Decreased Blood Glucose Levels Research Articles

Fortification of Fermented Camel Milk with Salvia officinalis L. or Mentha piperita Leaves Powder and Its Biological Effects on Diabetic Rats.

The incorporation of fermented camel milk with natural additives possesses numerous benefits for the treatment of various pathological and metabolic conditions. The present study investigated the impact of fortification of fermented camel milk with sage or mint leaves powder (1 and 1.5%, respectively) on glucose and insulin levels, lipid profile, and liver and kidney functions in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The gross chemical composition of sage and peppermint leaves powder was studied. The chemical composition of sage and mint extracts was performed using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) of sage and mint extracts. Furthermore, a total of forty-two adult normal male albino rats were included in this study, whereas one group was kept as the healthy control group (n = 6 rats) and diabetes was induced in the remaining animals (n = 36 rats) using alloxan injection (150 mg/kg of body weight). Among diabetic rats groups, a control group (n = 6 rats) was kept as the diabetic control group whereas the other 5 groups (6 rats per group) of diabetic rats were fed fermented camel milk (FCM) or fermented camel milk fortified with 1 and 1.5% of sage or mint leaves powder. Interestingly, the oral administration of fermented camel milk fortified with sage or mint leaves powder, at both concentrations, caused a significant decrease in blood glucose level and lipid profile, and an increase in insulin level compared to the diabetic control and FCM groups. Among others, the best results were observed in the group of animals that received fermented camel milk fortified with 1.5% sage powder. In addition, the results revealed that the fermented camel milk fortified with sage or mint leaves powder improved the liver and kidney functions of diabetic rats. Our study concluded that the use of sage and mint leaves powder (at a ratio of 1.5%) with fermented camel milk produces functional food products with anti-diabetic activity.

The Influence of Sildenafil-Metformin Combination on Hyperalgesia and Biochemical Markers in Diabetic Neuropathy in Mice.

Background and objectives: Worldwide, approximately 500 million people suffer from diabetes and at least 50% of these people develop neuropathy. Currently, therapeutic strategies for reducing diabetic neuropathy (DN)-associated pain are limited and have several side effects. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the antihyperalgesic action of different sildenafil (phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor) and metformin (antihyperglycemic agent) combinations in alloxan-induced DN. Methods: The study included 100 diabetic mice and 20 non-diabetic mice that were subjected to hot and cold stimulus tests. Furthermore, we determined the influence of this combination on TNF-α, IL-6 and nitrites levels in brain and liver tissues. Results: In both the hot-plate and tail withdrawal test, all sildenafil-metformin combinations administered in our study showed a significant increase in pain reaction latencies when compared to the diabetic control group. Furthermore, all combinations decreased blood glucose levels due to the hypoglycemic effect of metformin. Additionally, changes in nitrite levels and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) were observed after 14 days of treatment with different sildenafil-metformin combinations. Conclusions: The combination of these two substances increased the pain reaction latency of diabetic animals in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, all sildenafil-metformin combinations significantly reduced the concentration of nitrites in the brain and liver, which are final products formed under the action of iNOS.

A pharmacokinetic study to correlate the hypoglycemic effect of phlorizin in rats: Identification of metabolites as inhibitors of sodium/glucose cotransporters.

Phlorizin (PRZ) is a natural product that belongs to a class of dihydrochalcones. The unique pharmacological property of PRZ is to block glucose absorption or reabsorption through specific and competitive inhibitors of the sodium/glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) in the intestine (SGLT1) and kidney (SGLT2). This results in glycosuria by inhibiting renal reabsorption of glucose and can be used as an adjuvant treatment for type 2 diabetes. The pharmacokinetic profile, metabolites of the PRZ, and efficacy of metabolites towards SGLTs are unknown. Therefore, the present study on the characterization of hitherto unknown in vivo metabolites of PRZ and pharmacokinetic profiling using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI/MS/MS) and accurate mass measurements is undertaken. Plasma, urine, and feces samples were collected after oral administration of PRZ to Sprague-Dawley rats to identify in vivo metabolites. Furthermore, in silico efficacy of the identified metabolites was evaluated by docking study. PRZ at an intraperitoneal dose of 400 mg/kg showed maximum concentration in the blood to 439.32 ± 8.84 ng/mL at 1 h, while phloretin showed 14.38 ± 0.33 ng/mL at 6 h. The pharmacokinetic profile of PRZ showed that the maximum concentration lies between 1 and 2 h after dosing. Decreased blood glucose levels and maximum excretion of glucose in the urine were observed when the PRZ and metabolites were observed in plasma. The identification and characterization of PRZ metabolites by LC/ESI/MS/MS further revealed that the phase I metabolites of PRZ are hydroxy (mono-, di-, and tri-) and reduction. Phase II metabolites are O-methylated, O-acetylated, O-sulfated, and glucuronide metabolites of PRZ. Further docking study revealed that the metabolites diglucuronide metabolite of mono-hydroxylated PRZ and mono-glucuronidation of PRZ could be considered novel inhibitors of SGLT1 and SGLT2, respectively, which show better binding affinities than their parent compound PRZ and the known inhibitors.

Rapid Reduction of HbA1c and Early Worsening of Diabetic Retinopathy: A Real-world Population-Based Study in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes.

Early worsening of diabetic retinopathy (EWDR) due to the rapid decrease of blood glucose levels is a concern in diabetes treatment. The aim of the current study is to evaluate whether this is an important issue in subjects with type 2 diabetes with mild or moderate nonproliferative DR (NPDR), who represent the vast majority of subjects with DR attended in primary care. This is a retrospective nested case-control study of subjects with type 2 diabetes and previous mild or moderate NPDR. Using the SIDIAP ("Sistema d'informació pel Desenvolupament de la Recerca a Atenció Primària") database, we selected 1,150 individuals with EWDR and 1,150 matched control subjects (DR without EWDR). The main variable analyzed was the magnitude of the reduction of HbA1c in the previous 12 months. The reduction of HbA1c was categorized as rapid (>1.5% reduction in <12 months) or very rapid (>2% in <6 months). We did not find any significant difference in HbA1c reduction between case and control subjects (0.13 ± 1.21 vs. 0.21 ± 1.18; P = 0.12). HbA1c reduction did not show significant association with worsening of DR, neither in the unadjusted analyses nor in adjusted statistical models that included the main confounding variables: duration of diabetes, baseline HbA1c, presence of hypertension, and antidiabetic drugs. In addition, when stratification by baseline HbA1c was performed, we did not find that those patients with higher levels of HbA1c presented a higher risk to EWDR. Our results suggest that the rapid reduction of HbA1c is not associated with progression of mild or moderate NPDR.

Phytochemicals from Zingiber capitatum rhizome as potential α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors for the management of Type-II diabetes mellitus: Inferences from in vitro, in vivo and in-silico investigations

Diabetes mellitus is known to be one of the most challenging public health issues of the 21st century. The unwanted side effects associated with conventional synthetic antidiabetic medications have compelled the quest for natural antidiabetic drugs. Therefore, in this study, in vitro, in vivo, and in silico antidiabetic effects of Zingiber capitatum methanol extract (ZcME) were evaluated. ZcME exhibited potent inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase as evidenced by an IC50 value of 0.45 mg/ml compared to standard voglibose (IC50 = 0.31 mg/ml). The administration of ZcME at 400 mg/kg significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the fasting blood glucose level compared to the diabetic control group after 20 days of treatment. ZcME decreased blood glucose levels 25.80% on day 1, 45.58% on day 10, and up to 59.17% on day 20 when given at 400 mg/kg BW. Furthermore, GC–MS examination of the plant extracts revealed the presence of sterols, aliphatic acids, aromatics, and esters. In silico study affirm the experimental findings, where the identified compounds showed strong binding affinities against α-glucosidase (7.9 kcal/mol), α-amylase (9.7 kcal/mol), and glycogen phosphorylase enzymes (7.7 kcal/mol), highlighting the antidiabetic potential of ZcME.

Potential use of Balanophora latisepala (V. Tiegh.) Lec. extract for the treatment of diabetes.

Balanophora latisepala (BL) is a chlorophyll-free and obligate parasitic plant found across mountainous areas of An Giang, Vietnam. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of extracts from BL, herbs mentioned in many traditional medicines in the treatment of diabetes, on laboratory mice. The effects of BL aqueous, methanol, and ethanol extracts on the blood glucose levels, hematological indices, liver enzymes, and pancreatic tissue structure of normal, glucose-tolerant mice, and diabetic mice treated with streptozotocin (STZ) were assessed. Mice were orally administered extracts at a concentration of 500 mg/kg. The aqueous and ethanol extracts did not affect the blood glucose levels of healthy and glucose-tolerant mice (P > 0.05). The methanol extract reduced the blood glucose of healthy mice (P < 0.05) but did not affect the blood glucose of glucose-tolerant mice 3 h after administration (P > 0.05). When taking the methanol and ethanol extracts, the diabetic mice experienced a 45.67% and a 40.33% decrease in blood glucose levels after 21 days of research, respectively. Aqueous extract and gliclazide (10 mg/kg) showed no effect on reducing blood glucose levels in diabetic mice over the 21 days of the study. Both methanol and ethanol extracts were effective in regulating liver enzyme levels in diabetic mice. In both untreated and treated diabetic mice, pancreatic islet structures were degraded with the appearance of gaps resulting from β-cell degeneration. This implies that ethanol extracts have potential applications in regulating blood glucose levels.

In Vivo Anti-Diabetes Potential of Huntera Umbellata Seed

The possible use of ethanol extract of Hunteria umbellata seed as a curative agent in alloxan-induced diabetic rats was investigated. A total of forty-eight adult albino Wistar rats (male: weighed 150 g – 250 g; aged 16 – 19 weeks) were used for this study. Completely randomized design was used for this experiment. Standard methods were used to ascertain the blood glucose levels, kidney function test, serum lipid profile, and liver enzymes. Also, the radical scavenging activity was carried out using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picyhydrazyl) method. The results showed that the administration of alloxan has led to significantly increased blood glucose levels in rats. The diabetic control group had constant high blood glucose level that was &gt;250 mg/dl, whereas a significant decrease in blood glucose level was witnessed when the rats were pre-treated with the seed extract. Again, the extract was found to reduce certain biochemical parameters such as overall cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea and creatinine. while high density lipoprotein was increased. Also, the radical scavenging activity (RSA) study revealed that the seed has inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 227.34 µg/ml as compared to the IC50 of superoxide dismutase (389.73 µg/ml).The observed effects of the extract could be possibly due to its ability to reduce oxidative damage to insulin-producing β-cell membranes, thus, resulting in increased insulin concentration and sensitivity in the cells. Therefore, in this study it was suggested that ethanol extracts of osu seeds could be a potential candidate for the management of diabetes due to its hypoglycaemic effects.

Comparative Therapeutic Effect of Single/Combined Administration of Saxagliptin, Metformin and Intranasal Insulin on Dexamethasone Induced Insulin Resistance in Albino Wistar Rat Model.

Glucocorticoids have therapeutic benefits in the management of several inflammatory and immunological disorders. Despite these medicinal effects, they have the drawback of causing metabolic disorders such as hyperglycemia, insulin resistance etc., which is known to be a key indicator of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a major predisposing factor to type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiomyopathy. This study was designed to compare and evaluate the effects of saxagliptin, metformin and intranasal insulin (when used singly or in combination) on dexamethasone induced insulin resistance. Fifty-six female rats were randomly assigned into eight groups. Group 1 represented the control; Group 2 was administered with dexamethasone (1mg/kg) (untreated); Group 3 received dexamethasone + intranasal insulin (2IU); Group 4 received dexamethasone + intranasal insulin + metformin (40mg/kg); Group 5; received dexamethasone + intranasal + saxagliptin (8mg/kg); Group 6 received dexamethasone + metformin (40mg/kg); Group 7 received dexamethasone + saxagliptin (8mg/kg); Group 8 received dexamethasone + saxagliptin(8mg/kg) + metformin(40mg/kg). Treatments were given for one week. At the end of the study, blood samples were collected for biochemical assays and pancreas excised for histological examination. Dexamethasone (1mg/kg) induced hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance and disrupted the structural integrity of the pancreas. Treatment with saxagliptin, metformin and their combination significantly decreased blood glucose level, decreased LDL Level and improved glucose tolerance. The selected hypoglycemic agents used in present study ameliorate the dexamethasone induced hyperglycemia and insulin resistance of which the combination of metformin with saxagliptin showed greater efficacy.

Peptides originally derived from Chilobrachys jingzhao tarantula venom possess beneficial effects on pancreatic beta cell health and function

Clinical approval of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) mimetic exenatide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes highlights the therapeutic effectiveness of venom-derived peptides. In the present study, we examined and characterised the glucose-lowering potential of synthetic Jingzhaotoxin IX and Jingzhaotoxin XI peptides, which were originally isolated from the venom of the Chinese earth tarantula Chilobrachys jingzhao. Following confirmation of lack of beta-cell toxicity of synthetic peptides, assessment of enzymatic stability and effects on in vitro beta-cell function were studied, alongside putative mechanisms. Glucose homeostatic and appetite suppressive actions of Jingzhaotoxin IX and Jingzhaotoxin XI alone, or in combination with exenatide, were then assessed in normal overnight fasted C57BL/6 mice. Synthetic Jingzhaotoxin peptides were non-toxic and exhibited a decrease in mass of 6 Da in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer suggesting inhibitor cysteine knot (ICK)-like formation, but interestingly were liable to plasma enzyme degradation. The Jingzhaotoxin peptides evoked prominent insulin secretion from BRIN BD11 beta-cells, with activity somewhat characteristic of Kv2.1 channel binding. In addition, Jingzhaotoxin peptides enhanced beta-cell proliferation and provided significant protection against cytokine-induced apoptosis. When injected co-jointly with glucose, the Jingzhaotoxin peptides slightly decreased blood-glucose levels but had no effect on appetite in overnight fasted mice. Whilst the Jingzhaotoxin peptides did not enhance exenatide-induced benefits on glucose homeostasis, they augmented exenatide-mediated suppression of appetite. Taken together, these data highlight the therapeutic potential of tarantula venom-derived peptides, such as Jingzhaotoxin IX and Jingzhaotoxin XI either alone or in combination with exenatide, for diabetes and related obesity.

Harnessing Ashitaba Extract: A Promising Solution for Regulating Blood Glucose in High Glucose Diet Mice

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood sugar levels brought on by a deficiency in insulin quality, production, or both. In order to achieve the projected target blood glucose levels and limit the progression of sickness, diet continues to be the first line of ongoing effort. This study aims to determine how ashitaba extract influences blood glucose decrease. The study's subjects were healthy mice over a month old weighing 30–40 grams. The sample consisted of 30 mice in total. The One Way Anova statistical test was utilized for data analysis in this study. The outcomes demonstrated that administering Ashitaba extracts to hyperglycemic mice decreased blood glucose levels, as evidenced by a sig value of 0.004 (sig α &lt; 0.05).

Based on network pharmacology to explore the effect and mechanism of Yipibushen decoction in improving obese type 2 diabetes mellitus with oligoasthenotspermia

A traditional Chinese medicine experience compound known as Yipibushen (YPBS) decoction stimulates qi and nourishes yin, stimulates the kidney and solid essence, dissolves phlegm and eliminates stasis. YPBS decoction has proven to be successful in treating obese type 2 diabetes mellitus with oligoasthenotspermia in clinical settings. Nevertheless, the pharmacological mechanism is not understood. Investigating the mechanism of action of YPBS decoction in enhancing the obese type 2 diabetes mellitus with oligoasthenotspermia involved network pharmacology and animal validation techniques. The YPBS Decoction' active components were found in the TCMSP database and their targets were identified using UniProtKB. Additionally, targets for the obese type 2 diabetes mellitus with oligoasthenotspermia were found in the GeneCard, DisGeNet, TTD and OMIM databases. The intersection of active ingredients, the obese type 2 diabetes mellitus with oligoasthenotspermia was chosen as the intersection target. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the intersection target was built with the aid of Cytoscape 3.9.1, the core target of PPI was obtained through software analysis in R-project, GO enrichment and KEGG enrichment analysis was carried out on the core target. Finally, animal experiments were used to verify the intersection target. The research revealed 74 intersection targets of YPBS decoction active ingredients in the obese type 2 diabetes mellitus with oligoasthenotspermia. There were also 18 PPI core targets, GO enrichment analysis of PPI core targets involving response to oxidative stress, membrane raft, DNA-binding transcription regulator complex and other biological processes; KEGG involving endocrine resistance, PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, apoptosis and other signal pathways. In the obese type 2 diabetes mellitus with oligoasthenotspermia mice, animal studies have shown that YPBS decoction group could decrease blood glucose levels and improve insulin resistance; improve testicular function, enhance sperm count, sperm motility, sperm viability, and decrease the malformation rate. It could increase the levels of T-SOD and GSH-Px, and decrease the MDA level. In addition to this, it could improve the amount of testosterone hormone, and enhance the expression of PI3K, p-AKT and Bcl-2. By controlling the degree of oxidative stress and the PI3K/AKT/Bcl-2 pathway, YPBS decoction may enhance the obese type 2 diabetes mellitus with Oligoasthenotspermia, provide a scientific basis for clinical diagnosis and therapy.

The Blood Sugar Trends in Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Comparative Study before and after Amputation Surgery

Background: The diabetic foot is a chronic complication of diabetes. There is a strong relationship between glucose levels, the severity of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), and the need for amputation. This study aimed to evaluate the blood sugar (BS) trends before and after surgery in patients with DFU who had been amputated.&#x0D; Methods: The adult patients who had undergone DFU-related amputation surgery between 2017 and 2020 in Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran, Iran, were evaluated. The cases whose BS levels were charted at least three days before and after amputation were recruited. The main data, including hypoglycemia (defined as a blood glucose level &lt; 70 mg/dl) and mean BS and fasting BS (FBS) levels, were recorded. The data were then analyzed and compared before and after amputation.&#x0D; Results: Of 267 patients reviewed for inclusion criteria, 55 patients were included in the study. Twenty-eight patients (50.9%) were men, and the mean age was 60 years. The mean FBS before and after amputation was 229.5 and 181.3 mg/dl, respectively, and the mean BS before and after amputation was 227.3 and 197.8 mg/dl, respectively. The differences were significant (P &lt; 0.001). Twelve patients (21.8%) before and 21 patients (36.4%) after amputation suffered from hypoglycemia (P = 0.057).&#x0D; Conclusion: DFU-related amputation is associated with a significant decrease in blood glucose levels and inflammatory indexes. However, it can increase the risk of hypoglycemia during the first three days after the surgery.

The Effect of Diabetes Exercises on Decreasing Glucose Levels in the Elderly

High blood glucose levels often appear after a person is over 45 years old in those who are overweight because their body has decreased sensitivity to insulin. Glucose levels that are not appropriately controlled for an extended period can lead to complications in the heart, brain blood vessels, leg blood vessels, nerves, kidneys and eyes. One of the physical activities that can reduce blood glucose levels is exercise. The study aimed to determine the effect of diabetes exercises on blood glucose levels in the elderly at risk of DM. The research design used a quasi-experimental with one group pretest and post-test to determine the effect of diabetes exercises on blood glucose levels and exercise on diabetes three times a week within four weeks. Exercises were done every two days with a duration of 30 minutes. Blood glucose levels were measured before and after the intervention of diabetes exercise. The measuring instrument used to assess blood glucose levels is a glucometer. The result of the Wilcoxon test was (p = 0.000), which means that exercise affects the blood glucose level of the elderly. Diabetic exercise for four weeks showed a significant decrease in blood glucose levels.&#x0D; Keywords: Blood Glucose, Diabetes Exercise, Elderly

Hypoglycemic effects of dendrobium officinale leaves.

Introduction: Numerous studies have demonstrated that the stems of D. officinale have the effect of lowering blood glucose, but the leaves of D. officinale have seldom been investigated. In this study, we mainly studied the hypoglycemic effect and mechanism of D. officinale leaves. Methods: Initially in vivo, male C57BL/6 mice were administered either standard feed (10kcal% fat) or high-fat feed (60kcal% fat) along with either normal drinking water or drinking water containing 5g/L water extract of D. officinale leaves (EDL) for 16weeks, and changes in body weight, food intake, blood glucose, etc., were monitored weekly. Next in vitro, C2C12 myofiber precursor cells which were induced to differentiate into myofibroblasts and cultured with EDL to detect the expression of insulin signaling pathway related proteins. HEPA cells were also cultured with EDL to detect the expression of hepatic gluconeogenesis or hepatic glycogen synthesis related proteins. Eventually after separating the components from EDL by ethanol and 3kDa ultrafiltration centrifuge tube, we conducted animal experiments using the ethanol-soluble fraction of EDL (ESFE), ethanol-insoluble fraction of EDL (EIFE), ESFE with a molecular weight of >3kDa (>3kDa ESFE), and ESFE with a molecular weight of <3kDa (<3kDa ESFE) for intensive study. Results: The results in vivo revealed that the mice fed the high-fat diet exhibited significantly decreased blood glucose levels and significantly increased glucose tolerance after the EDL treatment, whereas the mice fed the low-fat diet did not. The results in vitro showed that EDL activated the expression of protein kinase B (AKT), the phosphorylation of AKT, and the expression of downstream GSK3β in the insulin signaling pathway. EDL treatment of HEPA cells confirmed that EDL did not affect hepatic gluconeogenesis or hepatic glycogen synthesis. In the experiment of studying the composition of EDL, we found that the >3kDa ESFE displayed the effect of lowering blood glucose. In summary, the effect of EDL in lowering blood glucose may bethanole achieved by activating the insulin signaling pathway to increase insulin sensitivity, and the main functional substance was contained within the >3kDa ESFE. Discussion: The findings of this study represent a reference point for further exploration of the hypoglycemic effects of D. officinale leaves and may assist in both the identification of new molecular mechanisms to improve insulin sensitivity and the isolation of monomeric substances that lower blood glucose. Furthermore, the obtained results may provide a theoretical basis for the development of hypoglycemic drugs with D. officinale leaves as the main component.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN SALAM ( SYZYGIUM POLYANTHUM WIGHT) TERHADAP KADAR GLUKOSA DARAH PADA MENCIT PUTIH YANG DI INDUKSI ALOKSAN

Effect of Ethanol Extract of Bay Leaf (Syzygium polyanthum Wight.) Against Blood Glucose Levels In Alloxan Induced White Mice. Thesis, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deli Husada Deli Tua Health Institute. (Supervised by: apt. Linta Meliala, S.Si.,M.Si.) Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder which is characterized by an increase in blood glucose levels. Obesity and overweight are risk factors for type 2 diabetes (WHO, 2019). One of the non-pharmacological drugs that can be used for diabetes mellitus is bay leaf. Bay leaves (Eugenia polyantha) are spread in various areas, both in the mountains and in the lowlands. To determine the antidiabetic activity of the ethanolic extract of bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum Wight.) in alloxan-induced mice compared with glibenclamide.Experimental study using 25 mice induced with alloxan and divided into 5 groups. Group 1 (negative control) CMC Na 0.5%, group 2 (positive control) Glibenclamide dose 0.0026 mg/kgBW, group 3 bay leaf extract at 250 mg/kgBW, group 4 bay leaf extract at 500 mg/kgBW, group 5 bay leaf extract dose of 750 mg/kgBW. Extraction using maceration method with 96% ethanol as solvent. From the results of the study, each treatment group experienced a decrease in blood glucose levels. Of the 5 treatment groups, the best reduction in blood glucose levels was glibenclamide. The positive control of glibenclamide produced a faster reduction effect than the ethanolic extract of bay leaf. The greatest effectiveness in the ethanol extract of bay leaf 750 mg/kgBW with a faster decrease in blood glucose levels was almost equivalent to the positive control. Ethanol extract of bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) can reduce blood glucose levels in male white mice induced with alloxan

Antioxidants in the extract of balinese salak rind (Salacca amboinensis (Becc) Mogea) as an alternative substance to decrease blood sugar levels among Mus musculus L. with hyperglycemia

This study aims to determine the antioxidant potential of Balinese salak rind extract (Salacca amboinensis (Becc) Mogea) (BSRE) as an antihyperglycemic agent in male white mice with hyperglycemia. The research was conducted in three stages extraction of Balinese salak rind using 96% ethanol, phytochemical screening, and antihyperglycemic activity testing. Mice were hyperglycemia induced by alloxan. Mice were divided into five groups consisting of negative control (Aquadest), positive control (Glibenclamide 13 mg/Kg BW), dose 1 (200 mg BSRE/kg BW), dose 2 (400 mg BSRE/kg BW), dose 3 (600 mg BSRE/kg BW). Phytochemical screening showed that the BSRE was positive for containing alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. The analysis results on the BSRE showed an IC50 value of 81,76 ppm, including strong antioxidant activity. The activity of blood glucose levels showed that BSRE could decrease blood glucose levels of Mus musculus L. with hyperglycemia.

Effects of fermented and non-fermented garlic as an anti-diabetic on blood glucose levels of wistar rat

Background. Garlic (Allium sativum Liin) is a root vegetable crop that is widely grown in different countries in the world. Garlic has chemical contents that are useful to health, like phytochemicals that are anti-diabetics, including flavonoids and saponins. Flavonoids and saponins have the function of deferring the absorption of carbohydrates so that glucose levels within the blood diminish. Objective. This research aims to compare the effect of fermented garlic (FG) and non-fermented garlic (NFG) on insulin levels. Materials and Methods. This study is an experimental laboratory in a completely randomized design. The study was completed in the Biochemistry Laboratory of Universitas Airlangga. The sample population in this study was 25 white male Wistar rats. The dosage of FG and NFG used in this study is 75mg/kg BW. Data analysis used the Tukey HSD test with a 95% confidence level. The average comparison test for each group was carried out using the significant (P&lt;0.05) manova test. Results. The results of this research indicate that the FG and NFG extract at a dose of 75 mg/kg BW can effectively decrease blood glucose levels, reduce malondialdehyde, and do not increase insulin levels. Conclusions. All in all, garlic has antioxidant and antidiabetic properties and can decrease blood glucose levels in Wistar rats.

FTIR and multivariate analysis of total phenolic content, antioxidant and anti-amylase activities of extracts and milk of Glycine max L. and Phaseolus vulgaris L.

BackgroundAlpha-amylase is a digestive enzyme which hydrolyses the glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides into monosaccharides. Inhibition of α-amylase can help to retard carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine and decrease blood glucose level. The effect of solvent extraction and milk processing on total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant and anti-amylase activities, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of Glycine max L. and Phaseolus vulgaris L. were estimated by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). ResultsThe result showed that the aqueous extract of P. vulgaris L. had the greatest antioxidant activity and anti-amylase activity, while the ethanol extract of G. max L. showed the greatest TPC. Interestingly, the milk of P. vulgaris L. seed showed the greatest level of TPC, antioxidant activity and anti-amylase activity. Mixed milk of G. max L. and P. vulgaris L. (8:2 v/v) showed high anti-amylase activity, while the mixed milk (5:5 v/v) showed high TPC and antioxidant activity. The FTIR result showed five wavenumber ranges associated with functional groups of phenolic compounds. Moreover, the PLS-SEM result revealed a significant positive correlation between TCP and FTIR data (β = 0.335, t = 2.112, p-value < 0.05), and between TCP and antioxidant activity (β = 0.346, t = 2.150, p-value < 0.05). ConclusionsThe result indicated that the solvent types and cooked beans could affect the biological activities and chemical content. The application of chemical content, biological activities, and FTIR technique combined with PLS-SEM and PCA analysis could discriminate bean types, solvent types, and between raw and cooked beans.How to cite: Thummajitsakul S, Paensanit P, Saeieo T, et al. FTIR and multivariate analysis of total phenolic content, antioxidant and anti-amylase activities of extracts and milk of Glycine max L.and Phaseolus vulgaris L. Electron J Biotechnol 2023;64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2023.04.001.

The Effect of Butterfly Pea Extract on Blood Glucose Levels in White Rats with Metabolic Syndrome Model

&lt;p class="AbstractNormal"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction:&lt;/strong&gt; Metabolic syndrome is an accumulation of several disorders, one of which is hyperglycemia. &lt;em&gt;Clitoria ternatea&lt;/em&gt; is a plant that contains lots of flavonoids and is known to reduce blood glucose levels in metabolic syndrome. This study aimed to determine the effect of butterfly pea extract (&lt;em&gt;Clitoria ternatea&lt;/em&gt;) on blood glucose levels in white rats with metabolic syndrome models.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="AbstractNormal"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This research is an experimental study using animal models with pre and post-test control group design method. The number of samples was 30 male white rats which were divided into 5 groups: group 1–negative control group; group 2–positive control group; group 3, group 4, and group 5 were the metabolic syndrome group which was given &lt;em&gt;Clitoria ternatea&lt;/em&gt; extract with doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kgBW, respectively for 28 days. Measurement of blood glucose levels for all groups was carried out on the 36&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; day as the pre-test and the 64&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; day as the post-test. Blood glucose levels were obtained through retroorbital venous blood which was analyzed with the Easy Touch blood glucose stick meter. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze data, followed by post-hoc LSD test, and paired T-test.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="AbstractNormal"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The average post-test random blood glucose levels decreased by 135.16 mg/dl, 163.18 mg/dl, and 168.35 mg/dl. There was a significant difference (p&amp;lt;0.05) between the pre-test and post-test blood glucose levels along with the average blood glucose level amongst groups.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="AbstractNormal"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Butterfly pea (&lt;em&gt;Clitoria ternatea&lt;/em&gt;) could decrease blood glucose levels and cause further decrease with higher doses.&lt;/p&gt;

SUBACCUTE TOXICITY YELLOW FLOWER EXTRACT (Cananga odorata) ON HISTOPATHOLOGY OF WHITE RAT HEART (Rattus norvegicus)

Background: The inflammatory process is influenced by chemical mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), cytokines, and arachidonic acid metabolites. Currently, herbal treatment techniques are preferred by the public because they generally do not cause side effects. The therapeutic effect of herbal plants comes from the content of phytochemicals that have strong antioxidant activity. Objective of the study was to examine the phytochemical content and anti-inflammatory effects of Cananga odorata. Methodology: this research is a two-stage research, namely in vitro and in vivo tests. Many previous studies have proven that anti-inflammatory activity is not only related to antioxidant activity but also its ability to suppress the production of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This effect is still being developed using a variety of herbal plants. One of the plants whose effects have not been studied in the field of health-medicine is ylang flower. Cananga odorata (Annonaceae) or ylang flower plant is a tropical plant that has fragrant petals and thrives without requiring special care. Results of the study were total phenol 1,06 %w/w and antioxidant IC50 DPPH by spectrophotometric examination was 808.86 ppm. These results do not show good antioxidant activity of ylang flower extract. Research in rats showed a decrease in blood glucose levels but not in lipid profiles. Furthermore, the toxicity test did not show any toxicity in experimental rats. Histological appearances showed no differences in cardiovascular disease model mice with standard-feeding mice. Conclusions: Cananga odorata ethanol extract did not showed any toxicity on histopatology on white rat heart.