Deductive Inference Research Articles

Persepsi KPU Terhadap Caleg Perempuan

This thesis is entitled the perception of the general election commission on the representation of women in the list of legislative candidates for the 2014-2019 period in the Mandailing Natal district (study of law number 7 of 2017 article 1 regarding elections. The general election commission has issued pkpu number 20 of 2018 regarding nominations for members of the DPR, the provincial dprd and district or city dprd and have been ratified by the ministry of law and human rights. But the birth of this pkpu did not go smoothly, especially regarding ex-corruptors not being allowed to nominate as members of the legislature. The involvement of women in politics from time to time continues to increase, one of the indicators is an increasing trend of women in the legislature, especially since the 1999 election until the 2009 election. However, in the 2014 election, women's representation has decreased and in law number 7 of 2017 concerning elections, it is necessary to have at least 30% of women's representation in the list of candidates to be legally registered. As a legislative candidate. This research is a type of qualitative research that emphasizes the analysis more on the inductive deductive inference process and on the analysis of the dynamics of the relationship between observed phenomena, using scientific logic. Qualitative research emphasizes efforts to answer research questions through a formal, argumentative way of thinking. This type of research is in the form of a field study. In this study the researcher found the results that the perception of the general election commission that the 30% quota of women's representation in legislative members in Mandailing Natal had not been fully implemented because of the individual factors of each woman and the lack of public trust in women due to negative views about gender

On structures of regular standard contradictions in propositional logic

The contradiction separation (CS) based automated deduction is an extension of the binary resolution principle for deductive inference rules, whose CSE prover and combined versions have unique performance among others in CADE ATP system competitions since their first appearances in 2018. The contradictions constructing method is one of the most important factors to determine the efficiency of the CS based deduction, which is more complex compared to the complementary pair finding in the binary resolution. To get structures and concrete forms of contradictions, this paper examines two types of standard contradictions, i.e., the regular standard contradictions and the standard contradictions for non-unit clauses sets. The concepts of the regular standard contradiction and its extended form are presented. Some properties of them are discussed. In order to get simpler contradiction separation clauses in every deductive step, four types of structures for standard contradictions obtained by adding related literals in the regular standard contradiction and its extended form are gotten. Two structures for the standard contradictions for non-unit clauses set are obtained. Two unified algorithms for constructing standard contradictions are also contrived.

Probabilistic semantics for epistemic modals: Normality assumptions, conditional epistemic spaces and the strength of must and might

The epistemic modal auxiliaries must and might are vehicles for expressing the force with which a proposition follows from some body of evidence or information. Standard approaches model these operators using quantificational modal logic, but probabilistic approaches are becoming increasingly influential. According to a traditional view, must is a maximally strong epistemic operator and might is a bare possibility one. A competing account—popular amongst proponents of a probabilisitic turn—says that, given a body of evidence, must \(\phi \) entails that \(Pr(\phi )\) is high but non-maximal and might \(\phi \) that \(Pr(\phi )\) is significantly greater than 0. Drawing on several observations concerning the behavior of must, might and similar epistemic operators in evidential contexts, deductive inferences, downplaying and retractions scenarios, and expressions of epistemic tension, I argue that those two influential accounts have systematic descriptive shortcomings. To better make sense of their complex behavior, I propose instead a broadly Kratzerian account according to which must \(\phi \) entails that \(Pr(\phi ) = 1\) and might \(\phi \) that \(Pr(\phi ) > 0\), given a body of evidence and a set of normality assumptions about the world. From this perspective, must and might are vehicles for expressing a common mode of reasoning whereby we draw inferences from specific bits of evidence against a rich set of background assumptions—some of which we represent as defeasible—which capture our general expectations about the world. I will show that the predictions of this Kratzerian account can be substantially refined once it is combined with a specific yet independently motivated ‘grammatical’ approach to the computation of scalar implicatures. Finally, I discuss some implications of these results for more general discussions concerning the empirical and theoretical motivation to adopt a probabilisitic semantic framework.

Socio-pedagogical study of educational transformation in the period of crisis changes

The relevance of the article is due to a change in the philosophy of the very paradigm of human development, provokes changes in the structure of society, namely: new requests appear that require adequate expression in educational systems. In this regard, the article is aimed at theoretical substantiation and practical implementation of the idea of developing soft skills as basic needs in the “knowledge economy”. The key approach to solving the problem was the use of logical methods, namely deductive inferences, inferences by analogy, made it possible to generalize the accumulated experience and present it in the model of soft skills formation. The article presents theoretical generalizations on the change in the philosophy of the vector of education development in the period of crisis changes, on the importance of lifelong education in this aspect, motivation for self-realization, value orientations.

Application of Blockchain for Supply Chain Financing: Explaining the Drivers Using SEM

Owing to the lack of research in emerging Asian nations, this research aimed to unearth the determinants of blockchain acceptance for supply chain financing by a Bangladeshi financing company called IPDC. Centred on a technology acceptance framework called UTAUT (unified theory of acceptance and use of technology) and open innovation research, an expanded model with a mediating variable is developed for this study. This research work employs the deductive inference method in conjunction with the positivism paradigm. A structural questionnaire was used to gather data, which were then processed through Smart-PLS (partial least square) for SEM (structural equation modeling). The survey includes all the people who are directly or indirectly involved in the supply chain financing platform of IPDC. The study consists of seven direct hypotheses and one mediating hypothesis. The results show that all the direct hypotheses except the impact of social influence on the behavioural intention to use (BINTU) blockchain are significant. The mediating hypothesis indicating the role of BINTU in the relationship between facilitating conditions (FCON) and the actual use of blockchain is also supported. FCON and BINTU together explain 88.7% variation in blockchain use behaviour for supply chain financing. The research advances past findings by employing an expanded UTAUT framework and validating observations with the other relevant studies throughout the world.

A Logically Formalized Axiomatic Epistemology System Σ + C and Philosophical Grounding Mathematics as a Self-Sufficing System

The subject matter of this research is Kant’s apriorism underlying Hilbert’s formalism in the philosophical grounding of mathematics as a self-sufficing system. The research aim is the invention of such a logically formalized axiomatic epistemology system, in which it is possible to construct formal deductive inferences of formulae—modeling the formalism ideal of Hilbert—from the assumption of Kant’s apriorism in relation to mathematical knowledge. The research method is hypothetical–deductive (axiomatic). The research results and their scientific novelty are based on a logically formalized axiomatic system of epistemology called Σ + C, constructed here for the first time. In comparison with the already published formal epistemology systems Ξ and Σ, some of the axiom schemes here are generalized in Σ + C, and a new symbol is included in the object-language alphabet of Σ + C, namely, the symbol representing the perfection modality, C: “it is consistent that…”. The meaning of this modality is defined by the system of axiom schemes of Σ + C. A deductive proof of the consistency of Σ + C is submitted. For the first time, by means of Σ + C, it is deductively demonstrated that, from the conjunction of Σ + C and either the first or second version of Gödel’s theorem of incompleteness of a formal arithmetic system, the formal arithmetic investigated by Gödel is a representation of an empirical knowledge system. Thus, Kant’s view of mathematics as a self-sufficient, pure, a priori knowledge system is falsified.

Is deduction a source of knowledge? Vailati on pragmatism and prediction

One the themes of classical Pragmatism, at least in Peirce’s and Vailati’s philosophy, is the cognitive role of deductive inference. Is deduction a source of knowledge? The answer seems to be in the positive when it is claimed that deductive inference draws the consequences of our hypotheses and brings them to the test of experience. I basically agree with this claim, but I also think that a careful analysis is needed on what we mean in this context by “source” and “knowledge” in particular. We must distinguish, as Vailati did, heuristic from epistemic value. Making deductive predictions does not amount to acquiring knowledge, but it certainly has heuristic value. So, deduction is not a source of knowledge if by “source” we mean a necessary or a sufficient condition of it, but it is a source of knowledge if we mean something like a heuristic device.

Indirect illusory inferences from disjunction: a new bridge between deductive inference and representativeness

We provide a new link between deductive and probabilistic reasoning fallacies. Illusory inferences from disjunction are a broad class of deductive fallacies traditionally explained by recourse to a matching procedure that looks for content overlap between premises. In two behavioral experiments, we show that this phenomenon is instead sensitive to real-world causal dependencies and not to exact content overlap. A group of participants rated the strength of the causal dependence between pairs of sentences. This measure is a near perfect predictor of fallacious reasoning by an independent group of participants in illusory inference tasks with the same materials. In light of these results, we argue that all extant accounts of these deductive fallacies require non-trivial adjustments. Crucially, these novel indirect illusory inferences from disjunction bear a structural similarity to seemingly unrelated probabilistic reasoning problems, in particular the conjunction fallacy from the heuristics and biases literature. This structural connection was entirely obscure in previous work on these deductive problems, due to the theoretical and empirical focus on content overlap. We argue that this structural parallelism provides arguments against the need for rich descriptions and individuating information in the conjunction fallacy, and we outline a unified theory of deductive illusory inferences from disjunction and the conjunction fallacy, in terms of Bayesian confirmation theory.

Brain electrical traits of logical validity

Neuroscience has studied deductive reasoning over the last 20 years under the assumption that deductive inferences are not only de jure but also de facto distinct from other forms of inference. The objective of this research is to verify if logically valid deductions leave any cerebral electrical trait that is distinct from the trait left by non-valid deductions. 23 subjects with an average age of 20.35 years were registered with MEG and placed into a two conditions paradigm (100 trials for each condition) which each presented the exact same relational complexity (same variables and content) but had distinct logical complexity. Both conditions show the same electromagnetic components (P3, N4) in the early temporal window (250–525 ms) and P6 in the late temporal window (500–775 ms). The significant activity in both valid and invalid conditions is found in sensors from medial prefrontal regions, probably corresponding to the ACC or to the medial prefrontal cortex. The amplitude and intensity of valid deductions is significantly lower in both temporal windows (p = 0.0003). The reaction time was 54.37% slower in the valid condition. Validity leaves a minimal but measurable hypoactive electrical trait in brain processing. The minor electrical demand is attributable to the recursive and automatable character of valid deductions, suggesting a physical indicator of computational deductive properties. It is hypothesized that all valid deductions are recursive and hypoactive.

Pieniądz jako miara czasu

Na przestrzeni lat badacze zastanawiają się nad rolą czasu w życiu człowieka. Również ekonomia postrzega go jako wyjątkowy i ograniczony zasób. Pieniądz z kolei jest definiowany jako narzędzie ułatwiające transakcje. Niniejsza praca jest próbą uzupełnienia myśli ekonomicznej w zakresie porównania czasu i pieniądza. Poprzez analizę literatury w kontekście zdefiniowania pojęcia pieniądza oraz analizę własną pluralistycznych rodzajów transakcji, przeprowadzone zostało wnioskowanie dedukcyjne. Celem pracy jest próba udowodnienia tego, że przedmiotem wymiany ekonomicznej dokonywanej za pośrednictwem pieniądza jest życie ludzkie w postaci czasu zaangażowanego do uzyskania wymienialnego dobra. Na podstawie tak przeprowadzonego rozważania logicznego zostało wskazane, że czas jest pojęciem o wiele szerszym niż pieniądz, ale to właśnie czas jest walutą w transakcjach.

A solution to the dilemma `limiting similarity vs. limiting dissimilarity' by a method of transparent artificial intelligence

Ecological hypotheses of ‘limiting similarity’ and ‘limiting dissimilarity’ formulate the alleged conditions for implementing the competitive exclusion. The limiting similarity hypothesis assumes that exceeding a threshold of interspecific similarity leads to competitive exclusion. The hypothesis of limiting dissimilarity states the opposite - a condition of implementing competitive exclusion is exceeding of a threshold of interspecific dissimilarity. These hypotheses clearly contradict each other and we tested them on the model of competition at different values of relative competitiveness of the species. The model of competition under study we implemented as automatic deductive inference by a method of a completely transparent and completely explainable artificial intelligence. In order to strictly verify the hypotheses, we have excluded different possible factors promoting competitive coexistence. We have achieved that by ensuring that all conditions for the studied complete competitors were equal, with the exception of competitiveness of the species. Using our individual-based cellular automata model we demonstrate that two trophically identical species aggressively competing for a single limiting resource, all other things being equal, may coexist in one limited habitat until the threshold of differences in competitiveness exceeds 31%. The obtained results reject the hypothesis of limiting similarity and confirm the hypothesis about the limiting dissimilarity. The results are of importance for evolution theory and for finding pathways to ecological sustainability. Our individual-based modelling approach, based on the transparent and explainable artificial intelligence, opens up great prospects for a variety of theoretical and applied fields.

Knowledge Network for Sustainable Local Development

This article aims to build a network for the exchange of knowledge between the government and production, community and university sectors for sustainable local development. To achieve this, the authors relied on the concepts of sustainable local development, social capital, the relationship between sectors or intersectorality, networks and interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary knowledge. Regarding the methodology, the abductive method was used. Under a documentary design, the research techniques were a content analysis of theoretical documents and the deductive inference technique. The construction of a knowledge exchange network for sustainable local development stands out as the result. It is concluded that knowledge networks for sustainable local development have positive implications in the establishment of alliances and links between the sectors that make up society.

Implications for clients when nurses view weight as main cause of Type 2 diabetes in primary care.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is often seen as primarily caused by weight, and its amelioration associated with individual behaviour change, which has the potential for negative consequences for people living with the disease. The aims of this study were to explore how weight was framed by diabetes resource nurses and to determine the implications of that framing for nurse practice in a primary care setting in Australia. The research was a qualitative empirical case study using semistructured interviews with nurses focusing on meanings and interpretations. The findings were interpreted using a constructivist epistemology of both inductive and deductive inference. The study found that nurses viewed overweight and obesity as unhealthy and the primary causes of T2D, and that weight was frequently discussed in the health care encounter. Nurses emphasised individual responsibility through behaviour change to manage T2D, downplaying other known causes such as age and family history and important social inequalities. Studies show that nurses have negative attitudes towards overweight and obese patients. The implications of this research are that the nurses' views could potentially negatively affect clients' management of T2D, which has the potential for poor health outcomes.

Genuine Logical Consequence

Our pretheoretic sense of the relation of logical consequence arises from our experience of deductive inference. By ignoring the priority of inference and failing to provide an account of the ontological grounds of the conceptual experience and of the modal and truth elements in the statement of our pretheoretical sense, informal and technical accounts are at best partial. This paper proposes an ontological analysis of both elements which accounts for our conceptual experience and differentiates genuine from ersatz logical consequence.

A Formal Deductive Inference of the Law of Inertia in a Logically Formalized Axiomatic Epistemology System Sigma from the Assumption of Knowledge A-Priori-Ness

The general purpose of the research—systematical clarifying and explicating the too vague proper philosophical concepts of space, void, matter, motion, inertia, for making a logical harmony between them and the corresponding notions of proper physics. The special purpose of the research—invention (construction) of a formal inference of the well-known Newton’s first law of mechanics within a logically formalized axiomatic epistemology system from a set of precisely defined presumptions. For realizing this aim the following work has been done: a two-valued algebraic system of metaphysics as formal axiology has been applied to philosophical epistemology and philosophy of nature; a formal axiomatic theory called Sigma has been applied to physics for realizing the above-indicated special purpose of the research. Thus, constructing a discrete mathematical model of relationship between universal epistemology and philosophy of physics has been done. Research results: The main hitherto not published significantly new nontrivial scientific result of applied investigations presented in this article is a formal inference of the well-known Newton’s first law of mechanics within the formal axiomatic epistemology system Sigma from conjunction of the formal-axiological analog of the proper-law-of-mechanics (which analog is the formal-axiological law of two-valued algebra of metaphysics) and the assumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge. For obtaining this main research result, a set of accessory nontrivial novelties has been used, for instance; a precise algorithmic definition is given for the notion “law of metaphysics” in the algebraic system of metaphysics as formal axiology; a formal-axiological equivalence in the algebraic system is defined precisely. Precise tabular definitions are given for relevant evaluation-functions determined by evaluation-arguments, for example; “movement of (what, whom) x”; “speed of x”; “vector of x”; “velocity of x”; “magnitude of x”; “finiteness (definiteness) of x”; “dynamical closed-ness (isolated-ness) of x”; “constant-ness, immutability, conservation of x”.

Implications of Artificial Intelligence on the Objectives of Auditing Financial Statements and Ways to Achieve Them

Artificial Intelligence (AI), thanks to its application in auditing financial statements, has exerted profound implications on audit objectives and ways to accomplish them. In the past, however, confined by then-available technologies in the profession, objectives of auditing financial statements were circumscribed within the conformity to the generally accepted accounting principles, via accounting inspection as the only approach. With the advent of AI technologies, objectives of auditing financial statements shall be positioned on the assurance of the reliability of accounting information rather than the conformity of accounting reports to the fundamental principles of reporting preparation standards. When striving for such audit objectives, auditors shall adopt more independent assurance methods other than restrict themselves within the scope of accounting inspection. Audit propositions shall be derived from the auditing purpose and objectives. Audit evidence shall come from more comprehensive and independent channels, such as expert conclusions. By introducing the conclusions as a new kind of evidence, we may take the advantage of AI technologies to build a deductive inference model that is scientific and comprehensive.

IRONY IN IRONIC DETECTIVE

A modern detective is not possible without irony. First, the worldview of modern man is riddled with irony, which representatives of postmodernism correctly noted. Modern authors bring an ironic attitude to their works. Secondly, the detective, due to the variety of forms, provides the greatest opportunities for realizing the diverse properties of irony. But epic irony is most fully manifested here. She can be not only evil, mocking, but also lyrical, kind. The female ironic detective is so kind ironic. The modern detective, including the ironic one, corresponds to the classical formula: detective and the crime that the detective reveals. Therefore, two stories are intertwined in the detective story. The first is a crime disclosure story, which may include the story of the crime itself. The second is the history of the thought process that led to the disclosure of the crime. They can be combined into one detective narrative: from a crime to its disclosure through a chain of deductive inferences. The narrative design of the detective makes it possible to clearly show the predetermination of the outcome towards which the narrative is moving: solving a crime, victory of good over evil. In addition to the narrative, which determines the plot of the work from the beginning to the end, non-narrative structures are also presented in the detective text: descriptions, reasoning, dialogs, generalizations, performativeness, etc. They are not directly related to the plot. But it is in them that irony is predominantly represented. The narrative itself does not lend itself to irony, since there is the triumph of justice. Is it appropriate to call such a detective ironic? It is significant that modern authors make the detective not a professional, but an amateur, and he usually does not use the classical rational, logical, analytical methods, which in the classical version lead to success. Such a maneuver creates additional space for irony in the narrative itself. It is the ironic narrative that should be responsible for classifying the work as an ironic detective.

Stopy zwrotu polskich funduszy inwestycyjnych akcyjnych typu otwartego w aspekcie cech charakterystycznych funduszy

<p>Uzasadnienie teoretyczne: Alokacja kapitału na rynku akcji wiąże się z posiadaniem szerokiej wiedzy i umiejętności. Można tego dokonywać indywidualnie lub za pośrednictwem funduszy inwestycyjnych. Na rynkach funkcjonuje wiele funduszy, których strategie inwestycyjne nie różnią się od siebie, dlatego wybór spośród nich podmiotów do portfela inwestycyjnego nie jest łatwy. Na świecie, zwłaszcza na rynkach rozwiniętych, przeprowadzono wiele badań, które miały na celu zidentyfikowanie cech funduszy, które przynoszą ponadprzeciętne stopy zwrotu. W polskiej literaturze przedmiotu jednak brakuje analiz, które dotyczą relacji pomiędzy określonymi cechami funduszy a stopami zwrotu, jakie one osiągają. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu wypełnienie tej luki.</p><p>Cel artykułu: Próba identyfikacji specyficznych cech charakteryzujących fundusze inwestycyjne, które wypracowywały najwyższe i najniższe stopy zwrotu na rynku. W opracowaniu poddano weryfikacji hipotezę zakładającą, że stopy zwrotu funduszy inwestycyjnych różnią się istotnie w zależności od cech charakterystycznych poszczególnych funduszy.</p><p>Metody badawcze: Na potrzeby artykułu przeanalizowano stopy zwrotu otwartych funduszy inwestycyjnych akcji typu uniwersalnego w podziale ze względu na wiek, wartość aktywów netto oraz poziom kosztów działalności funduszy. Zakres czasowy badania to lata 2009–2018. Do realizacji celu i weryfikacji hipotezy wykorzystano wnioskowanie dedukcyjne oraz metody statystyczne. Istotność różnic pomiędzy stopami zwrotu poszczególnych grup funduszy została przeanalizowana na podstawie testu t-Studenta.</p><p>Główne wnioski: Przeprowadzone analizy wykazały, że w okresie badań najwyższe stopy zwrotu uzyskały fundusze: 1) które działały na rynku od 10 do 15 lat (65,03% całkowitej stopy zwrotu); 2) których wartość aktywów mieściła się w przedziale od 50 do 100 mln zł (63,67%); 3) których koszty działalności w stosunku do aktywów mieściły się w przedziale od 3% do 4% (63,75%). Natomiast grupami funduszy, które uzyskały najniższe stopy zwrotu, były fundusze: 1) funkcjonujące na rynku od 5 do 10 lat (33,47%); 2) o wartości aktywów poniżej 10 mln zł (-21,79%); 3) których koszty działalności w stosunku do aktywów były powyżej 6% (16,69%). Podkreślić jednak należy, że różnice pomiędzy stopami zwrotu poszczególnych grup funduszy nie są statystycznie istotne. Z tego powodu postawiona hipoteza badawcza została zweryfikowana negatywnie.</p>

Filosofia da Lógica Empiricamente Informada: uma ilustração via metafísica da lógica

Dados da psicologia são relevantes na abordagem de alguns problemas em filosofia da lógica mesmo que não se assuma, de antemão, uma posição psico-logista. Para ilustrar um método de abordar problemas na filosofia da lógica que faz largo uso de dados da psicologia, neste artigo considero a questão sobre a metafísica da lógica—qual o objeto de estudo da lógica?—à luz de resultados da psicologia do pensamento e da psicologia do desenvolvimento. Estes resultados nos permitem concluir que sistemas lógicos não são meramente descritivos de aspectos gerais da linguagem natural, do mundo ou da racionalidade humana. Os dados são consistentes com a hipótese de que sis-temas lógicos dedutivos sejam conjuntos de regras de caráter primordialmente não-descritivo, criadas mediante reflexão ativa de filósofos, matemáticos e lógicos, visando garantir inferências dedutivas em certos contextos.

IoT-Enabled Automatic Synthesis of Distributed Feedback Control Schemes in Smart Buildings

There is currently a rapid evolution of technologies enabling the “Internet-of-Things” paradigm, which leads to the design of systems with augmented sensing, analysis, and actuation capabilities. The intelligent control research community is beginning to recognize the challenge of designing flexible and adaptable control systems that will take advantage of the online evolution of the number and types of “things” in a large-scale system. Responding to this challenge, in a previous article, we designed and presented a semantically enhanced control system supervisor that integrates a knowledge graph and deductive inference capabilities, to achieve the online (re)configuration of feedback control schemes. In this article, we show that by exploiting the capabilities of this supervisor, we facilitate the automatic synthesis and plugging of model-based controllers for the space heating problem in multizone buildings. The supervisor retrieves stored knowledge about the building and the available control system components and uses it to configure online a scheme of distributed feedback controllers, one per building zone. The controllers are designed to utilize information online and optimally allocate the control signal to multiple heating devices in each building zone.