD) 102.5 ± 1.2 m of sea water (msw) for 167.3 ± 11.5 min. "Shallow" divers (n = 6) dove 3 times on day 1, and then repetitively over 7 days to 16.4 ± 3.7 msw, for 49.9 ± 11.9 min. There were statistically significant elevations of microparticles (MPs) in deep divers (day 1) and shallow divers at day 7 that expressed proteins specific to microglia, neutrophils, platelets, and endothelial cells, as well as thrombospondin (TSP)-1 and filamentous (F-) actin. Intra-MP IL-1β increased by 7.5-fold (p < 0.001) after day 1 and 41-fold (p = 0.003) at day 7. Intra-MP nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS2) increased 17-fold (p < 0.001) after day 1 and 19-fold (p = 0.002) at day 7. Plasma gelsolin (pGSN) levels decreased by 73% (p < 0.001) in deep divers (day 1) and 37% in shallow divers by day 7. Plasma samples containing exosomes and other lipophilic particles increased from 186% to 490% among the divers but contained no IL-1β or NOS2. We conclude that diving triggers inflammatory events, even when controlling for hyperoxia, and many are not proportional to the depth of diving.

High dive efficiency in shallow water

Dive studies across mammals, birds, reptiles and fish often focus on deep dives, and shallow water diving has tended to be overlooked. For air-breathers, foraging in shallow water poses challenges since the lungs generate buoyancy, and shallow divers must trade off the extent of inhalation against the negative buoyancy needed to avoid floating to the surface. Using high-resolution depth loggers, we addressed this knowledge gap around the ecology of shallow water diving at a foraging site for hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) where depth was typically < 3 m. Contrary to predictions, dive durations were long, particularly at night (mean dive duration per turtle: 17–61 min, n = 12 turtles, n = 2576 nocturnal dives), despite warm water temperatures (24–37 °C). Dive efficiency (% time submerged) for hawksbills was 98%, the highest recorded for any air-breathing marine vertebrate including penguins (60–78%), seals (51–91%), cetaceans (68–87%), and other sea turtle species (68–95%). Hawksbills usually dive for much longer (42–286% increase) than green and loggerhead turtles when depth and temperature are accounted for. Hawksbill turtles likely forage in very shallow water to reduce predation risk from sharks: of 423 hawksbills captured by hand, none had any evidence of shark attack, although large sharks were present in nearby deeper water. Our results challenge the prediction that shallow water dives by air-breathers will usually be short and open the way for comparative studies of the ecology of shallow water diving in a range of other taxa. Our work emphasises the likely importance of predation risk in shaping patterns of habitat utilisation.

The On/Off History of Hydrogen in Medicine: Will the Interest Persist This Time Around?

Over 2000 publications including more than 100 human studies seem to indicate that humans have only recently benefited from or known about the medical effects of H2 within the past 15 years. However, we have unknowingly benefited from H2 since the dawn of time, from H2-producing bacteria to the use of naturally occurring hydrogen-rich waters. Moreover, the first writings on the therapeutic effects of H2 date to around 1793. Since then, papers appeared sporadically in the literature every few decades but never exploded until Ohsawa et al. again demonstrated hydrogen’s therapeutic effects in 2007. This landmark paper appears to have been the spark that ignited the medical interest in hydrogen. Although H2 was used in the 1880s to locate intestinal perforations, in the 1940s in deep sea diving, and in the 1960s to measure blood flow, H2 was largely viewed as biologically inert. This review highlights the history of hydrogen in the genesis/evolution of life and its medicinal and non-medicinal use in humans. Although hydrogen medicine has a long and erratic history, perhaps future history will show that, this time around, these 15 years of ignited interest resulted in a self-sustaining explosion of its unique medical effects.

Influence of vortex interactions on the exergy transfer and performance of OWC wells turbine

To provide deep dives about aerodynamic loss mechanisms in Wells turbines for wave energy conversion, a loss audit analysis was performed by numerical experiments in a monoplane Wells turbine with guide vanes. The interactions between the tip-leakage and leading-edge vortices during the stall process were captured by an improved vortex identification method, which revealed the relationship between vortex interactions and stall mechanisms by identifying coherent structures and tracking the vortex core trajectory. Finally, the influence of vortex interactions on exergy transfer was quantified. The results indicate that the lost kinetic energy and mixing losses dominate the loss generation in the Wells turbine stage under stall conditions. Under the beneficial effect of tip leakage flow, leading-edge separation first begins at the equilibrium region between the tip-leakage and leading-edge vortices. As the leading-edge vortices expand toward the blade tip, the intensified leading-edge vortex interacts with the casing suction-side corner vortex and accelerates the dissipation of the tip-leakage vortices. Consequently, the contributions of viscous irreversibilities outweigh those of shaft work, being the dominant factor in the decrease in flow exergy, leading to a decrease in exergy utilization by 38.46% from the pre-stall condition to the stall condition.

Stay the course: maintenance of consistent orientation by commuting penguins both underwater and at the water surface

Many marine vertebrates traverse more than hundreds of kilometres of the ocean. To efficiently achieve such long-distance movements, the ability to maintain orientation in a three-dimensional space is essential; however, it remains unevaluated in most species. In this study, we examined the bearing distributions of penguins undertaking long-distance foraging trips and compared their bearing consistency between underwater and at the water surface, as well as between night and day, to quantify their orientation ability. The subject species, king penguins, Aptenodytes patagonicus, from Possession Island, Crozet archipelago (46°25′S, 51°45′E; January to March 2011), showed high bearing consistency both during dives and at the water surface whilst commuting towards/from their main foraging area, the Antarctic polar front. Their bearing consistency was particularly high during and after shallow dives, irrespective of the time of day. Meanwhile, their bearings tended to vary during and after deep dives, particularly in the middle of the trip, probably owing to underwater foraging movements. However, the overall directions of deep dives during the commuting phases were similar to those of shallow dives and post-dive periods at the water surface. These findings indicate that king penguins employ compass mechanism(s) that are equivalently reliable both underwater and at the water surface, at any time of the day. This orientation ability appears to enable them to achieve long-distance trips under strong temporal constraints. Further studies on the fine-scale bearing distributions of other diving vertebrates are needed to better understand movement strategies in marine environments.

Epilepsy Smart Schools: Educational intervention improves knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding epilepsy among school teachers

IntroductionDiscrimination and stigma associated with epilepsy in schools impact the academic and mental aptitude of children with epilepsy. Teachers pre-sensitized to seizures exhibit a positive attitude along with better knowledge about epilepsy. The aim was to assess the impact of an interactive one-day educational workshop regarding epilepsy on the prevalent knowledge, attitude, and practices toward epilepsy among school teachers. MethodsConducted in December 2021 in a tertiary care teaching hospital of rural background in Northern India, this cross-sectional study included school teachers from government schools of Faridkot district of Punjab. The intervention consisted of a one-day interactive workshop on epilepsy and school health consisting of 100 minutes of lectures (4 lectures each of 25 minutes), 60 minutes of role plays, and 20 minutes of active discussion with participants (5 minutes after each session). The lectures were prepared using World Health Organization’s Mental Health Gap (WHO’s mhGAP) guidelines and elucidated knowledge regarding epilepsy and skills to provide first aid to seizures. School teachers were assessed on a pre and post-test structured questionnaire to assess their knowledge of, attitude, and practices regarding epilepsy before and immediately after the intervention. ResultsTwo hundred and thirty teachers participated and the majority were from government primary schools, mean age was 43 ± 7 years and females (n = 121,53%) outnumbered males. Commonly reported sources of information regarding epilepsy by school teachers were family and friends (n = 91,40%) followed by social (n = 82, 36%) and public media (n = 81,35%), and the least common were doctors (n = 56,24%) and healthcare workers (n = 29, 13%). Fifty-six percent (n = 129) had witnessed seizures in either a stranger(n = 84,37%), family, or friend (n = 31,13%) and student of their class(n = 14,6%). Post-educational intervention, significant improvement was seen in the knowledge of and attitude regarding epilepsy including recognizing subtle features of epilepsy like blank stare (pre/post = 5/34) and transient change in behavior (pre/post = 16/32), non-contagiousness of epilepsy (pre/post = 158/187)and belief that children with epilepsy have normal intelligence (pre/post = 161/191) and a significant decrease in a number of teachers who thought that they need more time and attention in class (pre/post = 181/131). Post-educational sessions, significantly more number of teachers would allow children with epilepsy in their classroom (pre/post = 203/227), follow correct ways to provide first aid for seizures, and would allow their participation in all extracurricular activities even in high-risk outdoor games like swimming (pre/post = 4/36) and deep sea diving (pre/post = 7/18). ConclusionThe educational intervention had a positive impact on the knowledge, practices, and attitude regarding epilepsy but had a few, unexpected reverse effects as well. A single workshop may not be aptly adequate to provide accurate information regarding epilepsy. Sustained efforts in this direction are needed at the national and global level to develop the concept of “Epilepsy Smart Schools”.

Celebrating the Navy’s sea canaries: The lives and bioacoustic research accomplishments of white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) collaborators

The Navy Marine Mammal Program has engaged many different species over the years to accomplish missions of finding and retrieving objects in the marine environment, and asset protection, but perhaps none has been so engaging as the white whale, or beluga (Delphinapterus leucas). At a time when the Cold War focus moved to the frigid waters of the Artic, the Navy needed echolocating, deep diving, cold-water experts. Enter, the belugas. Unique because of their all-white color, lack of a dorsal fin, and extensive repertoire of bird-like vocalizations (hence the moniker “sea canary”), the group with their naturally curious, gregarious demeanor and malleable melons, also quickly began to grace the pages of scientific journals and book chapters with their acoustic capabilities for a period of approximately 30 years. Most notably among them were a female named MUK (after the Inuit word muk tuk for whaleskin and blubber) and a male named NOC (after the tiny biting summer flies known as no-see-ums). Together, these two whales expanded our knowledge of marine mammal bioacoustics and physiology with their collaboration on projects related to detection, hearing, echolocation, nasal pressure, sound production, human-speech mimicry, net-aided foraging, diving physiology, stress hormones, reproduction, growth, and development.

Women’s Work: Black Women’s Movement through Political Space

Women’s Work: Black Women’s Movement through Political Space Kaiama L. Glover (bio) Keisha N. Blain and Tiffany M. Gill, eds. To Turn the Whole World Over: Black Women and Internationalism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2019. 280 pp. ISBN 9780252042317 (cl.); 9780252051166 (ebook). Tiffany N. Florvil. Mobilizing Black Germany: Afro-German Women and the Making of a Transnational Movement. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2020. 296 pp. ISBN 9780252043512 (cl.); 9780252052392 (ebook). Annette K. Joseph-Gabriel. Reimagining Liberation: How Black Women Transformed Citizenship in the French Empire. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2020. 260 pp. ISBN 9780252042935 (cl.); 9780252051791 (ebook). Quiet as it’s kept, Black women’s work—across oceans and national borders, around kitchen tables and quilting circles, on stages and tour buses, in courthouses and classrooms—has long been a driving force in movements toward social justice on both the grandest and the most intimate scales. Three recent volumes of Black feminist scholarship have sought, successfully, to give voice to such work—to make Black women’s engagements in twentieth century freedom struggles more visible and more legible within the global historical record. Keisha N. Blain and Tiffany M. Gill’s edited collection To Turn the Whole World Over: Black Women and Internationalism, Annette K. Joseph-Gabriel’s Reimagining Liberation: How Black French Women Transformed Citizenship in the French Empire, and Tiffany N. Florvil’s Mobilizing Black Germany: Afro-German Women and the Making of a Transnational Movement are each committed to excavating unheard voices and to identifying Black women’s political communities unbound by the geopolitical borders of the nation-state. All three do the necessary work of affirming such communities retrospectively—that is, of making explicit and coherent in the present the exceptional phenomena that emerged dynamically and organically in the past. While a common motivation for these three volumes is redress—the setting right of a historical record that has been indifferent to or has even actively silenced Black women’s work—these studies do not dwell in a space of reaction or response to that fundamental injustice. Rather, these are works of storytelling and revelation, richly researched and insightful. They take as given the signal importance of recognizing Black women’s contributions to building the postwar world. The inquiries and discoveries that animate every one of these books comprise an adamant unsilencing [End Page 142] of the past. Each of these works presents a series of deep dives into alternative archives and proposes expansive conceptions of the textual, illuminating the histories of a diverse set of protagonists and establishing an inclusive canon of internationalist Black women thinkers, writers, performers, and other social actors. Each of them insists on the gendered and racialized specificity of the obstacles facing the women they bring to the fore, while also fully acknowledging both the intersectional alliances and the intramural conflicts that shaped these women’s visions of the future. Blain and Gill’s volume, To Turn the Whole World Over, brings together an impressive cohort of scholars whose research concerns the internationalist preoccupations and perspectives of Black US-American women in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Without denying the impact or the presence of Black male intellectuals and political figures during this period, the editors compellingly establish Black internationalism as women’s work. Each of the eleven essays articulates the “gendered contours of black internationalism” and highlights the idiosyncratic challenges and expectations Black women contended with as they entered the fray of anti-racist and human rights activism (1). The book is anchored in the geopolitical space of the United States, from which it looks outward to Europe, Africa, Asia, and other parts of the Americas. As such, the matter of mobility—as a condition of possibility for Black women and (consequently) as a threat to the Euro-North American nation-state—is central to the contributors’ collective project. The volume’s first section, “Travel and Migrations,” considers how Black women’s mobility presented opportunities for individual and collective self-fashioning that pointedly implicated sub-Saharan Africa and its diasporas. Both Brandon Byrd’s and Kim Gallon’s essays bring us to historical moments when Haiti mattered crucially to Black US-American internationalism. Byrd chronicles...

King penguins adjust their fine-scale travelling and foraging behaviours to spatial and diel changes in feeding opportunities

Central place foragers such as pelagic seabirds often travel large distances to reach profitable foraging areas. King penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) are well known for their large-scale foraging movements to the productive Antarctic Polar Front, though their fine-scale travelling and foraging characteristics remain unclear. Here, we investigated the horizontal movements and foraging patterns of king penguins to understand their fine-scale movement decisions during distant foraging trips. We attached multi-channel data loggers that can record depth, speed, tri-axis acceleration, tri-axis magnetism, and environmental temperature of the penguins and obtained data (n = 8 birds) on their horizontal movement rates from reconstructed dive paths and their feeding attempts estimated from rapid changes in swim speed. During transit toward main foraging areas, penguins increased the time spent on shallow travelling dives (< 50 m) at night and around midday, and increased the time spent on deep foraging dives (≥ 50 m) during crepuscular hours. The horizontal movement rates during deep dives were negatively correlated with maximum dive depths, suggesting that foraging at greater depths is associated with a decreased horizontal travelling speed. Penguins concentrated their foraging efforts (more deep dives and higher rates of feeding attempts) at twilight during transit, when prey may be more accessible due to diel vertical migration, while they travelled rapidly at night and midday when prey may be difficult to detect and access. Such behavioural adjustments correspond to a movement strategy adopted by avian deep divers to travel long distances while feeding on prey exhibiting diel vertical migration.

A Bibliometric Analysis of Panic-Buying Behavior during a Pandemic: Insights from COVID-19 and Recommendations

COVID-19 is the latest pandemic form and, as usual, it also opened gates for new avenues in consumer behavior research. Panic buying among consumers due to the current pandemic is the focus of this study. This study adopts a bibliometric approach to analyze the studies published in the last three years (2020–2022) (obviously, there is no research before 2020). Seventy-nine studies are included based on the Web of Science database. First, a general analysis is conducted to understand the current state of research by mapping countries, authors, publication outlets, citations, institutions, etc. It provides the association or linkage of the mentioned variables related to the mentioned studies. Second, insights and recommendations are provided based on specific keyword analysis and deep diving. The findings indicate that panic-buying behavior is a fact during COVID-19, especially in the first year, and specific factors were responsible for the same. In the second year, it ebbed substantially. This study provides recommendations for practitioners to deal with panic buying behaviors in future pandemics.

New Motor Protection Standard IEEE 3004.8: Getting Up to Speed

IEEE Standard (STD) 3004.8-2016 <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">IEEE Recommended Practice for Motor Protection in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems</i> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[1]</xref> is the first industrial-based standard providing detailed protection setting tables with companion single-line and three-line diagrams of recommended protection schemes for multifunction motor protection relays. Comprehensive motor protection information and diagrams are included for adjustable speed drive (ASD) applications. The content triples and deepens the information from its predecessor: IEEE Std 242-2001 (Buff Book), Chapter 10. Contributions were incorporated from end users, manufacturers, and consultants from across the world, capturing advancements in protection technologies, including field experiences. Updates include motor protection for hazardous (classified) locations. This article covers a brief standard overview and deep dives into material that is most applicable to the petrochemical industry.

Habitat use and movement patterns of adult male and juvenile scalloped hammerhead sharks Sphyrna lewini throughout the Hawaiian archipelago

Scalloped hammerhead sharks Sphyrna lewini are a circumglobal species found in tropical and subtropical waters. Globally, populations of S. lewini have undergone dramatic declines in recent decades, and 4 of 6 distinct population segments are at risk of extinction and listed under the United States Endangered Species Act. Despite this, limited data exist on movement behavior or habitat use requirements of S. lewini, especially in the Central Pacific region. In this long-term (2009-2020) telemetry study, 27 S. lewini (24 males [22 adults, 2 juveniles], and 3 juvenile females) ranging in size from 106 to 310 cm (total length) were tagged with a combination of acoustic and/or satellite tags in a known nursery area, Kāne‘ohe Bay, Hawai‘i. Acoustic data revealed repeated movements of adult male S. lewini to Kāne‘ohe Bay between May and September across multiple years. Horizontal movements away from the Bay indicate these individuals are highly associated with the Hawaiian Archipelago (i.e. Northwestern and main Hawaiian Islands), while vertical movements were dynamic, with repeated, nocturnal deep dives to depths beyond 800 m and temperatures as low as 5.0°C. We conclude that adult male and juvenile S. lewini tagged in Kāne‘ohe Bay exhibit fairly restricted movements throughout the Hawaiian Archipelago, and mature males specifically exhibit strong seasonal site fidelity to Kāne‘ohe Bay. These data add crucial baseline information on habitat preferences of S. lewini around the Hawaiian Islands, and can be used to help structure conservation strategies for a portion of the Central Pacific population.