Deep Bowl Research Articles

Track trajectory, molten pool and defect characterization in NiTi single-track selective laser melting (SLM) experiments

In order to explore the law of selective laser melting (SLM) forming of Nitinol alloy, and obtain high quality additive manufacturing parameters of Nitinol alloy, a series of single-track SLM experiments on Nitinol alloy were conducted under different combined parameters of laser power and scanning speed. The effects of laser power, scanning speed and linear energy density on track forming, molten pool evolution and pore formation were systematically discussed by characterizing the track trajectory, molten pool morphology, dimensions and defects of the molten pool, and the ideal process parameters were obtained. The experimental results revealed that the average track width and width uniformity decreased with the increase of the scanning speed, the spheroidization phenomenon and height fluctuation became more pronounced, and the phenomena of necking, subsection and interruption increased significantly at the fixed laser power. Under the fixed scanning speed, the width, height and width uniformity of the molten track gradually increased with the increase of the laser power, and the phenomena of spheroidization, subsection and interruption gradually reduced. Moreover, the upper zone of the molten pool is shaped like an inverted bowl, and the lower zone is mainly divided into five categories, which are lack of fusion, shallow bowl shape, deep bowl shape, keyhole shape and deeper keyhole shape under different process parameters. The defects of the molten pool mainly include lack of fusion and trapped gas. An ideal molten pool without defects can be obtained under the parameter conditions of 100-150W laser power and 100-200mm/s spanning speed.

Могильник сабатиновской культуры в кургане 3 группы «Рыбхоз» у с. Глиное на левобережье Нижнего Днестра

The papers addresses the graves of the Sabatinovka time, discovered in barrow 3 of the “Rybkhoz” group near Glinoe village, Slobodzeya district, located in the basin of the Krasnaya river on the left bank of the Lower Dniester. In total, 13 burials of the Late Bronze Sabatinovka culture were recorded in the mound, which were sunk into the large mound of a Yamnaya (Pit Graves) cultural and historical community, 12 of them concentrating in a compact group in the southern sector of the mound. Burial 96 is of the greatest interest, accompanied by a deep bowl with an S-shaped profile, combining features of the Komarov and Berezhnovka-Maevka Timber-grave culture. All burials were dated by radiocarbon dating. The Sabatinovka cemetery in barrow Glinoe/Rybkhoz 3 can be dated within 1620—1535 BC according to the combined radiocarbon date, which is quite consistent with the supposed dating of the vessel from grave 96.

Demystifying Small Concha-type Microtia: Advancements in Classification and Surgical Approach.

The accurate identification of microtia type is foundational to preoperative planning and intraoperative strategies for auricular reconstruction using an autologous costal cartilage framework. Although the repair of lobule type microtia has similarities to that of small concha-type, the latter has specific nuances that must be considered to optimize functional and aesthetic outcomes. The article describes the senior author's advancements in repair of all microtia types: use of an "auricular rectangle" to determine ideal ear placement, W-flap manipulation for vestige transposition, and skin trimming. The additional focus on small concha-type microtia addresses common errors in identification and reconstruction of the conchal bowl.

Mechanical and microstructural characterization of Ti-SiC reinforced AA5083 surface composites fabricated via friction stir process

A mixture of Titanium and silicon-carbide powders was embedded in the AA5083 matrix by Friction Stir Processing (FSP). Experiments were performed as per Taguchi L8 orthogonal array, and the effect of reinforcement on hot strength (at 100 °C), processed zone (PZ) geometry, and microstructure were investigated. The effect of PZ geometry on the surface properties was also analyzed. The effect of heating the tensile test specimens to 540 °C on the strength at 100 °C was also separately investigated. It was observed that surface hardness was significantly enhanced by FSP, and the highest mean hardness of 90.4 HV was observed. Furthermore, it was observed that the surface properties also significantly depend on PZ geometry. From experimental results, it was found that the specimens with the lowest width to depth ratio bears the highest hardness and vice versa. A clear effect of parameters was evident on the geometry of processed zones with a deep bowl, and shallow cup-shaped zones were formed with smaller and larger shoulder diameters, respectively. The samples were processed at 355 rpm, 63 mm min−1, 17 mm shoulder, and 355 rpm, 80 mm min−1. The 20 mm shoulder showed high tensile strength 292 MPa and 294 Mpa, respectively. The strength of these samples did not reduce much even after heating to 540 °C.

Dynamic evolution simulation of sintering pool in selective laser sintering walnut shell/Co-PES composite

In view of the difficulties in the observation of sintering pool and too many factors influencing the dynamic evolution process of sintering pool during the selective laser sintering (SLS) process of biomass composite materials, the structural morphology of sintering pool during the SLS process of walnut shell/Co-PES (WSPC) powder and its dynamic evolution process were studied. Based on the DFLUX subprogram, a moving double ellipsoid heat source model was established. Considering heat conduction, heat radiation, heat convection and thermophysical parameters changing with temperature, the three-dimensional finite element model of WSPC powder was numerically simulated in the process of SLS. Through numerical simulation analysis, the surface shape of sintering pool is circularand the cross section one is deep bowl, and the sintering forming process is a process in which the sintering pool is continuously superposed along the sintering direction. By comparing the experimental results with the numerical simulated results, the experimental results are in good agreement with the simulated results. The dynamic evolution law of sintering pool during SLS process of WSPC powder and the change law that sintering pool size increases with the increase of preheating temperature and laser power and the decrease of scanning speed were obtained.

Numerical Simulation of Flows in an Engine Cylinder with an Eccentric Deep Bowl Combustion Chamber during Compression (1st Report, Formulation and Algorithm).(Dept.M)

Numerical Simulation of Flows in an Engine Cylinder with an Eccentric Deep Bowl Combustion Chamber during Compression (1st Report, Formulation and Algorithm).(Dept.M)

Numerical Simulation of Lows in an Engine Cylinder with an Eccentric Deep Bowl Combustion Chamber during Compression (2nd Report: Numerical Example).(Dept.M)

In this paper the numerical model that calculates the fluid dynamics in an engine cylinder which is represented in the first part of this paper (1) is used to simulate the comp ression stroke. The calculated results are presented For a cupped piston geometry under op erating conditions typ ically of those contemplated for direct injection diesel engine Particular emphasis is p laced on the sp atial and temporal distribution of the Flow, velocity vectors and contour lines, Swirl intensity and swirl centers. Although many of the detailed features of the turbulent flow are still unresolved, some progress of the understanding of the in-cylinder flow specially near the top of the dead center (TDC) is gained.

Modification of the cartilaginous framework for autologous ear reconstruction: Construction of a stable complete ring framework with grander highs and lows

Successful microtia reconstruction involves fabrication of a framework with well-defined ear subunits. Tragal definition and deep conchal bowl are key elements to produce a natural well-defined and contoured ear. We describe a modification in the cartilage framework with the purpose of increasing framework stability, tragal definition and conchal bowl depth. The tragus is placed on two cartilaginous bars (L-shaped), which are fixed to the framework base block creating a complete ring. These increase tragal projection and conchal depth. The tragus is carved angled posteriorly to have a shadowing effect on the absent auditory canal. Aesthetic outcome was assessed, at least 6 months after the second stage, on a 5-point ordinal scale (1-5) using the scoring system published in the UK microtia care standards and agreed on by the International Society for Auricular Reconstruction (ISAR). A total of 406 auricular reconstructions were performed in 363 patients (206 right, 114 left, 43 bilateral). After excluding cases who did not have second stage and those without complete photographs, 290 cases were assessed. The described modification in the framework carving was performed in 255 ears out of these 290 ears. The mean aesthetic score before and after the modification was 2.4 and 3.09 respectively for the tragus (p < 0.001), 2.2 and 2.95 for the intertragal notch (p < 0.001) and 2.77 and 3.49 for the concha (p < 0.001). This technical refinement has resulted in increased permanence and definition of the tragus and deeper and more aesthetic concha.

Period and Development of Attached-Rim Vessels in Northeast China

In the case of attached-rim vessels in Northeast China, the scale of the pottery vessel type was reduced to meet a demand for minimal living of the people at that time due to a way for groups living in low hills of Aohan Qi located in the EastSouth inner Mongolia, and it has emerged from the process of improving the existing double-rimmed deep bowl pottery while focusing on its practicality. Attached-rim vessels that have emerged from Shuiquan Type for the first time spread to regions adjacent to the EastSouth inner Mongolia and the Liaoxi region, attached-rim vessels in the Lioaxi region spread again to the Zhengjiawazi Type located in the midstream of Liao River, and other surrounding areas spread the relevant vessels through the exchange relationship with Zhengjiawazi Type. The attached-rim vessels in Northeast China were distributed only in the Shuiquan Type at the first period(the fifth century B.C.), but in the Zhengjiawazi Type centered in Shenyang at the second period(the fourth century B.C.) as it spread to the triangular area connecting Aohanqi, Kalaqinzuoyi and Ningcheng as well as the Liao River region. At the third stage(the third century B.C.), it became widely distributed mainly in the middle and upper stream regions of Taizi River at Liaoxi and Benxi centered in Chaoyang of Liaoning province and Jilin province, in the middle and upper stream regions from Gou river to Dongliao river, and in the lower and middle stream region of Huifa river). However, at the fourth stage(the first and second centuries B.C.), it was only partially distributed at some sites in the Eastern part of Liaodong and in the South Central of Jilin province, but it finally disappeared.

Experimental investigations on direct injection diesel engines using grape seed oil methyl ester with different bowl geometries

ABSTRACTIn this paper, the performance of direct injection diesel engine was experimentally investigated under the influence of two different pistons’s geometry deep bowl combustion chamber (DBCC) and toroidal combustion chamber (TCC) compared with standard piston combustion chamber (SPCC) geometry. The experiments were carried out standard atmospheric conditions of 1.01325 bar and 30 ± 2 °C. The piston bowl was designed and developed without modifying the compression ratio of the engine. The investigations were carried out with B25 (25% GOME + 75% diesel), B50 (50% GOME + 50% diesel), B75 (75% GOME +25% diesel) and B100 (100% GOME) by volume blends for three different bowl geometries. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was given the importance of higher in-cylinder temperature for the mass change of GOME leads to a more premixed phase of combustion. The results showed that DBCC has better combustion characteristics when compared with SPCC and TCC for all the blends. The B25 and B50 blends showed good combustion characteristics with DBCC and SPCC individually. While TCC showed average engine characteristics for all the blends categorically, the brake thermal efficiency for B25 blend confirmed a 4.7% higher than SPCC-diesel with DBCC piston, and the smoke, CO (Carbon monoxide), and HC (Hydrocarbon) are reduced by 9.2%, 30.7%, and 4.6%, respectively. Thus, the B25 blend in a DBCC piston engine was observed to be the distinction than other configurations. The results confirmed that the DBCC is a good option for B25 blend.

HEALTH RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE AFTER OTOPLASTY IN CHILDREN WITH PROMINENT EARS; A REVIEW

Prominent ear deformity is the most common congenital abnormality of the external ear. It affects both sexes equally. The failure of antihelical fold structure, a deep conchal bowl or combination of the two problems may result in prominent ears.The aim of otoplasty should be reshape these anatomical problems. Otoplasty is a frequent aesthetic operation among pediatric population. The deformity has an autosomal-dominant hereditary pattern. Otoplasty is a procedure that can be performed by different disciplines as facial plastic surgery including otorhinolaryngology, plastic surgery and maxillofacial surgery. Cartilage-incision techniques and suture-placement techniques are the approaches for correction the prominent ears. Prominent ears are very important in diary social life. This situation is more important among children. Physicological distress, emotional trauma and behavioral problems can cause a complicated situation. Today, in modern medicine, it has been getting more important to obtain the benefit of any surgical procedure among children and adults.There is a little data about Health-Related Quality Of Life (HRQOL ) or health status impact after this operations. In this review we wanted to underline the importance of the Health-Related Quality Of Life among children after otoplasty, by the help of the literature.

Influences of spray angle and bowl center depth on power and exhaust emissions in a dual fuel direct injection engine

Injection strategy and piston bowl geometry play a very effective role in engine design. Hydrogen fuel in liquid or gaseous form is high in energy, and engine that burns pure hydrogen produces almost no exhaust emissions. In this article, influences of spray angle and bowl center depth on engine performance (indicated power and efficiency), fuel economy, and exhaust emissions (CO, CO2, NO, soot, and hydrocarbon) are investigated for a hydrogen (6%) + diesel dual fuel engine under 1500, 2000, and 3000 r/min speeds. Numerical simulation was performed using computational fluid dynamics code. To ensure validity of simulation, calculated in-cylinder mean pressure and rate of heat release were compared to experimental data, and the results specified a good accordance (for 1200 r/min and 70% load). The results of studies show that 160° spray angle is the best to achieve balanced emissions and more power and efficiency in comparison to other spray angles (120°, 130°, 140°, and 180° spray angles). It is found that taking into account the 160° spray angle in comparison to 120° spray angle, indicated power and efficiency increase by 25%, and the amount of exhaust CO, soot, and hydrocarbon reduces approximately by 76%, 71%, and 95%, respectively. It is determined that a deep bowl center depth leads to higher temperature (further NO emissions) and lower brake-specific fuel consumption. Three bowl center depths (5, 10, and 20 mm) were chosen for further investigation, and the 10-mm depth showed a suitable balance between exhaust emissions and power generated.

Indenocorannulene-Based Materials: Effect of Solid-State Packing and Intermolecular Interactions on Optoelectronic Properties

Curved carbon π-systems, such as indenoorannulenes (2–5) with tunable structural and electronic properties are attractive targets for a new class of active components in molecular devices. The significant curvature of these components favors the formation of columnar stacking in the crystal and confines the electronic states anisotropically on the nanoscale, thus imparting important physical characteristics. Pentaindenocorannulene (C50H20), 5, a deep bowl polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon, has recently been found to form two polymorphic “solvate” structures, which pack quite differently in the crystalline material and therefore manifest significantly different materials properties. Formation of electronic excitations via excitons is sensitive to the specifics of the packing geometry, such as the degree of π-system overlap, and plays a role in determining the associated optical and transport properties. The present investigation addresses details of the structure and packing of these bowl structures as well...

Pentaindenocorannulene: Properties, Assemblies, and C60 Complex.

Pentaindenocorannulene (C50 H20 , 1), a deep bowl polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon, accepts 4 electrons, crystallizes in columnar bowl-in-bowl assemblies and forms a nested C60 @12 complex. Spectra, structures and computations are presented.

Pentaindenocorannulene: Properties, Assemblies, and C60 Complex

AbstractPentaindenocorannulene (C50H20 , 1), a deep bowl polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon, accepts 4 electrons, crystallizes in columnar bowl‐in‐bowl assemblies and forms a nested C60@12 complex. Spectra, structures and computations are presented.

FLOW ANALYSIS OF PISTON HEAD GEOMETRY FOR DIRECT INJECTION SPARK IGNITION ENGINE

Constructors of gasoline engines face higher and higher requirements as regards to ecological issues, and increase in engine efficiency at simultaneous decrease in fuel consumption. Satisfying these requirements is possible by the recognition of the phenomena occurred inside engine cylinder, the choice of suitable optimal parameters of fuel injection process, and the determination of geometrical shapes of the combustion chamber and piston head. The aim of this study is to simulate flow in Fuel Direct-Injection engine with different geometrical shapes of piston head. Designing piston head shapes was done by referring to existing motorcycle, Demak 200cc-single cylinder using SolidWork and ANSYS software. The parameter investigated are shallow and deep bowl design of piston head. In term of fuel distribution throughout the combustion chamber, engine model that has deeper bowl (Model 2) shows better fuel distribution than model of shallow bowl as it manages to direct the fuel injected towards the location of spark plug. Total kinetic energy of Model 2 is about 20% higher than Model 1. Therefore, engine with deeper bowl is chose as the best model between the two models as it can create a richer mixture around the spark plug

A Modified Closed Cartilage-Preserving Otoplasty Technique for Prominent Ear Correction

Prominent ear is a relatively common deformity of the external ear, with an incidence of approximately 5% in Caucasians [1]. The main anatomical features of prominent ear are protrusion of the upper half of the helix with a wide conchoscaphal angle that results from failure of the antihelix to fold properly, in conjunction with a wide conchomastoid angle, deep conchal bowl, or absence of the helical roll [2]. Prominent ear may cause psychological stress, emotional trauma, and behavioral disorders, particularly in children [3]. The anatomical goal of prominent ear correction is to produce a smooth, round, and well-defined antihelical fold, a conchoscaphal angle of 90°, and conchal reduction or reduction of the conchomastoid angle [4]. A range of techniques have been developed to achieve these goals. Otoplastic techniques are divided into three broad categories: cartilage-cutting techniques, cartilage-sparing techniques, and incisionless techniques. Cartilage-sparing techniques have been Tae Joon Choi, Jin Sik Burm, Yung Ki Lee

The prominent antihelix and helix--the myth of the 'overcorrected' ear in otoplasty.

Classic teaching of ear anatomy in the context of otoplasty states that if the antihelical fold is more prominent than the helical fold after surgery then the ear is "overcorrected." We set out to explore the role of the antihelix in normal ear anatomy, its relevance to aesthetic perceptions of the ear, and a snapshot of its incidence in nonoperated ears. To readily identify junior staff in our department, their color photographs, names, and contact details are posted on every ward. Using digital methods, we cropped the left ear out of the source images, making them unidentifiable. Clinical and nonclinical staff in our unit were asked to choose their favorite and their least favorite ears based on their aesthetic appeal. Responses were tabulated and the 2 most popular ears were compared. The preferred ear did not conform to the traditional dogma because it had a prominent antihelix and was statistically significant when compared to other choices. We also noted that a prominent antihelix is common among the general population and among colleagues within the department, and hence "normal." Also interesting was that the helix of the ear chosen as the most aesthetic was also the ear where the helix was almost touching the side of the head. We found that when judging the aesthetic nature of the "virgin" ear, antihelical fold prominence did not appear to be a negative attribute. Indeed, we noted that a prominent antihelix was a common attribute, and we conclude that this was a normal variant without undue negative aesthetic stigma. A surgically corrected ear should not necessarily be regarded as a poor outcome simply on the basis of antihelical prominence. Furthermore, we postulate that patients who have a prominent antihelix might be part of a spectrum of individuals who might have had the subtype of prominent ears featuring a deep conchal bowl. Finally, although not tested directly, it appears that we do not have an idea of our own ear shape, as none of the participants was able to recognize their own ear from the photographs.

The Accordion and the Deep Bowl of Spaghetti: Eight Researchers' Experiences of Using IPA as a Methodology

Since 1996 Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) has grown rapidly and been applied in areas outside its initial “home” of health psychology. However, explorations of its application from a researcher's perspective are scarce. This paper provides reflections on the experiences of eight individual researchers using IPA in diverse disciplinary fields and cultures. The research studies were conducted in the USA, Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland and the UK by researchers with backgrounds in business management, consumer behaviour, mental health nursing, nurse education, applied linguistics, clinical psychology, health and education. They variously explored media awareness, employee commitment, disengagement from mental health services, in-vitro fertilisation treatment, student nurses' experience of child protection, second language acquisition in a university context, the male experience of spinal cord injury and academics experience of working in higher education and women’s experiences of body size and health practices. By bringing together intercultural, interdisciplinary experiences of using IPA, the paper discusses perceived strengths and weaknesses of IPA.

Rural Scenes

Rural Scenes Stephen C. Behrendt (bio) Domesticity At the table, its yellow enamel gleamingin the sun washing in from this tiny kitchen's window,the woman shells fresh peas into a deep bowl,blue as the sky framed in the upper pane.She must be young: her swift fingers are smooth,straight as her gaze out the window, her angular facelineless, gold with reflected sun. This is a chore she knows well;the bowl in her lap fills steadilyas her ivory radio pours rivulets of Debussyacross the countertop, yellow-ochre flecked with blue. On the stove, rattling on the black iron burner,a teapot in the shape of a cat's head does its busy workwhile the soup for the evening meal blends and meldsbeside the milk warming in the azure creamer.There is no cat; but this is where it would be,here in the warmth, wrapped in fragrance and sun,dust-motes drifting, visible in the angling rays,while its glossy black ribcage rises and fallswith its easy breathing, its soundless sleep. [End Page 524] False Dawn, Nebraska Before first light the chime of birdsongtolls the moonfall, big and full in the west,Venus red and fat in the east's false dawn:cupped in the copse the call of oriole,round and bell-like in the Maytime fringe of leaves,falls like dew before the green breeze rises. Field mice move among the newly sprung shafts,part them silently in the comforting dark,safe before the grizzled predatory cat appears,close-set crusty eyes keen for motion,paw set by paw, in half-pace, soundless. In cool beds beside open windowssleepers stir, restive, readying to rise,birdsong sifting through the screens,filling the odd spaces, dream-corners,skylight still only false, morning yet undawnedwhile the day stalks, patient, inexorable,scanning the parting stems of half-past dreamsfor signs of motion, sighs of weakness. Tracks The fresh snow discloses what dry nights conceal:the criss-crossing paths of paw prints—the rule-straight lines, the rabbits' threes-and-ones,the small indentations that straddle the steady furrowwhere the possum's tail parted the fluff,the fine lines of sparrows' feet, jays' larger ones,crows' larger still where they foraged at sunrise,poked and pried up small things, lifeless, stiff,from the snow that piled sometime past midnight. [End Page 525] Now in the morning I read the evidence,heading for the barn to feed, to tip oats by the canfulinto battered rubber pans turned inside-outby the black mare who dips her waiting muzzle,rimed with hoarfrost, nose dripping,breath blown loud and grassy with the hay's last remnantsto encourage me, prod me to slice the twine,let the full bales spring loose, their dust risingabove the hay that smells still of sweet and summereven in this finger-numbing sunrise cold. They work by night, these small creatures,beneath the blank moon or the shedding clouds,under the gaze of sharp-eyed owls that fly soundlesson square wings in the breathless darkto pluck and pierce them, tear, devour the unlucky,while the fortunate freeze in place, eyes wide,small respirations making tiny clouds, whiskers twitchingas the sharp yellow hooks of owls' beaks,the talons black as obsidian, do their bloody workwithout malice or rancor but in generous thanksgivingfor gifts received, sustenance found, enough for now,in winter's empty barn, its snow-filled hollowspocked and scored by countless tiny feet. [End Page 526] Stephen C. Behrendt Stephen C. Behrendt professes English at the University of Nebraska. His most recent collection of poems is History published by Mid-List Press. Copyright © 2013 Stephen C. Behrendt