Dedicated Short Range Communication Research Articles

Recent advances in connected and automated vehicles

Abstract Connected and automated vehicle (CAV) is a transformative technology that has great potential to change our daily life. Therefore, CAV related research has been advanced significantly in recent years. This paper does a comprehensive review on five selected subjects that lie in the heart of CAV research: (i) inter-CAV communications; (ii) security of CAVs; (iii) intersection control for CAVs; (iv) collision-free navigation of CAVs; and (v) pedestrian detection and protection. It is believed that these topics are essential to ensure the success of CAVs and need to be better understood. For inter-CAV communications, this paper focuses on both Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) and the future 5G cellular technologies; for security of CAVs, this paper discusses both passive and active attacks and the existing solutions; for intersection control, this paper summarizes the pros and cons of both centralized and decentralized approaches; for collision avoidance, this paper concentrates on four subareas: maneuverability, vehicle networking, control confliction, and motorcycles; for pedestrian detection, this paper covers sensor, radar, and computer vision based approaches. Under each topic, this paper not only shows the state-of-the-art, but also unveils potential future research directions. By establishing connections among these subjects, this paper shows how they interact with each other and how they can be integrated into a seamless user experience. It is believed that the literature covered and conclusions drawn in this paper are very helpful to CAV researchers, application engineers, and policy makers.

Dual‐band (5G millimeter‐wave and dedicated short‐range communication) stacked patch antenna for advanced telematics applications

AbstractThe designed and fabricated patch antenna covers both dedicated short‐range communication (DSRC) and Fifth Generation (5G) millimeter‐wave (mmW) bands for advanced telematics. The fabricated antenna has a small volume of 2.7λH × 2.6λH × 0.15λH, where λH is the air wavelength of the highest operating frequency. The antenna performances, such as S‐parameters, the realized gain at boresight (RG00), antenna radiation efficiency, and radiation patterns, are reported. The simulated results are in good agreement with the measured ones. Despite the fabricated antenna's compactness, port isolation higher than 31 dB was achieved. Not only high RG00s of 6.8 and 12 dBi were obtained at DSRC and 5G mmW bands, respectively, but also an efficiency greater than 90% was observed at both frequency bands. Lastly, the fabricated antenna shows better performance than the previously reported dual‐band antennas.

A Center-Based Secure and Stable Clustering Algorithm for VANETs on Highways

Currently, communications in the vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) can be established via both Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) and mobile cellular networks. To make use of existing Long Term Evolution (LTE) network in data transmissions, many methods are proposed to manage VANETs. Grouping the vehicles into clusters and organizing the network by clusters are one of the most universal and most efficacious ways. Since the high mobility of vehicles makes VANETs different from other mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), the previous cluster-based methods for MANETs may have trouble for VANETs. In this paper, we introduce a center-based clustering algorithm to help self-organized VANETs forming stable clusters and decrease the status change frequency of vehicles on highways and two metrics. A novel Cluster Head (CH) selection algorithm is also proposed to reduce the impact of vehicle motion differences. We also introduce two metrics to improve the security of VANETs. A simulation is conducted to compare our mechanism to some other mechanisms. The results show that our mechanism obtains high stability and lower packet loss rate.

Nearest-First: Efficient Relaying Scheme in Heterogeneous V2V Communication Environments

Today, there exist two types of vehicular communication technology, namely, Long Term Evolution-based vehicle-to-vehicle (LTE-V2V) and dedicated short-range communications (DSRC). Although many studies dealing with vehicular communication have been conducted, the situation where separate groups of vehicles using different communication technologies coexist has never been studied. In the coexistence situation, the communication inability issue between the vehicles using different communication technologies is raised. To resolve the problem, we propose a relaying system, called Nearest-first , where hybrid user equipments (UEs), which are equipped with both DSRC and LTE-V2V modules, are considered. When a hybrid UE receives a cooperative awareness message (CAM), the UE relays the CAM using the other communication technology. We conduct simulations in various situations incorporating realistic mobility model and road topologies. We demonstrate that the Nearest-first outperforms existing relaying schemes with the performance gain of up to 91% in terms of effective communication distances.

IEEE 802.11bd & 5G NR V2X: Evolution of Radio Access Technologies for V2X Communications

With the rising interest in autonomous vehicles, developing radio access technologies (RATs) that enable reliable and low-latency vehicular communications has become of paramount importance. Dedicated short-range communications (DSRCs) and cellular V2X (C-V2X) are two present-day technologies that are capable of supporting day-1 vehicular applications. However, these RATs fall short of supporting communication requirements of many advanced vehicular applications, which are believed to be critical in enabling fully autonomous vehicles. Both the DSRC and C-V2X are undergoing extensive enhancements in order to support advanced vehicular applications that are characterized by high reliability, low latency, and high throughput requirements. These RAT evolutions-the IEEE 802.11bd for the DSRC and NR V2X for C-V2X-can supplement today's vehicular sensors in enabling autonomous driving. In this paper, we survey the latest developments in the standardization of 802.11bd and NR V2X. We begin with a brief description of the two present-day vehicular RATs. In doing so, we highlight their inability to guarantee the quality of service requirements of many advanced vehicular applications. We then look at the two RAT evolutions, i.e., the IEEE 802.11bd and NR V2X, outline their objectives, describe their salient features, and provide an in-depth description of key mechanisms that enable these features. While both, the IEEE 802.11bd and NR V2X, are in their initial stages of development, we shed light on their preliminary performance projections and compare and contrast the two evolutionary RATs with their respective predecessors.

Performance analysis of clustering for message classification and congestion control in DSRC/WAVE-based vehicular ad-hoc networks

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) play a significant role in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The vehicles exchange awareness and safety information with surrounding vehicles using IEEE 802.11p Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) and IEEE 1609 Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE)-based short-range communication networks in 5.9 GHz band. These safety messages include periodic beacon messages and event driven emergency messages that are shared in Control Channel (CCH). By collecting these messages and applying clustering we can facilitate new applications like network congestion control, traffic control etc. The partitioning-based clustering methods like the k-means, the Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM) are well known in data science. This paper focuses on understanding the message clustering intuitively. The clustering quality is measured using silhouette plot and average silhouette width. The simulation is carried out in OMNeT++ and SUMO-based Veins framework. A simple approach using a package called RInside is explored for fast prototyping of machine learning algorithms in OMNeT++ simulations.

Vehicle Communication Systems: Technology and Review

Transportation Engineering has been developing technologically since the inception of electronics in vehicles. With advancement of electronics the computers aboard vehicles are getting smaller in sizes with enhanced capabilities. Transportation in future cities will be about self driven vehicles with communications between them as well as between infrastructures. This paper reviews technologies available globally in reference to communication between vehicles which comes under purview of dedicated short range communication (DSRC) and its status in India as of today. It also talks about challenges in implementation of this technology with recent architecture. Different Programs and protocols are discussed with reference to connected vehicles. It has potential to improve vehicles in terms of safety, pollution and overall driving experience of the user.

Connected-Vehicle Data Exchanges and Positioning Computing Based on the Publish-Subscribe Paradigm

Connected vehicles for safety and traffic efficient applications require device-to-device connections supporting one-to-many and many-to-many communication, precise absolute and relative positioning and distributed computing. Currently, the 5.9 GHz Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) and 4G-Long-Term Evolution (LTE) are available for connected vehicle services. But both have limitations in reliability or latency over large scale field operational tests and deployment. This paper proposes the device-to-device (D2D) connectivity framework based on publish-subscribe architecture, with Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol. With the publish-subscribe communication paradigm, road mobile users can exchange data and information in moderate latency and high reliability manner, having the potential to support many Vehicle to Everything (V2X) applications, including vehicle to vehicle (V2V), vehicle to roadside infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle to bicycle (V2B). The D2D data exchanges also facilitate computing for absolute and relative precise real-time kinematic (RTK) posi-tioning. Vehicular experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed publish-subscribe MQTT protocols in term of latency and reliability. The latency of data exchanges is measured by One-trip-time (OTT) and the reliability is measured by the packet loss rate (PLR). Our results show that the latency of GNSS raw data exchanges between vehicles through 4G cellular networks at the rate of 10 Hz and the data rates of 10 kbps are less than 300 ms while the reliability is over 96%. Vehicular positioning experiments have also shown that vehicles can exchange raw GNSS data and complete mov-ing-base RTK positioning with the positioning availability of 98%.

VENTOS: Vehicular Network Open Simulator with Hardware-in-the-Loop Support

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) simulators have been gaining widespread attention in recent years and are crucial for conducting vehicular research. The fact that VANET simulators can simulate near real life scenarios to evaluate driver-safety applications without endangering human lives vastly contributes to their popularity. In this paper, we present the VEhicular NeTwork Open Simulator (VENTOS), a closed-loop VANET simulator that combines the capabilities of both communication network and vehicular traffic simulators. More specifically, VENTOS comprises of Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) and Objective Modular Network Testbed in C++ (OMNET++). As an alternative to current proprietary Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) simulators, VENTOS is a free, open-source simulator that is designed for vehicular traffic flow analysis and can incorporate new control logic, such as intelligent traffic controller, collaborative driving, dynamic routing, and self-driving capability. VENTOS also allows for V2X (Vehicle-to-Vehicle or Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) communication through dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) integration. We discuss about the VENTOS architecture as well as various example applications that use VENTOS.

Predictive Vehicle Route Optimization in Intelligent Transportation Systems

Through the adoption of dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) wireless communication technology, intelligent transportation systems (ITS) will spur a new revolution in the U.S. transportation system. This paper is structured around providing drivers with the least-congested transportation route choices enabled by the ITS-envisioned vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V) communication platforms. Recent research in vehicle navigation systems has proposed energy consumption and emission optimized routing methodologies using historical traffic data modeling. More than 50% of congestion in U.S. cities is nonrecurring congestion. Nonrecurring congestion reduces the availability of the traffic network, thus rendering historical traffic data-based systems insufficient in more than 50% of the cases. Real-time traffic data modeling provides an enhanced performance in traffic congestion assessment; however, greater performance is expected with a predictive traffic congestion model with increased certainty. This paper compares the conventional shortest path and fastest path vehicle routing methodologies and establish the improvement for environmentally friendly routing in a dynamic and predictive cost dependent traffic network based on Petri Net Modeling. The proposed routing algorithm is validated using a computer-based tool of choice.

Vehicular Communications Over TV White Spaces in the Presence of Secondary Users

The lack of available spectrum for wireless communications is a threat to the successful deployment of applications designed for intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). The ITS services should be available to a high number of road users and have a fast response time. The interworking between radio access networks is one way to increase spectrum availability. In particular, the joint operation of the dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) technology and TV white spaces (TVWS) has been proposed to increase the dissemination distance for safety messages in vehicular networking. However, previous works have often assumed that the only restriction on the opportunistic access of TVWS is the presence of a TV transmitter (i.e., the primary user). Other secondary users, such as the popular White-Fi networks to be deployed in TV bands, are omitted from the analysis of opportunistic channel access over TVWS. This is despite several proposals in the literature that use secondary networks for purposes other than vehicular networking over TVWS. In this paper, we analyze the opportunistic use of TVWS when other fixed users, such as White-Fi networks, are present. We estimate channel access opportunities and introduce a new metric, the channel availability for opportunistic vehicular access (CAFOVA), which relates the channel occupancy of the White-Fi network, the speed of the vehicle, and the channel verification distance. The results show that there are opportunities for vehicular access even when a White-Fi network occupies the TVWS. Vehicles may use these opportunities for transmission, instead of spending time looking for a new available TVWS and establishing a new link with another vehicle. Therefore, even when a White-Fi network occupies the same TVWS, it may be possible to exploit dynamic spectrum access to extend the available spectrum for vehicular communications.

A High-Throughput Architecture for the SHA-256/224 Compliant With the DSRC Standard

This article presents a word serial retimed architecture for the SHA-256/224 algorithm. The architecture is compliant with the dedicated-short range communication for safety message authentications. We elaborate three-operand adder architectures suitable for field programmable gate array implementation. Several transformation techniques at the data-flow-graph level have been used to derive the architecture. Synthesis results show that the architecture has high throughput/ slice value compared with state-of-the-art SHA-256 implementations. The article also promulgates a comparison between high-level synthesis and RTL design.

An Improved Channel Estimation Technique for IEEE 802.11p Standard in Vehicular Communications.

IEEE 802.11p based Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) is considered a potential wireless technology to enable transportation safety and traffic efficiency. A major challenge in the development of IEEE 802.11p technology is ensuring communication reliability in highly dynamic Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) environments. The design of IEEE 802.11p does not have a sufficient number of training symbols in the time domain and pilot carriers in the frequency domain to enable accurate estimation of rapidly varying V2V channels. The channel estimation of IEEE 802.11p is preamble based, which cannot guarantee a suitable equalization in urban and highway scenarios, especially for longer length data packets. This limitation has been investigated by some research works, which suggest that one major challenge is determining an accurate means of updating channel estimate over the course of packet length while adhering to the standard. The motivation behind this article is to overcome this challenge. We have proposed an improved Constructed Data Pilot (iCDP) scheme which adheres to the standard and constructs data pilots by considering the correlation characteristics between adjacent data symbols in time domain and adjacent subcarriers in frequency domain. It is in contrast to previous schemes which considered the correlation in the time domain. The results have shown that the proposed scheme performs better than previous schemes in terms of bit error rate (BER) and root-mean-square error (RMSE).

Vehicular Communications: Standardization and Open Issues

Vehicular communications provide effective means to improve road safety and traffic efficiency, as well as high definition onboard infotainment services, capable of scaling well from current connected cars to future autonomous driving. Dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) and Long Term Evolution vehicle-to-everything (LTE-V2X) are recognized as being the two most promising technologies to support such communications. For more than a decade, DSRC has been actively promoted by ETSI, IEEE, and other standards organizations. More recently, LTEV2X is being proposed as an alternative technology based on cellular standards by 3GPP. This article analyzes the ready-to-deploy DSRC and the promising LTE-V2X, compares them according to a set of significant technical and non-technical aspects, and outlines the limitations of both technologies.

CASQ: Adaptive and cloud-assisted query processing in vehicular sensor networks

Vehicles in urban cities are equipped with increasing more sensing units. Large amount of data are continuously generated and they bring great potentials to the intelligent and green city traffic management. However, data gathering and query processing remain key and challenging issues due to the huge amount of sensing data, changeable road conditions, rapid network topology and density changes caused by the movement of vehicles. There is great necessity for the cloud and the vehicular sensor networks to integrate and enhance each other on the cooperative urban sensing applications. In this paper we propose an adaptive and cloud-assisted query processing scheme for VANETs, that adopts the concept of edge nodes and integrates the cloud and vehicular networks to facilitate data storage and indexing, so queries could be processed and forwarded along different communication channels according to the cost and time bounds of the queries. Moreover, the cloud calculates result forwarding strategy by solving a Linear Programming problem, where the query results select the best path either through the 4G channel or through the DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communication). This research is one of the first steps towards the integration of the cloud and the vehicular networks, as well as edge nodes and the 4G channel, to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the query processing in VANETs. Extensive experiments demonstrate that up to 94% of the queries could be successfully processed in the proposed scheme, much higher than existing query schemes, while at the same time with a relatively low querying cost.

Novel Technique in Multihop Environment for Efficient Emergency Message Dissemination and Lossless Video Transmission in VANETS

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) support safety- and non-safety-related applications that require the transmission of emergency safety messages and periodic beacon messages. The dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) standard in VANETs is used to exchange safety messages, and is involved in multi-hop data dissemination and routing. Many researchers have focused either on emergency data dissemination or routing, but both are critical. Routing protocols are commonly used for position-based routing and distancebased routing. This paper focuses on both emergency data dissemination and multi-hop routing, with the selection of the best data disseminator and trustworthy forwarder. To select the best forwarder, ring partitioning is performed, which segregates vehicles into rings based on the coverage area for routing. Each partition is selected with a best forwarder, which minimizes the hop count for data transmission. The work also includes effective video transmission for a user’s request. Video transmission in VANETs is involved in this work to provide efficient video delivery between rapidly travelling vehicles with reduced delay owing to the selection of good-quality channels. Video transmission is prioritized according to frame types, and they are then transmitted with respect to the preference of channels. The major issue in video streaming is the loss of packets, which is our focus to minimize it. Our proposed VANET environment is simulated in OMNeT++, and the results show remarkable improvements in terms of the packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and reliability.

BUR-GEN: A Bursty Packet Generator for Vehicular Communication Channels

Common vehicular channel models (VCMs) accurately predict the packet reception ratio (PRR) observed from dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) field operational tests. However, such independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) based packet generation models fail to match the bursty channel conditions that result in occasional long periods of packet losses that thwart the ability of safety applications to assist drivers in improving their situational awareness. In this paper, we propose a bursty packet generation algorithm called BUR-GEN, which we evaluate through simulation and, along with several common VCMs, compare to the PRR, inter-packet gap (IPG), and consecutive reception run length (CRRL) of the safety pilot model deployment, a large-scale DSRC-based measurement campaign. The model that incorporates the BUR-GEN packet generation algorithm improves the root-mean-square error of IPG and CRRL by factors of six and four, respectively. Additionally, we assess safety effectiveness using awareness probability. Our results show that safety reliability estimates for vehicle-to-vehicle safety applications are increased by a factor of 31 for maximum safety tolerances, as compared to an i.i.d.-based model that produces that same PRR but does not account for bursty channel behaviors.

Investigation of a DSRC‐based end of queue collision warning system by considering real freeway data

As a rapidly developing technology, dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) can facilitate the solution to increasingly outstanding traffic safety problems, especially for collision warning. The conventional collision warning system using DSRC is based on the kinematic model, which depends on accurate velocity and position information. However, the reliability of the system may be reduced due to low DSRC penetration rate, communication range constraint, and vehicle positioning error. In this study, a DSRC-based end of queue collision warning system is proposed without concerning position information. The warning criterion is defined according to the real traffic data rather than experimental data. According to the warning strategy, warning evaluation proves that the strategy is effective under low DSRC penetration rate condition. Despite the DSRC penetration rate, traffic and communication influential factors are also taken into consideration in the evaluation model. The warning performance under different weather conditions is analysed based on the simulation result. Comparison studies demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the variable speed limits warning strategy based on the loop detector.

Tools and Methodologies for Autonomous Driving Systems

Due to the advent of active safety features and automated driving capabilities, the scope and complexity of embedded computing systems within automobiles continue to increase. Moreover, with the introduction of communication technologies like dedicated short range communications (DSRC), autonomous vehicles can also communicate with each other, pedestrians and the infrastructure. As the number of applications and levels of autonomy within such connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) increase the inherent safety-critical nature of CAVs imposes strict requirements in terms of testing and verification of system correctness. Hence, appropriate tools and methodologies are to manage these increasing complexity and testing requirements. In this paper, we present a standard reference architecture for CAVs and the tools and methodologies we use to model, design, develop and test systems to realize CAV applications.

Deep Learning: Is it the Main Challenge Behind Autonomous Vehicles Deployment?

There has been a growing interest in the field of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) to improve road safety [1] and traffic management issues. ITS is realized through social interaction among vehicles which offers plethora of applications and services ranging from safety to information and entertainment (collectively referred to as infotainment). These applications on one hand guarantee safe driving, and on the other hand add value to our driving experience. Significant efforts have been made in the last decade by researchers from both academia and industry to realize the ITS through different communication paradigms such as vehicle to vehicle (V2V) and vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communications. ITS uses existing communication technologies such as Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC), WiFi, 4G/LTE, Bluetooth, WiMax, and so on.