It is estimated that about 30% of the epileptic patient population continues to have seizures despite medications. When the focus of seizure activity is found, resective surgical therapy can be an efficacious treatment modality. However, when the seizure focus cannot be identified or is located in eloquent brain tissue, conventional surgical approaches are not adequate. For these cases, therapeutic stimulation of the nervous system may be a reasonable option. Vagus-nerve stimulation is the most commonly used approach to treat patients with refractory epilepsy. Overall, it is estimated to lead to a 30–45% reduction in the number of seizures after 1–2 years [2]. After some initial attempts, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has recently re-emerged as an alternative therapy for refractory epileptic patients that are non-eligible for resective surgical procedures. The experience previously gained with movement disorders and pain, in addition to the reversibility and feasibility of bilateral procedures, have driven the application of DBS in different targets and clinical conditions. The stimulation targets being currently investigated for epilepsy are the thalamus, the subthalamic nucleus and the hippocampus. Of the epilepsy targets, thalamic stimulation has been performed in the highest number of patients so far. Two distinct nuclei have been mostly explored: the centromedian nucleus (CM) and the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (AN). Stimulation of the CM was first performed by Velasco’s group [13], who along the years has been outlining the indications and effectiveness of these procedures [12, 14]. CM stimulation appears to be more suitable for the control of absence and generalized seizures in patients with primary or secondary Lennox Gastaut syndrome (up to 80% of good response), but not effective for the treatment of complex partial seizures [12]. Corroboration between the anatomic location of
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