Deductive Inference Research Articles

Deductive Inference and Mental Agency

ABSTRACTTo give a good account of deductive inference, we need to recognise two new relations, one in the realm of contents, the other in the psychological realm of mental action. When these new relations are properly coordinated, they can supply an account of what it is for a thinker to be making a deductive inference. The account endorses the condition that in deductive reasoning, a thinker must take the premises to support the conclusion. The account is distinguished from the positions of Broome, Ryle, and Wright.

An Analysis of the Theory of Justice against the Standard of Proof Beyond Reasonable Doubt in the Judge's Decision in the Jessica Kumala Wongso Case

This research aims to find out the theory of justice that can be used by judges in proving criminal cases in Indonesia and the use of the theory of justice in the standard of proof beyond reasonable doubt in the judge's decision in the Jessica Kumala Wongso case. This research uses normative legal research methods with legal philosophy, legislation and conceptual approaches. The data source used is secondary data consisting of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials analyzed qualitatively with deductive inference, starting with general principles and concepts about the theory of justice and the standard of proof beyond reasonable doubt, the analysis moves towards specific propositions to determine the value of justice and the relevance of this standard in the judge's decision in the Jessica Kumala Wongso case. The study found that Gustav Radbruch's theory of justice can be applied by judges in Indonesian criminal cases, using six evidentiary parameters: theory of evidence, minimum evidence, evidence, presentation of evidence, burden of proof, and strength of proof. These parameters reflect Radbruch's legal values of justice, purpose, and legal certainty. Judges using Radbruch's theory prioritize justice, followed by purpose and legal certainty. In Jessica's case, despite doubts about the evidence, the judges found her guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, aligning with Radbruch's principle that justice should take precedence in the standard of proof.

Inference and reading comprehension in university students

Purpose: The objective of this research was to determine the relationship between inference and reading comprehension. We sought to verify the relationship between inductive and deductive inferences in the comprehensive reading of Daniel Alcides Carrión National University Peru students majoring in communication and literature. Design/Methodology/Approach: The correlational-explanatory research design was used since the correlation of the study variables was sought through scientific and specifically analytical, deductive and interpretive methodology on a population of 104 and the probabilistic sample of 83 students. Similarly, a 20-item questionnaire was used through survey, observation and recording techniques to collect the information. Therefore, the research was developed using a basic quantitative approach. Findings: The result of the study allowed us to obtain a correlation coefficient of 0.215 which was positive but moderate according to Spearman's Rho statistical statistician. Conclusion: The process of inductive and deductive inferences is related to the reading comprehension of university students. Therefore, reading strategies must be implemented in university training institutions to develop inferences in a relevant way. Practical Implications: The result of the study will allow university training centers to develop the inference process in the academic training of students. Contribution to the Literature: Information is contributed about the theoretical underpinnings of inference and reading comprehension in this study.

Korelasi antara Tartib Al-Ayat dan Fawatih Al-Suwar dalam Struktur Al-Qur’an

This research aims to understand the structure of the preparation of the Al-Qur'an by looking at the tartib al-ayat and fawatih al-suwar with several problematic methods. Regarding the method of compiling the Qur'an, there are several opinions that use the tauqifi method, ijtihad, or combine the two, tauqifi and ijtihad of the Companions. So in this article we will discuss in more depth about tartib al-ayat and fawatih al-suwar in the structure of the preparation of the Qur'an. The methodology used is qualitative, namely emphasizing analysis on the deductive inference process. The data analysis used in this writing is a comprehensive analysis known as manhaj tahlili, which means analyzing the interpretation in depth of various linguistic elements and elements of rules. The results of the research are that the systematic arrangement of verses and surahs of the Koran is tauqifi, that is, it is the prerogative of Allah SWT. Allah has instructed his apostle through revelation which places each verse in a letter in a position that corresponds to the events that occurred during the time of the apostle. So, the arrangement of the verses of the Qur'an is tauqifi in accordance with the statements put forward regarding the arrangement of verses in the Qur'an based on the instructions set by the Prophet.

<b>PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NO. 30 TAHUN 2000 TENTANG RAHASIA DAGANG</b>

As one component of intellectual property rights, trade secrets have an important position in business activities in Indonesia. Problem formulation How well do the provisions of Law Number 30 of 2000 concerning Trade Secrets protect trade secret owners? And how reasonable is Law Number 30 of 2000 concerning Trade Secrets in interpreting judges' decisions No. 76/PDT.G/2021/PN.CKR on trade secret disputes the plastics industry? This research is analytical, descriptive, and is normative legal research. Deductive inference is used in qualitative analysis of existing evidence. The results and discussion indicate that Law Number 30 of 2000 on Trade Secrets is not yet adequate and effective in providing legal protection to trade secret holders due to its lack of relevance and many legal gaps. The judge ruled the case using Article 1365 of the Civil Code on Unlawful Acts, which is deemed inappropriate because the applicable law should be Law No. 30 of 2000 on Trade Secret Protection. The conclusion is Law No. 30/2000 on Trade Secrets, which provides legal protection to trade secrets in the plastics industry, is ineffective and inadequate in protecting trade secrets due to the absence of specificity regarding the scope, terms, legal protection, and sanctions of trade secrets

TINJAUAN YURIDIS KASUS KEBAKARAN LAPAS KELAS 1 TANGERANG DITINJAU DARI PERSPEKTIF HAK ASASI MANUSIA MENURUT UU NO. 39 TAHUN 1999 TENTANG HAS ASASI MANUSIA

The safety guarantee of the right to life for prisoners in correctional institutions (“lapas”) is often neglected, even though it is the responsibility of the state. One of the cases that occurred was the alleged negligence of government officials in the management of facilities and infrastructure in prison, such as the fire that occurred in Correctional Institutions Class 1 Tangerang on September 8, 2021. The problems of this article are: whether there is a violation of human rights in the case of fire in Correctional Institutions Class 1 Tangerang? This article is a normative legal research, descriptive in nature, using secondary data, and deductive inference. The Result and conclusion obtained is that there was a violation of human rights due to the negligence of several prison officers which then caused a fire and resulted in casualties. Related to the case, four prison officers were charged under Articles 359 and 188 of the Criminal Code with a prison sentence of up to five years. Improvement and revitalization of prisons are also needed so that the safety of prisoners in prison can be better guaranteed.

Gendered pleasures, risks and policies: Using a logic of candidacy to explore paradoxical roles of alcohol as a good/poor health behaviour for Australian women early during the pandemic

Drinking alcohol facilitates pleasure for women while also elevating disease risk. Symbolic expectations of what alcohol ‘does in’ life per lay insight (relax, identity-work, connect) sit in tension with scientific realities about what alcohol ‘does to’ women's bodies (elevate chronic disease risks such as breast cancer). Policy must work amidst – and despite – these paradoxes to reduce harm(s) to women by attending to the gendered and emergent configurations of both realities.This paper applies a logic of candidacy to explore women's alcohol consumption and pleasure through candidacies of wellness in addition to risk through candidacies of disease (e.g. breast cancer). Using qualitative data collected via 56 interviews with Australian women (n = 48) during early pandemic countermeasures, we explore how risk perceptions attached to alcohol (like breast cancer) co-exist with use-values of alcohol in daily life and elucidate alcohol's paradoxical role in women's heuristics of good/poor health behaviours.Women were aged 25–64 years, experienced varying life circumstances (per a multidimensional measure of social class including economic, social and cultural capital) and living conditions (i.e. partnered/single, un/employed, children/no children). We collated coding structures from data within both projects; used deductive inferences to understand alcohol's paradoxical role in candidacies of wellness and disease; abductively explored women's prioritisation of co-existing candidacies during the pandemic; and retroductively theorised prioritisations per evolving pandemic-inflected constructions of alcohol-related gendered risk/s and pleasure/s.Our analysis illuminates the ways alcohol was configured as a pleasure and form of wellness in relation to stress, productivity and respectability. It also demonstrates how gender was relationally enacted amidst the priorities, discourses and materialities enfolding women's lives during the pandemic. We consider the impact of policy regulation of aggressive alcohol marketing and banal availability of alcohol in pandemic environments and outline gender-responsive, multi-level policy options to reduce alcohol harms to women.

The aim and validity of inference and argument

AbstractAn inference can be seen as a speech act, in which one passes from a number of assertions called premisses to another assertion, the conclusion, which is presented as supported or justified by the premisses. To justify the assertion that appears as conclusion is the characteristic aim of an inference. Here, we confine ourselves to deductive inferences where the justification is taken to be conclusive. A short, natural explanation of what it is for a (deductive) inference to be valid is to say that it is valid if it succeeds in its aim, that is, if its premisses do (conclusively) justify the conclusion, given that premisses are justified. The paper is concerned with developing this explanation further.

Diagnóstico de los factores de la gestión administrativa en las asociaciones agrícolas del cantón La Maná

The research analyzed the factors that influence the administrative management of agricultural associations in the canton of La Maná to identify areas for improvement and propose strategies that optimize their operation and sustainability. 4 active associations were studied. A methodology was used based on the mixed quantitative and qualitative approach, the descriptive-explanatory nature, the logical-historical method and deductive inference. The results show that related factors such as organizational identity, administrative strategies, business innovation and economic resources are relevant for effective management. The linear regression model, exploratory factor analysis and ANOVA confirm the influence of the study variables. The research validates the importance of effective administrative management to improve the economic conditions of agricultural associations.

Гильбертовская концепция «существования в математике» и ее моделирование формальной аксиоматической теорией Ф+∃, рассматривающей существование не как квантор, а как модальность (на англ.)

The subject-matter of investigation is Hilbert’s-principle consisting of two parts: (a) proclaiming equivalence-of-consistency-and-truth-in-mathematics; (b) proclaiming equivalence-of-consistency-and-existence-in‑mathematics. The target – explication and vindication of the principle. The scientific novelty: for reaching the goal, (1) a hitherto unknown logically formalized multimodal axiomatic epistemology-and-ontology-system called Ф+∃ has been constructed; (2) by means of Ф+∃ , a precise axiomatic definition of the notion “existence as modality” is submitted for the first time; (3) by means of artificial language of Ф+∃ , a precise formulation of the principle-of-equivalence-of-consistency-and-existence is given; (4) for the first time, the article presents formal deductive inferences (in formal-theory-Ф+∃ ) of such formulae which make up Hilbert’s principle (given an appropriate interpretation of these formulae).

PEMIDANAAN TERHADAP PELAKU TINDAK PIDANA PENCEMARAN NAMA BAIK MELALUI ITE

A crime without the right to distribute electronic documents containing insults and/or defamation (Decision number 111/Pid.Sus/2022/Pn Mtr). The main issues are 1) How are the actions of the perpetrators of criminal acts without the right to distribute Electronic Information which contains insults and/or defamation content is appropriate or not subject to Article 27 paragraph (3) jo. Article 45 paragraph (3) of Information and Transaction Law (Study of decision No.111/Pid.Sus/2022/PN Mtr) ? 2) How are the criminal sanctions against the perpetrators of the criminal act of Defamation in accordance with the purpose of punishment? (Put No.111/Pid.Sus/2022/PN Mtr). This study uses a descriptive type of normative legal research using secondary data which is analyzed qualitatively using deductive inferences. The conclusions of the study are 1) The sentence of the judge in the decision number 111/Pid.Sus/2022/Pn Mtr ​​is incorrect based on Article 27 paragraph (3) jo. Article 45 paragraph (3) of Information and Transaction Law 2) Criminal sanctions against perpetrators of criminal acts without distribution rights Electronic Information that contain insults and/or content accessible. or defamation in decision number 111/Pid.Sus/2022/Pn Mtr ​​is not in accordance with the purpose of sentencing.

TUMPANG TINDIH SERTIPIKAT DI KELURAHAN PEGADUNGAN, KOTA ADMINISTRASI JAKARTA BARAT

Overlapping certificates are the issuance of two or more certificates describing the same parcel of land. The formulation of the problem in this research is whether the issuance of Title Certificate Number 9567/Pegadungan in the name of Yahya H. Ahmad above Building Rights Title Certificate Number 15596/Pegadungan in the name of PT Cakradigdaya Lokaraya is valid according to the provisions of National Land Law. Normative juridical research type with analytical descriptive research nature and the type of data used is secondary data obtained from the literature study. Data analysis using qualitative method and deductive inference. Conclusion, based on the Certificate of Pegadungan Village Head, the girik used by Yahya H. Ahmad in the issuance of Title Certificate Number 9567/Pegadungan is not registered in Pegadungan Village, so the issuance of Title Certificate Number 9567/Pegadungan is not in accordance with the provisions of National Land Law, namely the Explanation of Article 24 paragraph (1) of Government Regulation Number 24 of 1997 concerning Land Registration.

PRO-INNOVATION ACTIVITIES IN SHAPING THE ORGANIZATIONAL RESILIENCE

This work aims to identify factors/activities that may affect the complexity of ensuring organizational resili-ence, as well as the complexity of the importance of ensuring organizational resilience shaped in innovative organizations; and to assess these phenomena in Polish innovative entities. Theoretical methods have been used in the study, i.e., analysis, synthesis, and query of the scientific literature. Inductive inference, as well as elements of deductive inference, have been used. The empirical CAWI survey technique and statistical analysis of quantitative data have also been used. The study used factor analysis, cluster analysis, the analysis of descriptive statistics, and the Kruskal–Wallis test for inde-pendent samples. Studies have shown that the complexity of ensuring organizational resilience (ICAOR indicator) and the complexity of the importance of ensuring organizational resilience (ICIOR indicator) is moderate. Moreover, there is a relatively small “gap” between respondents’ assessment of the level of implementation of factors and activities and the importance of the same factors/activities in the context of ensuring organizational resilience.

Features of the use of critical thinking skills in countering manipulation in modern communication.

The subject of the study is critical thinking. The article is devoted to the study of the role of critical thinking in modern communication conditions. Particular attention is paid to the peculiarities of using critical thinking skills in countering manipulative influences both in the professional sphere and in personal communicative interaction. The article substantiates that critical thinking is one of the most important skills in the modern world; the importance of critical thinking skills for effectively processing large amounts of incoming information, as well as for building successful communication, is clarified; the specifics and features of the application of critical thinking skills in the context of communicative interaction are considered; the role of logical as well as rhetorical components in communication is substantiated; options for countering communicative manipulations and incorrect communicative influences are proposed. The article uses methods of comparative analysis, contextual analysis, synthesis, generalization, classification, as well as the logical method. The article proposes a division of communicative goals according to the type of statements. Particular attention is focused on analyzing the situation of the motivating communicative goal. The article clarifies the meaning of the following concepts: communication, 4K competencies, critical thinking, non-critical thinking, manipulation, logical, psychological and rhetorical argumentation strategies, communicative purpose, rhetoric, ad hominem arguments, ad rem arguments, deductive inferences, inductive inferences. The article proposes methods and tools for strengthening the skills of building effective communicative interaction. Methods of countering manipulative communicative influences are also analyzed both from the point of view of logical science and rhetorical skill. The article will be useful for both undergraduate and graduate students studying rhetoric, argumentation theory, communication techniques, and a wide range of readers.

Reshoring and Friendshoring as Factors in Changing the Geography of International Supply Chains

Abstract The text covers the projection of the potential impact of the currently observed processes in the world economy on the international supply chains’ geography. The economic effects of the pandemic, the modern trade war and Russia’s aggression towards Ukraine are considered key factors in changing this geography. When examining the importance of these factors, the matrix of three components of global supply chains is adopted: production centres, transport corridors and consumption centres. The reasoning allowed for rejecting both the scenario of maintaining the so-called hyper-globalisation and forming a bilateral system of two isolated and hostile economic systems. The presented arguments lead to the expectation of a mixed solution in the form of the simultaneous existence of a system of high globalisation and concentrated regional systems. The primary objective of this study is to identify and assess emerging trends in the configuration of international supply chains. On this basis, it is also intended to identify the most likely scenario for the future formation of the geography of international supply chains. The research used the literature study methodology and deductive inference of the consequences of the identified processes taken as premises for reasoning. The above-presented arguments lead to the assumption that the so-called hyper-globalisation is probably unsustainable. Various economic, political, technological and social factors make it impossible to sustain, let alone further develop, the current logic of shaping the global economic system. A world economy system with a hybrid structure is expected to emerge. The model of full globalisation will coexist with the model of a multilateral structure with a regional character centred around the main consumption and production centres. The factors determining the evolution of economic globalisation have been systematised. Their potential impact is described, and a likely scenario for change is presented. The achieved results can contribute to the design of economic policy at the level of individual countries and their groupings.

Research on Scheme Design and Decision of Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Cooperation Anti-Submarine Based on Knowledge-Driven Soft Actor-Critic

To enhance the anti-submarine and search capabilities of multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) groups in complex marine environments, this paper proposes a flexible action-evaluation algorithm known as Knowledge-Driven Soft Actor-Critic (KD-SAC), which can effectively interact with real-time environmental information. KD-SAC is a reinforcement learning algorithm that consists of two main components: UAV Group Search Knowledge Base (UGSKB) and path planning strategy. Firstly, based on the UGSKB, we establish a cooperation search framework that comprises three layers of information models: the data layer provides prior information and fundamental search rules to the system, the knowledge layer enriches search rules and database in continuous searching processes, and the decision layer utilizes above two layers of information models to enable autonomous decision-making by UAVs. Secondly, we propose a rule-based deductive inference return visit (RDIRV) strategy to enhance the knowledge base of search. The core concept of this strategy is to enable UAVs to learn from both successful and unsuccessful experiences, thereby enriching the search rules based on optimal decisions as exemplary cases. This approach can significantly enhance the learning performance of KD-SAC. The subsequent step involves designing an event-based UGSKB calling mechanism at the decision-making level, which calls a template based on the target and current motion. Finally, it uses a punishment function, and is then employed to achieve optimal decision-making for UAV actions and states. The feasibility and superiority of our proposed algorithm are demonstrated through experimental comparisons with alternative methods. The final results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a success rate of 73.63% in multi-UAV flight path planning within complex environments, surpassing the other three algorithms by 17.27%, 29.88%, and 33.51%, respectively. In addition, the KD-SAC algorithm outperforms the other three algorithms in terms of synergy and average search reward.

ODKRYWANIE NOWYCH HORYZONTÓW EKSPLORACJI AKADEMICKIEJ W NAUKACH O BEZPIECZEŃSTWIE: POWIĄZANIE RÓŻNYCH DYSCYPLIN NAUKOWYCH Z SECURITOLOGIĄ

Man, through his daily functioning in various systems of action, is as if "immersed" in space-time. Therefore, security should not be understood as a property of operation system, but as a hypothetical element at the interface between the system and environment. Incapacity of this system generates unreliability of the system's security and entails its destruction. The paper continues the problem of metatheoretical considerations of securitology. The author's aim is to compare the scientific disciplines which in their subject and methodological scopes are included in the latest security science and offer possibilities for using their achievements in securitological research. The main research problem is expressed in the question: what are the possibilities of applying various scientific disciplines in comprehensive security science? The course of cognitive process used deductive inference from the patterns and models of system sciences and analogy.

God Has Something to Prove: Vindication in Biblical Theology

God has something to prove to humans, but they typically overlook this. They often ask what they can prove about God, but they rarely ask what God aims to prove to or about them. This striking omission calls for correction, for the sake of responsible inquiry about God. The correction offered here will explain that the answer to the question of what God aims to prove determines the answer to the question of what humans are able to prove about God. The needed correction will arise in the light of a recurring but underappreciated biblical theme about what God proves, or vindicates, in the presence of human distrust, avoidance, and alienation toward God. God aims to prove that God alone is perfectly righteous but nonetheless can justify initially resistant people who cooperate in a re-creative process. The process is that of making them worthy of God and God's good news of unmerited divine approval for humans. This perspective has been widely neglected by theologians, biblical interpreters, and philosophers of religion. Restoring attention to it will help to make some sense of God's ways in the world, thereby adding credibility to those ways and to faith in God. (The article uses the term “proof” in a familiar sense of “confirmation,” in a way that does not require the kind of deductive inference found in mathematical or logical proof.)

Operator Counterparts of Types of Reasoning

Logical and philosophical literature provides different classifications of reasoning. In the Polish literature on the subject, for instance, there are three popular ones accepted by representatives of the Lvov-Warsaw School: Jan Łukasiewicz, Tadeusz Czeżowski and Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz (Ajdukiewicz in Logika pragmatyczna [Pragmatic Logic]. PWN, Warsaw (1965, 2nd ed. 1974). Translated as: Pragmatic Logic. Reidel & PWN, Dordrecht, 1975). The author of this paper, having modified those classifications, distinguished the following types of reasoning: (1) deductive and (2) non-deductive, and additionally two types of them in each of the two, depending on the manner of combining their premises with the conclusion through the relation of classical logical entailment. Consequently, the four types of reasoning: unilateral deductive (incl. its sub-types: deductive inference and proof),bilateral deductive (incl. complete induction), andreductive (incl. the sub-types: explanation and verification),logically nonvaluable (incl. inference by analogy, statistic inference), correspond to four operators of derivability. They are defined formally on the ground of Tarski’s axiomatic theory of deductive systems, by means of the consequence operation Cn (Tarski in Monatshefte Math Phys 37:361–404, 1930a, C R Soc Sci Lett Vars 23:22–29, 1930b). Also, certain metalogical properties of these operators are given, as well as their relations with Tarski’s consequence operations Cn^+ (Cn^+ = Cn) and dual consequences Cn^{-1} (Słupecki in Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego Seria B Nr 3:33–40, 1959, Słupecki et al. in Stud Log 29:76–123, 1971, Wybraniec-Skardowska, in: Wybraniec-Skardowska, Bryll (eds) Z badań nad teorią zdań odrzuconych [Studies in the Theory of Rejected Propositions], Series B, Studia i Monografie, Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Pedagogicznej w Opolu, Opole, 1969), and Cn^- (Wójcicki in Bull Sect Log 2(2):54–57, 1973)).

Similarity-based reasoning in conceptual spaces.

Whereas the validity of deductive inferences can be characterized in terms of their logical form, this is not true for all inferences that appear pre-theoretically valid. Nonetheless, philosophers have argued that at least some of those inferences-sometimes called "similarity-based inferences" -can be given a formal treatment with the help of similarity spaces, which are mathematical spaces purporting to represent human similarity judgments. In these inferences, we conclude that a given property pertains to a category of items on the grounds that the same property pertains to a similar category of items. We look at a specific proposal according to which the strength of such inferences is a function of the distance, as measured in the appropriate similarity space, between the category referenced in the premise and the category referenced in the conclusion. We report the outcomes of three studies that all support the said proposal.