Decrease Air Pollution Research Articles

Health Co-Benefits of Policies to Mitigate Climate Change in the Transport Sector: Systematic Review

Background Theory, common sense and modelling studies suggest that some interventions to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transport sector can, in addition to the long term benefits from stabilising the global climate, have substantial short term benefits for population health. Policies that encourage active modes of transportation, for example, may increase population physical activity or decrease air pollution exposure. This can reduce the population burden of a number of conditions including some cancers, diabetes, heart disease and dementia. We reviewed the evidence on whether policies that decrease transport sector GHG emissions have a measurable effect on health determinants, population health and/or health inequalities under ‘real world’ conditions. Methods Design: Systematic review. Data sources: We included published and unpublished reports, identified from searching 12 electronic databases, reference lists, existing reviews, websites and contacting experts in the field. Eligibility: Observational or experimental studies with a control group and time series studies were included. Studies were included if they examined a ‘real life’ intervention/policy/natural experiment in the transport sector, and measured health behaviours or outcomes, and calculated GHG emission change. Results We included 22 studies of 11 interventions in four countries. Most studies were of quasi-experimental design and published in the grey literature. Eight were interventions of personalised travel planning, two involved legislative changes (one to enable a congestion charge in Stockholm, one a ‘cash-out’ of employee parking benefits), and one was a multifaceted intervention in three towns to promote sustainable modes of travel. Studies were focused on land transport only and almost exclusively on policies that try to change individual behaviour. There was little assessment of how these interventions could impact on health inequalities. All studies reported decreases in GHG emissions as a result of their interventions; however methods to assess emission changes varied in robustness. Health benefits reported from the studies included modest increases in physical activity (for example an average increase of two to three minutes a day walking for transport purposes) and reductions in mortality from air pollution. Study quality, with one exception, was poor. Conclusions Research quality urgently needs to improve, as does the breadth of the types of interventions studied. There are exciting opportunities for innovative study designs and methodologies to answer research questions in this important area. The need for public health practitioners to work more closely with the transport sector is paramount.

Effects of biodiesel made from swine and chicken fat residues on carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxide emissions

ABSTRACTThe effects of two alternative sources of animal fat-derived biodiesel feedstock on CO2, CO, NOx tailpipe emissions as well as fuel consumption were investigated. Biodiesel blends were produced from chicken and swine fat waste (FW-1) or floating fat (FW-2) collected from slaughterhouse wastewater treatment processes. Tests were conducted in an unmodified stationary diesel engine operating under idling conditions in attempt to simulate slow traffic in urban areas. Significant reductions in CO (up to 47% for B100; FW-2) and NOx (up to 20% for B5; FW-2 or B100; FW-1) were attained when using biodiesel fuels at the expense of 5% increase in fuel consumption. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to elucidate possible associations among gas (CO2, CO, and NOx) emissions, cetane number and iodine index with different sources of feedstock typically employed in the biodiesel industry. NOx, cetane number and iodine index were inversely proportional to CO2 and biodiesel concentration. High NOx emissions were reported from high iodine index biodiesel derived especially from forestry, fishery and some agriculture feedstocks, while the biodiesel derived from animal sources consistently presented lower iodine index mitigating NOx emissions. The obtained results point out the applicability of biodiesel fuels derived from fat-rich residues originated from animal production on mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. The information may encourage practitioners from biodiesel industry whilst contributing towards development of sustainable animal production.Implications: Emissions from motor vehicles can contribute considerably to the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The use of biodiesel to replace or augment diesel can not only decrease our dependency on fossil fuels but also help decrease air pollution. Thus, different sources of feedstocks are constantly being explored for affordable biodiesel production. However, the amount of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and/or nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions can vary largely depending on type of feedstock used to produce biodiesel. In this work, the authors demonstrated animal fat feasibility in replacing petrodiesel with less impact regarding greenhouse gas emissions than other sources.

Quantifying the particulate matter accumulation on leaf surfaces of urban plants in Beijing, China

Particulate matter is potentially harmful to human health but green tree species act as air filters to adhere these particulates. The elemental composition, number density, and size fractions of particles on leaf surfaces of 14 urban green from Xizhimen overpass and the Olympic Forest Park in Beijing, China were examined by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry. Particles that accumulated on leaves were comprised mainly of C, O, Si, Ca, Fe, and Pb. The number density of particles was 50,961.5 mm−2, and 52.9% and 25% of the particles were submicron (<1 μm) and fine (<2.5 μm), respectively. The densities and size fractions of the particles deposited on the adaxial and abaxial side of leaves were significantly different, and 24% of the particles were deposited on the abaxial side of leaves. The densities of the particles in four size fractions differed significantly among the species at the two sampling sites. Salix matsudana, Euonymus japonicus, Magnolia denudate, Sophora japonica, Amygdalus persica, and Salix babylonica efficiently captured all particle sizes on their leaf surfaces. S. matsudana, E. japonicus, M. denudate, S. japonica, Fraxinus chinensis, and Ginkgo biloba efficiently captured submicron and fine particles, which can have serious effects on human health. These differences among species provide more insight into the sink capacity of green tree species, and the efficiencies of plant species for trapping particulates can be used to guide urban tree planning and decrease air pollution.

Effects of air pollution on the skin: A review.

The increase in air pollution over the years has had major effects on the human skin. Various air pollutants such as ultraviolet radiation, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, oxides, particulate matter, ozone and cigarette smoke affect the skin as it is the outermost barrier. Air pollutants damage the skin by inducing oxidative stress. Although human skin acts as a biological shield against pro-oxidative chemicals and physical air pollutants, prolonged or repetitive exposure to high levels of these pollutants may have profound negative effects on the skin. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation has been associated with extrinsic skin aging and skin cancers. Cigarette smoke contributes to premature aging and an increase in the incidence of psoriasis, acne and skin cancers. It is also implicated in allergic skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis and eczema. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons are associated with extrinsic skin aging, pigmentation, cancers and acneiform eruptions. Volatile organic compounds have been associated with atopic dermatitis. Given the increasing levels of air pollution and its detrimental effects on the skin, it is advisable to use strategies to decrease air pollution.

Comparative Analysis of the Noise Elimination Based on the Wtbmra with Various Decomposition/Reconstruction Levels Level for a PEMFC

Recently, in order to fulfill the requirements for decreasing air pollution caused by the use of fossil fuels and achieving low or zero emission, some renewable sources such as solar, hydrogen fuel cells, wind, geothermal, biomass, and tidal energy have been taken center stage under the international spotlight. Among them, the fuel cell has been broadly considered as a renewable and environmental energy-conversion solution for settling aforementioned problem. Specifically, the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has numerous advantages including low-operating temperature, fast start-up ability, high current density, and high potential for low cost when compared to other sources. Then, in order to utilize this PEMFC efficiently, it is surely necessary to have an optimal fuel cell management system. For this purpose, an equivalent electrical-circuit model (ECM) should be elaborately designed to describe the dynamic characteristic of the fuel cell terminal voltage in a PEMFC. Therefore, the most important thing in the ECM-based fuel cell management is to achieve an accurate experimental PEMFC voltage signal (EPVS). Unfortunately, there may be at risk for instantaneous and unwanted sensing of noisy. This absolutely results in erroneous fuel cell management system caused by noise-including EPVS loss. As a result, there should be an imperative to investigate a sophisticated approach to eliminate the noise from this inevitable loss. So far, no definitive solution has been provided to settle this problem.This approach newly gives insight to the design and implementation of the wavelet transform-based multi resolution analysis (WTBMRA) for noise elimination and ultimately an efficient PEMFC operation accomplishment. As is well known, the WTBMRA is more remarkable for processing of signal that having non-stationary and transient phenomena characteristics. Fortunately, because of various fuel cell voltage forms by different time intervals and magnitudes, the EPVS can sufficiently considered as an original signal in the WTBMRA. The WTBMRA has the decomposition and reconstruction abilities with a vigorous function of both time and frequency localization of the EPVS. Therefore, it is capable of obtaining low- and high-frequency components An and Dn . Like other studies dealing with noise elimination, there are three steps for noise elimination in this approach. The noticeable difference between previous approaches and the proposed approach is to compare the analytic results of noise elimination with various decomposition levels based on the WTBMRA. According to this analysis, it can be expected to select an optimal decomposition level that clearly shows the high performance on noise elimination under the same condition of mother wavelet. Basically, this approach finally considered the Daubechies as a mother wavelet which belongs to the family of orthogonal wavelet filtering the WTBMRA. For reference, the Daubechies wavelet (db) is extensively used in solving a board rage of problems due to its orthogonal property. In this approach, the decomposition and reconstruction scale in the WTBMRA is selected as 3. With regard to the signal-to-noise (SNR) ration, all comparative analyses are elaborately evaluated for determining the optimal decomposition and reconstruction levels. Two techniques on noise elimination such as hard-thresholding and soft-thresholding with threshold value by VisuShrink calculation are implemented. Consequently, our analytic results sufficiently the suggest the clear comparison by showing the SNR difference using two techniques. From this approach, there are two conclusions. The first conclusion is that the performance on noise elimination using soft-thresholding is always inferior to that of hard-thresholding. The second conclusion is that there are the highest SNR values at each specified decomposition and reconstruction levels. Our experimental apparatus basically designed for obtaining the noise-including EPVS from the PEMFC by the ‘Materials and Electro-Chemistry Laboratory’ in Inha University. Figure 1

“Team Play” between Renewable Energy Sources and Vehicle Fleet to Decrease Air Pollution

The reduction of air pollutants for the purpose of maintaining or improving air quality across the globe is a fundamental concern to which all modern governments are allocating varying amounts of attention and resources. The successful amelioration of air pollution requires strategic investments in the commercialization and adoption of “clean energy technologies” by both private and public entities, the conversion of contemporary houses to “smart houses”, the diffusion of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) including photovoltaic systems (PV), wind farms, and different forms of bioenergy, and the integration of electric-powered vehicles. In concert with these ideas, this paper aims to discuss the possibility of undertaking a feasibility study in two countries Canada and Italy concerning the integration of electric vehicles (EVs) and electric motorcycles (EMs). The proposed feasibility study would seek to assess the prospect of replacing the current vehicle fleets in these two countries with EVs in a manner that utilizes renewable energy sources and, thus, does not generate new toxic emissions. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that a pronounced introduction and distribution of RES, EVs, and EMs can operate as a great opportunity for both the environment and the capacities and needs of energy production. Today, the EV is not widespread. With this contribution, it is shown how EVs can be well integrated with renewable energy. Therefore, it is the duty of governments to implement policy strategies, in order to spread them across more territory.

Association of Improved Air Quality With Lung Development in Children

WJ Gauderman, R Urman, E Avol. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:905–913 To determine the effects of decreased air pollution in Southern California over 3 separate calendar periods from 1994 to 1998, 1997 to 2001, and 2007 to 2011. Children 11 to 15 years of age living in Southern California communities. There were 2120 children enrolled in 12 Southern California communities, and …

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The Effects of Urban Form on Ambient Air Pollution and Public Health Risk: A Case Study in Raleigh, North Carolina.

Since motor vehicles are a major air pollution source, urban designs that decrease private automobile use could improve air quality and decrease air pollution health risks. Yet, the relationships among urban form, air quality, and health are complex and not fully understood. To explore these relationships, we model the effects of three alternative development scenarios on annual average fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) concentrations in ambient air and associated health risks from PM2.5 exposure in North Carolina's Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill area. We integrate transportation demand, land-use regression, and health risk assessment models to predict air quality and health impacts for three development scenarios: current conditions, compact development, and sprawling development. Compact development slightly decreases (-0.2%) point estimates of regional annual average PM2.5 concentrations, while sprawling development slightly increases (+1%) concentrations. However, point estimates of health impacts are in opposite directions: compact development increases (+39%) and sprawling development decreases (-33%) PM2.5-attributable mortality. Furthermore, compactness increases local variation in PM2.5 concentrations and increases the severity of local air pollution hotspots. Hence, this research suggests that while compact development may improve air quality from a regional perspective, it may also increase the concentration of PM2.5 in local hotspots and increase population exposure to PM2.5 . Health effects may be magnified if compact neighborhoods and PM2.5 hotspots are spatially co-located. We conclude that compactness alone is an insufficient means of reducing the public health impacts of transportation emissions in automobile-dependent regions. Rather, additional measures are needed to decrease automobile dependence and the health risks of transportation emissions.

Get Wheelin' in Westlawn: Mounting a Bicycling Program in a Low-Income Minority Urban Community

Located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, the Westlawn neighborhood is home to the State of Wisconsin’s largest public housing development. Westlawn is a low-income, African-American urban community that suffers from a wide range of health and environmental disparities. A community-based participatory action (CBPA) team was formed to address environmental health issues in Westlawn, and found asthma rates there are among the highest in the State. Decreasing air pollution, and corresponding asthma triggers, became a priority for the community. The CBPA team developed a bicycling program to reduce trips made by car and improve air quality in the Westlawn neighborhood. Input from focus group meetings shaped the development, implementation and expansion of the bicycling program. While the program was originally conceived to address environmental health issues, it provided key findings about how to encourage bicycling in low-income minority urban communities.

Health co-benefits of climate change mitigation policies in the transport sector

Theory, common sense and modelling studies suggest that some interventions to mitigate carbon emissions in the transport sector can also have substantial short-term benefits for population health. Policies that encourage active modes of transportation such as cycling may, for example, increase population physical activity and decrease air pollution, thus reducing the burden of conditions such as some cancers, diabetes, heart disease and dementia. In this Perspective we systematically review the evidence from 'real life' transport policies and their impacts on health and CO2 emissions. We identified a few studies that mostly involved personalized travel planning and showed modest increases in active transport such as walking, and reductions in vehicle use and CO2 emissions. Given the poor quality of the studies identified, urgent action is needed to provide more robust evidence for policies.

Higher fuel prices are associated with lower air pollution levels

Air pollution is a persistent problem in urban areas, and traffic emissions are a major cause of poor air quality. Policies to curb pollution levels often involve raising the price of using private vehicles, for example, congestion charges. We were interested in whether higher fuel prices were associated with decreased air pollution levels. We examined an association between diesel and petrol prices and four traffic-related pollutants in Brisbane from 2010 to 2013. We used a regression model and examined pollution levels up to 16days after the price change. Higher diesel prices were associated with statistically significant short-term reductions in carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. Changes in petrol prices had no impact on air pollution. Raising diesel taxes in Australia could be justified as a public health measure. As raising taxes is politically unpopular, an alternative political approach would be to remove schemes that put a downward pressure on fuel prices, such as industry subsidies and shopping vouchers that give fuel discounts.

Studi Pencemaran Udara Oleh Kendaraan Bermotor

Componen of air pollution from transportation consist of: CO, Nox, Sox, HC, paticles and Pb Br 2. Based on the result, of sawyer Research CO was formed at ER > 1, while NO was formed at ER < 1. Beside that sawyer also found that the combustion at low temperature, CO decreasing and prevented to form NO. For decreasing air pollution we must arrange the comparation of air and fuel. The other side we must also effort a good maintenance of machine and step by step to test the emission gas from the automobile. TEL additive must be subtituted with the other additive that it does not pollution.

基于模糊认知图的生态风险管理探究

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于模糊认知图的生态风险管理探究 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201301280173 作者: 作者单位: 山西大学黄土高原研究所,山西大学环境与资源学院,山西大学环境与资源学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（41101558，41271513）；山西省研究生创新项目（020752901007） Exploration of ecosystem risk management based on fuzzy cognitive map Author: Affiliation: Institute of Loess Plateau,Shanxi University,Department of environment and resources,Shanxi University,Department of environment and resources,Shanxi University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:生态风险管理具有不稳定性和不确定性，如何获取和调整不同利益群体对于生态风险和环境管理的看法并把它们定量表示出来、协调其中存在的冲突是生态系统管理亟待解决的问题。以煤矿区生态系统为研究对象，探讨了模糊认知图方法在获取利益相关方认知上的应用，并基于模糊关联矩阵，采用神经网络模型进行不同生态风险管理政策的情景模拟。研究结果为：大气污染和水环境破坏是所有利益相关者最关注的问题，国家政策是最核心的变量；不同利益相关者之间的不同点在于，管理者较多地关注国家政策及煤矿开采给国家带来的财政收入与居民生活水平的提高，而当地居民和矿工更关注自己的身体健康和人身安全。通过对煤矿区生态风险管理的政策模拟，可看出要减少大气污染，政府要加大对企业的治理力度，从保护耕地、林地，增加植被覆盖度，提高生物多样性出发；另外，如果政府制定相关政策提高了次级产物的利用率，矿区生态系统的风险也会大大降低。结果表明：模糊认知图方法用在生态系统管理中，可以真实反映利益相关者对生态系统的风险认知以及风险之间的因果联系强度。神经网络模型用在生态风险管理的情景分析中，可以帮助矿区生态风险管理者选择不同的方案以达到管理目标，为在煤矿区建立资源、环境和人口协调发展的生态环境管理机制奠定了基础，从而为生态风险管理提供了一个新视角。 Abstract:There are the natures of instability and uncertainty in ecological risk management. Each stakeholder's cognition plays a crucial role in it. For this reason, the coal-mining environment managers need to choose appropriate measures to take stakeholders' interests in account in ecosystem management. But the crucial problems to be solved are how to get and adjust different stakeholders' perspectives on ecological risk and environmental management, and how to quantify their perspectives, and coordinate their conflicts. This research paper focused on coal-mining ecosystem, explored the application of fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) on getting stakeholders' perspectives and graph theory indices on quantifying them, and simulated the different ecological risk management policy options using FCM-based artificial neural network (ANN). The Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping was applied to develop a participatory environmental management model for the typical coal-mining area in Yangquan. The ANN was used to conduct simulations combining the initial state of variables and the adjacency matrix getting from the social condensed map, The results showed that different stakeholders' cognition were distinctly different, managers emphasized national policy and economic interests brought by coal-mining activity, while engineers stressed living standard more, whereas mine workers and local residents paid more attention to the work's safety and their health condition. But it is noteworthy that‘air pollution’and ‘water damage’were the variables which were mentioned by almost all of them. It revealed the severity of ‘air pollution’and‘water damage’. The most central variables in the social condensed map were‘national policy’and‘health’, as well as in the four stakeholder groups. The simulations of policy option reflected that when local governments and enterprises make management decisions in coal-mining ecosystem, they should place an emphasis on protecting farmland, increasing vegetation coverage, improving energy efficiency and recycling waste so as to decrease air pollution, protect water environment and reduce resources waste. It is helpful for learning how different choices affect the coal-mining ecosystem. The results revealed that FCM analysis and ANN simulations could provide useful information for the development of environmental management planning. FCM analysis could help us to understand the varying attitudes among stakeholder groups as they considered environmental issues affecting the ecosystem. In addition, the policy option simulations based on ANN can help the coal-mining environmental managers to choose proper measures to achieve management goals, so as to lay the foundation of ecological environment management mechanism that can harmonize the development of resource, environment and population. Throughout the full text, the FCM method has the advantages: (1) Comparing with the traditional questionnaires, semi-structured interview respects more individual's perception and leaves more space to interviewees. (2) Comparing with the traditional evaluating factor system, the FCM method can get a more accurate causal relationship among each factor. (3) Getting knowledge easily, combining qualitative analysis and quantitative calculation, and expressing cognition and inference well. (4) Getting multi-stakeholders' FCMs and comparing their different perceptions is more convenient. Moreover, this paper expanded the environment management research methods and provided some new ideas and approaches with regional ecological risk management theoretically. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Keep Your Clunker in the Suburb: Low Emission Zones and Adoption of Green Vehicles

Spatial distribution and leakage effects are of great policy concern and increasingly discussed in the economics literature. Here we study Europe's most aggressive recent air pollution regulation: Low Emission Zones are areas in which vehicular access is allowed only to vehicles that emit low levels of air pollutants. Using new administrative datasets from Germany, we assess the distribution of air pollution and the spatial substitution effects in green versus dirty vehicles. We find that LEZs decrease air pollution by around nine percent in urban traffic centers while pollution is unchanged in non-traffic areas. These results are driven by our finding that vehicle owners have an incentive to adopt cleaner technologies the closer they live to an LEZ. We reject the widespread concern that dirty vehicles contribute to higher pollution levels by increasingly driving longer routes outside of the LEZ. Back of the envelope calculations suggest that the health benefits of roughly two billion dollars have come at a cost of just over 1 billion dollars for upgrading the fleet of vehicles. Moreover, we find that non-attainment cities that decided not to include an LEZ but engaged in other methods (building ring roads, enhancing public transportation), experience no decrease in pollution.

Simulation of CO and NO emissions in a SI engine using a 0D coherent flame model coupled with a tabulated chemistry approach

Environmental issues stimulate the elaboration of new powertrain systems and fuels for transport as an essential priority to decrease air pollution and green house gases emissions. Developments ranging from architecture definition to engine control and calibration are today increasingly performed using complete vehicle simulators running close to real times. The challenge for engineers is therefore to develop models able to accurately reproduce the engine response without altering the CPU efficiency of the simulator. For this purpose, 0-dimensional models are commonly used to describe combustion processes in engine combustion chambers. This paper extends a 0-dimensional coherent flame model (CFM), called CFM1D, to incorporate chemical effects related to the fuel composition and thermodynamic conditions at low computational costs. Improvements are carried out integrating the NO relaxation approach (NORA) based on a priori homogeneous reactor computations and initially developed for 3D simulations to describe post-oxidation processes in the burnt gases. In this work, this method is extended to the modeling of CO production and oxidation leading to the CORA (CO Relaxation Approach) model. Both NO and CO reaction rates are therefore written as linear relaxations towards their equilibrium mass fraction values Ykeq (where k stands for NO or CO) within a characteristic time τk. In this approach, Ykeq and τk are tabulated as functions of equivalence ratio, fresh gases dilution rate by burnt gases, pressure and enthalpy. The resulting new model, called CFM1D-TC (CFM1D-Tabulated Chemistry), is then used to perform simulations on a large range of operating conditions of a spark-ignition engine burning methane-air-diluent mixtures. Comparisons are made with experiments and with simulations performed using a classical reduced chemical scheme in the burnt gases. The achieved results evidence the interest in terms of accuracy and CPU-efficiency of this new approach to describe post-flame processes in spark ignition engines.

Biomass smoke pollution and mortality rates in Launceston, Australia, 1994-2007: evaluation of coordinated interventions to improve ambient air quality

BACKGROUND In Launceston, Tasmania, coordinated interventions to reduce pollution from domestic wood heaters were implemented from 2001. These were associated with substantially improved winter air quality. The interventions included community education, enforcement of environmental regulations, and a wood heater replacement program. AIM To assess the effect of reductions in biomass smoke pollution on daily mortality. METHODS We assessed changes in daily all-cause, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality during the 6.5 year periods before and after June 2001 in Launceston and in Hobart, a comparable city that did not receive any air quality interventions. Age-stratified time-series analysis of daily mortality using Poisson regression models adjusted for the effects of temperature, humidity, day of week, respiratory epidemics, and secular mortality trends, were applied to Launceston and Hobart. RESULTS Mean daily wintertime PM10 fell from 42 µg/m3 during 1994-2000 to 26 µg/m3 during 2001-2007 in Launceston. The period of improved air quality was associated with small non-significant reductions in annual mortality. In males the observed reductions in annual mortality were of greater magnitude and statistically significant for all-cause (-11.4%, 95%CI -19.2 to -2.9 p=0.01), cardiovascular (-17.9%, 95% CI -30.6 to -2.8 p=0.02) and respiratory (-22.8%, 95% CI -40.6 to 0.3 p=0.05) mortality. In wintertime statistically borderline reductions in cardiovascular (-19.6%, 95%CI -36.3 to 1.5 p=0.06) and respiratory (-27.9% 95%CI -49.5 to 3.1 p=0.07) mortality were observed (males and females combined). There were no significant mortality changes in the non-intervention city of Hobart CONCLUSIONS Decreased air pollution from ambient biomass smoke was associated with reduced annual mortality in males, and with reduced cardiovascular and respiratory mortality during winter months.

An Ant Colony Algorithm for efficient ship routing

Abstract With the substantial rising of international oil price and global warming on the rise, how to reduce operational fuel consumption and decrease air pollution has become one of the pursued goals of green ship. Ship route planning is an indispensible part of the ship navigation process, especially in transoceanic crossing ship routing. The soundness of ship routing not only affects the safety of ship navigation but also the operation economy and environmental protection. This research is based on the platform of Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS), and founded on Ant Colony Algorithm (ACA) combined with the concept of Genetic Algorithm (GA), to model living organisms optimization behaviour to perform efficient ship route planning in transoceanic crossing. Besides the realization of route planning automation, ship routing will achieve the goal of optimum carbon dioxide reduction and energy conservation, and provide reference for route planning decision.

전기분사를 이용한 김치효소 항균필터 제조에 관한 연구

Since the mid-twenties, various researches have been conducted with a focus on decreasing air pollution. In recent years, many researchers have investigated the multifunctional filtration method with the aim of developing an efficient filter. One of the notable experiments conducted involves electrospraying materials onto nonwoven fabric. In this project, we electrosprayed an enzyme-incubated aqueous solution that contains a water-soluble acrylic binder extracted from kimchi and studied its drop, jet, discharge current, and jet velocity.

Integration of Thermoelectric Generators and Wood Stove to Produce Heat, Hot Water, and Electrical Power

Traditional fire stoves are characterized by low efficiency. In this experimental study, the combustion chamber of the stove is augmented by two devices. An electric fan can increase the air-to-fuel ratio in order to increase the system’s efficiency and decrease air pollution by providing complete combustion of wood. In addition, thermoelectric generators (TEGs) produce power that can be used to satisfy all basic needs. In this study, a water-based cooling system is designed to increase the efficiency of the TEGs and also produce hot water for residential use. Through a range of tests, an average of 7.9 W was achieved by a commercial TEG with substrate area of 56 mm × 56 mm, which can produce 14.7 W output power at the maximum matched load. The total power generated by the stove is 166 W. Also, in this study a reasonable ratio of fuel to time is described for residential use. The presented prototype is designed to fulfill the basic needs of domestic electricity, hot water, and essential heat for warming the room and cooking.