Decreased Fasting Blood Glucose Research Articles

Characterization, Hypoglycemic Activity, and Antioxidant Activity of Methanol Extracts From Amomum tsao-ko: in vitro and in vivo Studies.

The dried fruit of Amomum tsao-ko is well-known as a spice as well as a Chinese traditional herb. This study aimed to identify the bioactive constituents in the powder of methanol extract from Amomum tsao-ko (PMEAT) and to evaluate the hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects of PMEAT, in vitro and in vivo. We identified 36 phytochemicals in PMEAT by employing HPLC-MS/MS. PMEAT solution was found to have potent α-glucosidase-inhibiting activity (IC50, 0.145 mg/mL) in vitro, twice as strong as that of acarbose (IC50, 0.273 mg/mL). To investigate the hypoglycemic activity of PMEAT in vivo, we studied the impact of low-dose PMEAT (the addition of 100 mg/kg PMEAT to the mice diet) and high-dose PMEAT (200 mg/kg PMEAT addition) treatments in STZ-induced diabetic mice. After 6 weeks of intervention, significantly decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG) (p < 0.05), significantly decreased area under the curve (AUC) of the oral glucose tolerance test (p < 0.05), significantly decreased HOMA-IR (p < 0.05), and significantly increased HOMA-β (p < 0.05) were observed in the high-dose PMEAT group. Moreover, we performed an antioxidant activity experiment in vitro. The results showed that PMEAT had a strong ability to scavenge DPPH (IC50, 0.044 mg/mL) as well as ABTS free radicals (IC50, 0.040 mg/mL). In an animal experiment conducted on oxidative damage mice model which was induced by D-glucose and a high-fat diet, we observed significantly increased dismutase (SOD) (p < 0.01), glutathione (GSH) (p < 0.01), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) (p < 0.01) and significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-ISO-prostaglandin-PGF2α (8-ISO-PGF2α), after treatment with PMEAT for 90 days. In conclusion, this study reveals the therapeutic potential of Amomum tsao-ko for the treatment of diabetes and helps us discover new antioxidant candidates from natural sources.

Long-term consumption of the sugar substitute sorbitol alters gut microbiome and induces glucose intolerance in mice

AimsEpidemic obesity and diabetes have led to increased use of low-calorie sweeteners. Although several studies have suggested that consumption of artificial sweeteners, such as aspartame and saccharin, might have negative effects, the potential impacts of natural sweeteners on human health remain largely unknown. Main methodsThe deferential effects of short term and long term consumption of sorbitol on glucose homeostasis in mice by oral gavage. The glucose homeostasis and utility were evaluated by both oral or intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests. Insulin levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Changes of gut microbiome were evaluated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and analyzed by principal components analysis. Key findingsBolus feeding of sorbitol by gavage significantly increased plasma insulin concentrations and decreased fasting blood glucose levels. Intriguingly, long-term sorbitol gavage for four weeks showed no significant effects on intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test outcomes, but it induced glucose intolerance according to the oral glucose tolerance test. Thus, we tested whether long-term sorbitol gavage might alter the relative abundances of gut microbiome constituents in mice. Principal components analysis indicated that long-term sorbitol intake indeed caused significant changes to the gut microbiome. In particular, we found that long-term sorbitol intake significantly decreased the relative abundances of Bifidobacterium, Lachnospiraceae UCG 001, Lachnospiraceae NK4A136, Eubacterium ventriosum, Candidatus Arthromitus, and Ruminococcus torques. We also found that long-term sorbitol increased the relative abundances of Helicobacter, Tyzzerella, Alistipes, and Prevotella 9. SignificanceLong-term sorbitol consumption may change the composition of the gut microbiome and potentially induce glucose intolerance.

Folic acid effect on homocysteine, sortilin levels and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

AimThe present study aimed to determine the folic acid supplement (FAS) effects on serum homocysteine and sortilin levels, glycemic indices, and lipid profile in type II diabetic patients.MethodA double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial have been performed on 100 patients with T2DM randomly divided into two groups that received either placebo or folic acid 5 mg/d for 12 weeks.ResultsFAS caused a significant decrease in homocysteine and sortilin serum levels (28.2% and 33.7%, P < 0.0001, respectively). After 3 months of intervention, 8.7% decrease in fasting blood glucose (P = 0.0005), 8.2% in HbA1c (P = 0.0002), 13.7% in serum insulin (P < 0.0001) and 21.7% in insulin resistance (P < 0.0001) were found in the folic acid group, however no significant difference was observed in the placebo group. Serum hs-CRP level showed significant positive associations with sortilin (r = 0.237, P = 0.018), homocysteine (r = 0.308, P = 0.002) and fasting blood glucose (r = 0.342, P = 0.000). There were no significant changes in lipid profile in both groups after 12 weeks.ConclusionFAS might be beneficial for reducing homocysteine and sortilin levels, enhancing glycemic control, and improved insulin resistance in patients with T2DM.

Effects of Huangqi Liuyi Decoction in the Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy and Tissue Distribution Difference of its Six Active Constituents Between Normal and Diabetic Nephropathy Mouse Models.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Huangqi Liuyi decoction extract (HQD) on diabetic nephropathy (DN), and the tissue distribution difference of six main active ingredients of HQD between normal and DN mouse models. DN mice were administered HQD for 12 weeks to investigate its efficacy in the treatment of DN. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass-spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was used to analyze the tissue distribution of the six active ingredients of HQD in normal and DN mice, including astragaloside IV, calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, calycosin glucuronide, ononin, formononetin, and glycyrrhizic acid. DN mice treated with HQD showed significantly decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG), 24-h urinary protein (24 h U-Alb), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr), and triglyceride levels (TG) (p < 0.05). Moreover, there were no significant differences in pharmacodynamics between HQD and Huangqi Liuyi decoction. Treated mice also had decreased expression of collagen I, ɑ–smooth muscle actin (ɑ-SMA), and vimentin; and upregulated expression of E-cadherin in their kidneys. Compared to normal mice, distributions of the six ingredients in the liver, heart, spleen, lungs, kidneys, stomach, small intestine, brain, and muscle of DN mice were different. The results indicated that the HQD could be used for the treatment of DN and to improve renal function. The pathological state of diabetic nephropathy may affect tissue distribution of HQD active ingredients in mice.

Integrative pharmacology reveals the mechanisms of Erzhi Pill, a traditional Chinese formulation, against diabetic cardiomyopathy

Ethnopharmacological relevanceErzhi Pill (EZP) is a traditional Chinese prescription that has marked effects in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy. However, its underlying pharmacological mechanisms in the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), remain to be elucidated. Aim of the studyThis study aimed to apply an integrative pharmacological strategy to systematically evaluate the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of EZP, and provide a solid theoretical basis for the clinical application of EZP in the treatment of DCM. Materials and methodsIn this study, the potential targets and key pathways of EZP were predicted and validated using network pharmacology and molecular docking, respectively. Changes in cardiac metabolites and major metabolic pathways in rat heart samples were examined using 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics. Finally, biochemical analysis was conducted to detect the protein expression levels of key pathways. ResultsWe found that EZP decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in the serum, and alleviated the morphological abnormalities of the heart tissue in diabetic rats. Furthermore, EZP effectively restored superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activity levels, as well as the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2, and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) in the heart tissue. Network pharmacology prediction results indicated that the mechanism of EZP in treating DCM was closely related to apoptosis, oxidative stress, and the HIF-1, PI3K-Akt, and FoxO signaling pathways. In addition, 1H-NMR metabolomics confirmed that EZP primarily regulated both energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism, including the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, ketone bodies metabolism, glutamine and glutamate metabolism, glycine metabolism, and purine metabolism. Finally, immunohistochemistry results indicated that EZP reduced the expression levels of p-AMPK, p-PI3K, p-Akt, and p-FoxO3a proteins, in the heart tissue of DCM rats. ConclusionThe results confirmed that the overall therapeutic effect of EZP in the DCM rat model is exerted via inhibition of oxidative stress and apoptosis, alongside the regulation of energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism, as well as the AMPK and PI3K/Akt/FoxO3a signaling pathways. This study provides an experimental basis for the use of EZP in DCM treatment.

COMBINED EFFECT OF HORSE GRAM AND FENUGREEK SEED POWDERS IN HIGH FAT-HIGH SUCROSE DIET-INDUCED PRE-DIABETES IN RATS

Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the combined effect of horse gram (HG) and fenugreek (FG) seed powders in high fat-high sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced pre-diabetes in rats. Methods: Wistar rats (140–200 g) of either sex were randomly divided into four groups (n=6). Group 1, normal control, received normal pellet diet; Group 2, pre-diabetic control, received HFHS diet; Group 3, prophylactic group, received HFHS diet along with HG (200 mg/kg) and FG (200 mg/kg) combination; and Group 4, therapeutic group, received HFHS diet for 9 weeks followed by HG (200 mg/kg) and FG (200 mg/kg) combination for 28 days. Fasting blood glucose, lipid profiles, and OGTT were carried out on the 9th week in Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3, and at the end of the study in Group 1, Group 2, and Group 4. Results: Treatment with HFHS diet for 9 weeks has significantly increased fasting blood glucose and lipid profiles in the pre-diabetic group when compared to the normal control group indicating induction of pre-diabetes in the pre-diabetic group. In the prophylactic group, horse gram and fenugreek are given simultaneously with HFHS has significantly decreased fasting blood glucose, lipid profiles when compared to the pre-diabetic group. In the therapeutic group, treatment was given after induction of pre-diabetes for 28 days. In the therapeutic group, there was a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose, lipid profiles compared to the pre-diabetic group. Conclusion: HFHS diet-induced pre-diabetes or insulin resistance is an effective model to study and evaluate various new therapeutic modalities. The findings of the present study suggest that consumption of FG and HG as food supplements could reduce the risk of getting diabetes and progression of pre-diabetes to diabetes.

Can an Intervention Based on Nutrition Education, Portion Control, and Behavior Change Motivation Create Sustained Weight Loss and Improve Health?

ObjectivesObesity is associated with increased all-cause mortality and morbidity from coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. In this prospective cohort study, our group tested the hypothesis that a nutrition education and self-monitoring protocol would improve behavior and health outcomes of overweight and obese adults. The primary endpoint was weight and BMI, and other endpoints included blood pressure, lipid levels, HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, % body fat, waist circumference, and hip circumference.MethodsA total of 27 adult participants completed this protocol over four cohorts with minor amendments to each cohort protocol. Each session introduced nutrition education, physical activity, and behavior modification strategies associated with achieving or maintaining a healthy weight. The program also emphasized mindfulness and portion control and their relationship to hunger, satiety, and long-term health. Self-monitoring was tracked through daily logging in a health passport.ResultsParticipants lost an average of 8.12 pounds (P < 0.001) by week 10. There was an average reduction of BMI of 1.40 kg/m2 (P < 0.001). In cohorts three and four (n = 12), waist circumference and blood pressure were measured at baseline and completion. Participants had an average decrease of 2.04 inches in waist circumference (P < 0.001) and a decrease in diastolic blood pressure of 5.58 mmHg (P = 0.012). In cohort four (n = 4), HbA1c and fasting blood glucose measurements were added. Participants had an average decrease in HbA1c of .73% (P = 0.031) and an average decrease in fasting blood glucose of 46.25 mg/dL (P = 0.041). No significant changes were found in hip circumference, body fat percentage, lipid levels, and systolic blood pressure.ConclusionsCompleting ten weeks of the Learn to Portion protocol resulted in significant weight and BMI reduction. In cohorts 2, 3, and 4, participants continued to lose weight during the five additional biweekly sessions, however, at a decreased rate. This may be due to the increased accountability in weekly group sessions. Larger sample sizes and long-term follow up are needed to assess the overall effectiveness of the program.Funding SourcesPhiladelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine Center for Chronic Disorders of Aging at PCOM.

516-P: A One-Year Curriculum for Diabetes Self-Management Education to Promote Lasting Lifestyle Changes

The use of telehealth for Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) is expanding. There is a need among people with diabetes (PWD) to manage their diabetes, as they represent 20% of ICU admissions, 30% of hospitalized cases and have an increased risk of COVID-related mortality. While people at risk for diabetes or prediabetes may join a 1-year CDC accredited diabetes prevention program to make lifestyle changes to reduce their diabetes risk, PWD are often offered short-term DSMES programs that do not necessarily incorporate long-term goals. We developed a year-long intensive Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (iDSMES) program combining Virtual Diabetes Conversation Map® and selected modified modules from the PreventT2® curriculum to suit PWD. The curriculum included 18 maps/modules. Our team of certified lifestyle coaches/diabetes educators/Conversation Map® Trainers used shared decision-making and problem-solving approaches to improve glycemic control and diabetes self-management. We hypothesized that iDSMES would improve diabetes outcomes in PWD. Fourteen PWD (12F/2M) with a BMI of 25 or above underwent the iDSMES in a group with their lifestyle coaches using the Zoom® platform. We collected their fasting blood glucose, weight, blood pressure, and physical activity minutes at each session (every three weeks) and assessed their Hemoglobin A1c quarterly. Nine PWD completed the iDSMES and lost an average of 8.8% of their initial body weight (a total of 203lbs) . We observed a 1% decrease in their A1c, 10mg/dL decrease in fasting blood glucose, and mm Hg decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively. There was also a 110-minute increase in their physical activity. A year-long iDSMES distance learning program effectively enhances lasting lifestyle changes to improve diabetes self-management in PWD. A 5-year follow-up is warranted to assess factors affecting the maintenance of accomplished lifestyle changes. Disclosure H.Sallam: None. W.Pan: None. M.L.Ferguson: None. W.Lee: None. K.H.Mckinney: None. H.Serag: None. Funding Texas Department of State Health Services (#HHS000740800001)

Ameliorating Effect of Malva neglecta Wallr on Obesity and Diabetes in Wistar Rats: A Mechanistic Study.

A high caloric food causes deposition of fats that may progress to obesity. Obesity is a risk factor for various metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, including but limited to diabetes mellitus. This study is aimed at determining the ameliorating effect of Malva Neglecta wallr aqueous-methanolic extract (MNME) on obesity and diabetes in Wistar rats. The MNME was chemically characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The plant extract was evaluated by in vitro α-amylase inhibition and DPPH scavenging activities. Obesity was induced by administering high sugar and fat diet (HSFD) to rats for six weeks, followed by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg) to induce diabetes. Oral treatments with MNME 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg/day were given to diabetic obese rats for 14 days. The HPLC analysis showed the presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids. The plant extract showed significant antioxidant (P < 0.001) and alpha-amylase (P < 0.0001) inhibition activities. The administration of MNME displayed a considerable decrease in fasting blood glucose, body weight, liver function tests, urea, cholesterol, leptin, and insulin levels in diabetic obese rats as compared to the disease control group and maximum effect were observed at 750 mg/kg/day of MNME. The MNME significantly increased (P < 0.05 − 0.001) the levels of GSH, SOD, and CAT in the liver, kidney, and pancreas while notably (P < 0.05 − 0.001) reduced the malondialdehyde level in kidney and pancreas of diabetic obese rats in contrast to disease control rats. This experimental study concludes that the MNME had exhibited antiobesity and antidiabetic activities through reduction of oxidative stress, leptin, α-amylase activity, and insulin resistance due to the presence of phenolic acid and flavonoid compounds.

Antiobesity, Antihyperglycemic, and Antidepressive Potentiality of Rice Fermented Food Through Modulation of Intestinal Microbiota.

The present study has been aimed at evaluating the antiobesity, antihyperglycemic, and antidepressive potentials of Asparagus racemosus starter-based rice fermented foods. High-throughput NGS technology has revealed a number of bacterial genera in the prepared fermented rice, such as Lactobacillus (29.44%), Brevundimonas (16.21%), Stenotrophomonas (6.18%), Pseudomonas (3.11%), Bacillus (2.88%), and others (<2%). Eight-week administration of rice fermented food has increased food intake, whole-body weight, organ weight, different fat masses, serum lipid profiles, and histology of liver and adipose tissues in HFD-induced obese mice. In addition, upregulation of fatty acid oxidation and downregulation of adipocytogenesis- and lypogenesis-related genes along with the expression of their regulatory nuclear factors such as PPARα, PPARγ, PPARδ, and SREBP-1c have also been noted. Moreover, fermented food decreases fasting blood glucose level and improves glucose and insulin tolerance as well as the expression of GLUT4 receptor. Antiobesity and antihyperglycemic effects are also supported by the changes in insulin, leptin, and adiponectin hormone levels. The real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analyses have clearly demonstrated the intense colonization of Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium, as well as the suppressed growth rate of γ- and δ-Proteobacteria and Firmicutes in the gut after fermented food intake. In the intestine, the latter group of microorganisms possibly modulate short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels such as acetate, butyrate, and propionate more than twofold. The impairment of memory-learning and anxiety-like obesity-associated cognitive phenotypes is mitigated significantly (p < 0.01) by fermented food as well. Thus, the formulated fermented food could be used as a natural therapeutic to alleviate obesity and its associated psychological and pathophysiological ailments.

Effects of an Iranian traditional fermented food consumption on blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

Ash-Kardeh is one of the few fermented foods without a dairy base in Iran, which is traditionally prepared from cereals and plants in the presence of microorganisms (mainly lactic acid bacteria). This study aimed to assess the effects of Ash-Kardeh consumption on blood glucose, lipid profile, and blood pressure in type 2 diabetic patients. Forty-six patients with type 2 diabetes were studied in this randomized controlled clinical trial. Subjects were randomly allocated into intervention (n = 23) and control (n = 23) groups. Individuals of both groups received the usual treatment of diabetic patients, while those in the intervention group, in addition to the usual treatment, received 250g of Ash-Kardeh daily for 6 weeks. Fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipid profiles were measured before and after the intervention. Compared to the control group, Ash-Kardeh consumption led to a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose (P = 0.003), total cholesterol (P = 0.025), triglyceride (P = 0.003), systolic (P < 0.001), and diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.014) in the intervention group. Also, a significant increase in the concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.048) was observed after Ash-Kardeh consumption. It seems that Ash-Kardeh consumption could improve high blood glucose, lipid profile, and hypertension in type 2 diabetic patients but does not affect low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. This study was registered on 2019-09-15 in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials ( www.irct.ir ) with the code number IRCT20170202032367N3.

The Effect of Teff Seed on Hematological Findings and Anthropometric Measurements.

The low incidence of diseases such as celiac, anemia, osteoporosis, and obesity in Ethiopia has aroused interest in the study of teff. The primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of regular consumption of teff seeds on hematological findings and anthropometric measurements in overweight and obese individuals. The secondary objective was to compare these effects of teff seeds with the Mediterranean diet. In our study, planned as a cohort study, 28 participants followed the teff seed-containing diet (n=14) and the Mediterranean diet (n=14) for 3 months. To determine nutritional status, a 72-h recall was taken. Anthropometric measurements and hematological findings were recorded at the beginning and end of the study. There was a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, LDL, and HDL levels in the teff group (p<0.05). The increase in total protein levels in the teff group was significantly higher than in the Mediterranean diet group (p=0.05). With increased intake of carbohydrates (g) in the teff group, fasting blood glucose levels decreased significantly. There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding anthropometric measurements. It has been found that the teff seed has no predominance over anthropometric measurements, as compared to the Mediterranean diet, and that it is more effective in improving hematological findings related to obesity. There is a need for more comprehensive studies that also address physical activity, the different types of teff seeds available, and include increased participant numbers.

Evaluation of Shandong pancake with sourdough fermentation on the alleviation of type 2 diabetes symptoms in mice

As a representative of traditional staple food in northern China, Shandong pancake have gained increased attention in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the alleviating effects of Shandong pancake fermented with sourdough in high-fat diet- and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Sourdough fermentation considerably reduced the degree of starch gelatinisation in vitro. Five staple foods with different gelatinisation degrees were fed to the diabetic mice to explore the potential effects. Compared with non-fermented Shandong pancake and other staple foods, fermented Shandong pancake decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels and insulin resistance, improved dyslipidemia and alleviated pancreatic damage in diabetic mice. Furthermore, the intake of fermented Shandong pancake promoted the production of short-chain fatty acids and regulated intestinal microbiota, which could be attributed to the products formed during sourdough fermentation. In conclusion, Shandong pancake fermented with sourdough can be used as a functional staple food for combating type 2 diabetes.

Intake of flavonoids from Astragalus membranaceus ameliorated brain impairment in diabetic mice via modulating brain-gut axis

BackgroundBrain impairment is one of a major complication of diabetes. Dietary flavonoids have been recommended to prevent brain damage. Astragalus membranaceus is a herbal medicine commonly used to relieve the complications of diabetes. Flavonoids is one of the major ingredients of Astragalus membranaceus, but its function and mechanism on diabetic encepholopathy is still unknown.MethodsType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) model was induced by high fat diet and STZ in C57BL/6J mice, and BEnd.3 and HT22 cell lines were applied in the in vitro study. Quality of flavonoids was evaluated by LC–MS/MS. Differential expressed proteins in the hippocampus were evaluated by proteomics; influence of the flavonoids on composition of gut microbiota was analyzed by metagenomics. Mechanism of the flavonoids on diabetic encepholopathy was analyzed by Q-PCR, Western Blot, and multi-immunological methods et al.ResultsWe found that flavonoids from Astragalus membranaceus (TFA) significantly ameliorated brain damage by modulating gut-microbiota-brain axis: TFA oral administration decreased fasting blood glucose and food intake, repaired blood brain barrier, protected hippocampus synaptic function; improved hippocampus mitochondrial biosynthesis and energy metabolism; and enriched the intestinal microbiome in high fat diet/STZ-induced diabetic mice. In the in vitro study, we found TFA increased viability of HT22 cells and preserved gut barrier integrity in CaCO2 monocellular layer, and PGC1α/AMPK pathway participated in this process.ConclusionOur findings demonstrated that flavonoids from Astragalus membranaceus ameliorated brain impairment, and its modulation on gut-brain axis plays a pivotal role. Our present study provided an alternative solution on preventing and treating diabetic cognition impairment.

Dietary Succinoglycan Riclin Improves Glycemia Control in Mice with Type 2 Diabetes.

Riclin is a typical succinoglycan produced by an agrobacterium isolate. Our previous investigation has revealed that oral riclin restores the islet function in type 1 diabetic mice. However, whether dietary riclin improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is unknown. Here, we found that dietary riclin (20 and 40 mg/kg) for 4 weeks significantly decreased fasting blood glucose (55 and 67%), improved insulin sensitivity, and decreased insulin resistance in high-fat-diet/streptozocin (HFD/STZ)-induced T2D. Riclin reduced the proportion of T helper 1 cell subsets in diabetic mice, alleviated pancreatic inflammation, and protected islet function. Moreover, dietary riclin enriched the diversity of gut microflora and restored the relative abundance of several bacterial genera in diabetes, including the strains of Clostridium, Parasutterella, Klebsiella, and Bacteroides. In db/db diabetic mice, riclin also improves glycemia control as observed in HFD/STZ-induced T2D mice. These data suggest that riclin has potential to be a functional food to treat T2D.

Morus alba L. water extract changes gut microbiota and fecal metabolome in mice induced by high-fat and high-sucrose diet plus low-dose streptozotocin.

Gut microbiota plays a key role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Mulberry leaf has a hypoglycemic effect, but the potential mechanism is not fully understood. This study aimed to explore the influences and potential mechanisms of mulberry leaf water extract (MLWE) intervention on mice with T2D induced through a high-fat and high-sucrose diet combined with streptozotocin by the combination of fecal metabolomics and gut microbiota analysis. Results showed that MLWE could decrease fasting blood glucose and body weight while ameliorating lipid profiles, insulin resistance, liver inflammation, and the accumulation of lipid droplets in T2D mice. MLWE could reverse the abundances of the phyla Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes and the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes, and increase the abundances of the phyla Cyanobacteria and Epsilonbacteraeota in the feces of T2D mice. The abundances of genera Alloprevotella, Parabacteroides, Muribaculaceae, and Romboutsia in the feces of T2D mice could be reversed, while Oscillatoriales_cyanobacterium and Gastranaerophilales could be reinforced by MLWE supplementation. The levels of nine metabolites in the feces of T2D mice were improved, among which glycine, Phe-Pro, urocanic acid, phylloquinone, and lactate were correlated with Romboutsia and Gastranaerophilales. Taken together, we conclude that MLWE can effectively alleviate T2D by mediating the host-microbial metabolic axis.

Cadmium exposure decreases fasting blood glucose levels and exacerbates type-2 diabetes in a mouse model.

Although the effects of cadmium (Cd) on the development of diabetes have been extensively investigated, the relationship between Cd exposure and the severity of established diabetes is unclear. Herein, we investigate the effects of long-term exposure to Cd in a streptozotocin-induced mouse model of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the underlying mechanism. C57BL/6 Mice were divided into the following four groups: (1) control group; (2) Cd-exposed group; (3) diabetic group; (4) Cd-exposed diabetic group. Cd exposure was established by the administration of 155 ppm CdCl2 in drinking water. After 25 weeks of treatment, serum fasting glucose and insulin were measured. Meanwhile, the liver and pancreas specimens were sectioned and stained with Hematoxylin and eosin. Gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, lactate concentration, and fibrosis in liver were evaluated. Clinical signs attributable to diabetes were more apparent in Cd-exposed diabetic mice, while no effects of Cd exposure were found on non-diabetic mice. Cd exposure significantly decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels in diabetic group. We further demonstrated that the glycolysis related hepatic enzymes, pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM-2) and lactic dehydrogenase A (LDHA) were both increased, while the gluconeogenesis related hepatic enzymes, phosphoenolpyruvate-1 (PCK-1) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) were both decreased in Cd exposed diabetic mice, indicating that Cd increased glycolysis and inhibited gluconeogenesis in diabetic model. Moreover, lactate accumulation was noted accompanied by the increased inflammation and fibrosis in the livers of diabetic mice following Cd exposure. Cd exposure disturbed glucose metabolism and exacerbated diabetes, providing a biological relevance that DM patients are at greater risk when exposed to Cd.

High expression of P4HA3 in obesity: a potential therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes.

The aims of the present study were to evaluate the expression of prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha 3 (P4HA3) in adipocytes and adipose tissue and to explore its effect on obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We initially demonstrated that P4HA3 was significantly upregulated in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of obesity and T2DM patients, and its functional roles in adipocyte differentiation and insulin resistance were investigated using in vitro and in vivo models. The knockdown of P4HA3 inhibited adipocyte differentiation and improved insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 cells. In C57BL/6J db/db mice fed with a high fat diet (HFD), silencing P4HA3 significantly decreased fasting blood glucose and triglycerides (TG) levels, with concomitant decrease of body weight and adipose tissue weight. Further analysis showed that P4HA3 knockdown was correlated with the augmented IRS-1/PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 signaling pathway in the adipose and hepatic tissues of obese mice, which could improve hepatic glucose homeostasis and steatosis of mice. Together, our study suggested that the dysregulation of P4HA3 may contribute to the development of obesity and T2DM.

Moderate-intensity Treadmill And Ergocycle Exercise Reduce Fasting Blood Glucose Levels In Obese Women

The study aimed to analyze the decrease in fasting blood glucose levels after moderate-intensity treadmills and ergocycle exercise in obese women. The quasi-experiment method used in this study with two groups pretest-posttest design design. A total of 20 obese women aged 19-23 years participated in the study and were divided into two groups, namely acute ergocycle exercise (AEE, n=10), and acute treadmill exercise (ATE, n=10). Exercise is done a single session with an intensity of 60-70% HRmax for 40 minutes using ergocycle (Monark 828 E) and Richter Treadmill (4.0 HP DC). Blood collection is done 30 minutes pre-exercise and 5 minutes post-exercise on capillary blood vessels in the fingerstick. Measurement of fasting blood glucose levels is done using Accu-Chek Performance (Roche, Mannheim, Germany). Data analysis using Independent Samples T-Test with SPSS version 21. The results found that mean of the fasting blood glucose level pre-exercise on AEE (97.80?2.20 mg/dL), ATE (95.60?3.86 mg/dL), and (P>0.05). Mean of post-exercise fasting blood glucose levels on AEE (93.30?3.09 mg/dL), ATE (84.60?6.28 mg/dL), and (P<0.001). Mean of delta fasting blood glucose levels in AEE (?4.50?2.95 mg/dL), ATE (?11.00?6.99 mg/dL), and (P<0.05). Based on the results of research it can be concluded that ergocyle and treadmill exercise with moderate-intensity lowers fasting blood glucose levels. But treadmill exercise is more effective in lowering fasting blood glucose levels than ergocycle exercise. Future research is recommended to compare moderate-intensity treadmill exercise vs. moderate-intensity resistance exercise against decreased fasting blood glucose levels in obese women

COMPARISON OF EFFECTS OF PROBIOTICS AND SITAGLIPTIN ON SERUM GLUCOSE IN DIABETIC RATS

Background: Diabetes mellitus has become a major disease having catastrophic effects on health and economy globally. This study was conducted to determine the role of Probiotics in comparison to Sitagliptin in decreasing serum glucose levels in diabetic rats. Methods: Fifty male rats were divided into two groups: Normal control group-A (n=10) and Experimental group-B (n=40). Group-B was administered Streptozotocin to induce diabetes, which was confirmed after one week by measuring Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) (&gt;7 mmol/L were considered diabetic). Then group B was subdivided into BI (Diabetic Control), BII (Sitagliptin treated), BIII (Probiotics treated) and BIV (Sitagliptin plus Probiotics treated) with 10 rats each. Baseline serum glucose was measured at day zero. Next sampling was done on day 40, after administering Probiotics (250 mg/Kg) and Sitagliptin (10 mg/Kg). Terminal sampling was done on day 60. Statistical analysis was done on SPSS-21. Comparisons between the groups were analysed using one-way ANOVA (post-hoc Tuckey test), and p&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Rats in Probiotic treated group-BIII had significant reduction in fasting blood glucose levels with efficacy comparable to Sitagliptin in group-BII (p&lt;0.05). Synergistic effect of Sitagliptin plus Probiotics in group-BIV was greater (p&lt;0.05) than their individual effects in groups-BII and BIII. Conclusion: Probiotics significantly decrease fasting blood glucose in diabetic rats with efficacy comparable to Sitagliptin. Synergistic effect of Sitagliptin plus Probiotics is greater than their individual effects. Pak J Physiol 2021;17(4):27?30