Decrease In Free Fatty Acids Research Articles

Chronic GLP1 therapy reduces postprandial IL6 in obese humans with prediabetes.

Single-dose glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) therapy increases postprandial plasma IL6 levels in prediabetic, obese humans. GLP1-IL6 interactions underly multiple antidiabetic effects, but these may differ after acute versus chronic therapy. This study examines postprandial effects of GLP1 after chronic therapy. Seven humans (six Black) with prediabetes and obesity completed 6 weeks of exenatide extended release therapy. Then subjects returned for pre- and post-meal measurements of plasma IL6, GLP1, glucagon, and related inflammatory markers. Weight, which was measured before and after therapy, did not change. Plasma IL6 decreased from baseline to postmeal state ( = 0.016), with decreases in free fatty acids (P < 0.001) and increases in insulin (P = 0.002), glucose (P < 0.0001), triglycerides (P = 0.0178), and glucagon (P = 0.018). Baseline GLP1 levels matched 6 weeks of therapy. The fall in postprandial plasma IL6, which contrasts with the increase after acute therapy, highlights the need for more investigation regarding the mechanisms of acute versus chronic GLP1-IL6 signaling.

Amyloid β Induces Lipid Droplet‐Mediated Microglial Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease

AbstractBackgroundSeveral microglia‐expressed genes have emerged as top risk variants for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) that are involved in lipid droplet (LD) formation and processing. Impaired microglial phagocytosis is one of the main proposed outcomes by which these AD‐risk genes may contribute to neurodegeneration, but the mechanisms translating genetic association to cellular dysfunction remain unknown. LD accumulation in aging (Nat Neurosci. 23(2),194‐208, 2020) appears to increase microglial inflammatory responses, while inflammatory challenges increase LD formation, thereby potentially setting up a feed‐forward injury that could contribute to the relentless progression in AD.MethodLD formation is dependent upon age and disease progression, and is more prominent in the hippocampus in brains from human patients and the AD mouse model 5xFAD. Despite variability in LD load between microglia from male versus female animals and between cells from different brain regions, LD‐laden microglia exhibited a deficit in amyloid‐beta (Aβ) phagocytosis evaluated using AβpH ‐ a human Aβ1‐42 analog that exhibits fluorescence upon lysosomal internalization (Chem Sci. 12, 10901‐10918, 2021). Extensive unbiased lipidomic and metabolomic profiling in microglia identified a substantial decrease in free fatty acids (FFAs) and a parallel increase in triacylglycerols (TAGs) as the key metabolic transition underlying LD formation.ResultWe show that microglia form LDs upon exposure to Aβ, and that their LD load increases with proximity to amyloid plaques in brains from human patients and the AD mouse model 5xFAD. Mechanistically, Aβ alone is sufficient to induce LD formation in microglia and that this conversion requires a specific metabolic conversion of FFAs to TAGs (the building blocks of LDs). This conversion is likely protective for the brain and microglia, as we recently showed that long‐chain saturated FFAs can be neurotoxic (Nature 599,102‐107, 2021), but it is not without cost for microglial phagocytic abilities. We demonstrate that a key enzyme for the conversion of FFAs to TAGs, promotes microglial LD formation, is increased in microglia from 5xFAD and human AD brains, and that inhibiting it improved microglial uptake of Aβ.ConclusionThese findings identify a new lipid‐mediated mechanism underlying microglial dysfunction that could become a novel therapeutic target for AD.

Lipidomic features of honey bee and colony health during limited supplementary feeding.

Honey bee nutritional health depends on nectar and pollen, which provide the main source of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids to individual bees. During malnutrition, insect metabolism accesses fat body reserves. However, this process in bees and its repercussions at the colony level are poorly understood. Using untargeted lipidomics and gene expression analysis, we examined the effects of different feeding treatments (starvation, sugar feeding and sugar + pollen feeding) on bees and correlated them with colony health indicators. We found that nutritional stress led to an increase in unsaturated triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols, as well as a decrease in free fatty acids in the bee fat body. Here, we hypothesise that stored lipids are made available through a process where unsaturations change lipid's structure. Increased gene expression of three lipid desaturases in response to malnutrition supports this hypothesis, as these desaturases may be involved in releasing fatty acyl chains for lipolysis. Although nutritional stress was evident in starving and sugar-fed bees at the colony and physiological level, only starved colonies presented long-term effects in honey production.

Lipid composition of blood plasma and epithelium of the jejunal mucosa in calves with dyspepsia and its correction

Enteropathology in newborn ruminants significantly affects the functional formation of the digestive tract, which induces complications in other organs and systems, reducing the resistance and productivity in recovered animals. It is also characterized by metabolic disorders, particularly lipids, which adversely affects the regenerative processes at the cellular level. The material for the study was 2-day-old calves, from which 3 groups of 6 animals each were formed. 1st group – control was made up of clinically healthy animals, 2nd group – calves with toxic dyspepsia which received traditional treatment and 3rd group – calves which were additionally orally administered a liposomal form of a 1% solution of BAD "FLP-MD". The lipid composition of blood plasma and the epithelium of the mucous membrane of the jejunum of calves was studied by the method of thin-layer chromatography on standard Silufol plates. The lipidogram of blood plasma in 30-day-old calves recovered from dyspepsia under traditional treatment regimen was characterized by dyslipidemia, which was manifested by an increase in total lipid content by 10.0% amid hypercholesterolemia and hypertriacylglycerolemia and a decrease in free fatty acids by 24.6% and phospholipids by 11.8%. Also, phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin content decreasesd in the blood plasma. In epithelium of the jejunal mucosa, total lipid content decreased due to total cholesterol, triacylglycerols, and phospholipids. The restoration of total lipid content and individual fractions was found in blood plasma of calves that received additionally phospholipid-containing bio-additive "FLP-MD". Among the individual phospholipids phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine prevailed. In these calves, most of the lipid components in the epithelium of the jejunal mucosa were stabilized. In the future, we plan to investigate the content of total lipids in the blood and mucous membrane of the small intestine of calves.

Serotonin alters the response to a glucose challenge in lactating cows.

Energy partitioning in lactating cows affects milk production, feed efficiency, and body reserves, with the latter having health implications for the transition into the following lactation. One molecule likely involved in the regulation of energy partitioning is serotonin. The objective of this experiment was to explore how increasing circulating serotonin, by intravenous infusion of the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), affects metabolic responses to a glucose challenge in midlactation cows as a means to manipulate energy partitioning. We intravenously infused Holstein cows with 5-HTP (1 mg/kg bodyweight dissolved in saline, n = 11) or saline alone as control (n = 9) over 1 h/day for 3 days. Cows were fasted overnight on day 2. On day 3, fasted cows were given an intravenous bolus of glucose (0.092 g/kg bodyweight). Blood samples were collected for the following 120 min for metabolic and hormonal analysis. Infusion of 5-HTP elevated circulating concentrations of serotonin and free fatty acids, reduced the concentration of insulin and amino acids, and did not affect the concentration of glucose and glucagon before the glucose challenge. Surrogate insulin sensitivity indices indicated improved insulin sensitivity in 5-HTP cows, but due to the unique metabolism of lactating ruminants, these index changes may instead reflect effects in insulin-independent glucose disposal, like milk synthesis. Challenging 5-HTP-treated cows with a glucose bolus reduced the insulin spike and blunted the decrease in free fatty acids, compared to saline cows, without changing glucose dynamics. Overall, these results suggest that serotonin stimulates insulin-independent glucose disposal, requiring less insulin to maintain normoglycemia.

Deletion of eif6 Partially Rescues Survival, but Not Neutropenia, of Zebrafish Model of Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome: The Roles of Sbds and Eif6 in Perturbing Lipid Metabolism

Introduction: Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by pancreatic insufficiency, skeletal defects, neutropenia, and an increased risk of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)/acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Biallelic mutations in SBDS account for ~90% of patients. SBDS interacts physically with EFL1 to release EIF6 from the pre-60S ribosomal subunit and promote the assembly of the mature 80S ribosome in the cytoplasm. A subset of SDS patients acquire del(20q), resulting in loss of EIF6. Additionally, somatic heterozygous EIF6 mutations have been found in SDS patients. SDS patients harboring del(20q) and EIF6 mutations are linked to a lower risk of developing MDS/AML when compared to other SDS patients. Together these factors point to a potential mechanism whereby a reduction in EIF6 levels may lead to a suppression in ribosome biogenesis defects. Methods and Results: We have created sbds knockout (KO) zebrafish strains that phenocopy the human syndrome with stunted growth, neutropenia and atrophy in the pancreas, liver, and intestine. Unlike the Sbds-null mice which die in early embryogenesis, sbds-null fish survive to early juvenile stages. The sbds KO fish display an accumulation of Eif6 in liver and intestine. Interestingly, we also found an accumulation of EIF6 in SDS patient-derived lymphoblasts. EIF6 has been described as a key regulator of metabolism, specifically stimulating glycolytic and fatty acid synthesis. Lipid metabolomics of sbds KO fish show a decrease in free fatty acids and phosphatidylcholine. Expression of several genes critical in lipid metabolism (srebp1, fasn and pparg) is upregulated in sbds KO fish. To study the role of Eif6 in the pathophysiology of SDS, we created an eif6 KO zebrafish with an insertion of one base pair resulting in a premature stop codon. By immunoblotting we demonstrated that mutants did not display Eif6 by 6 days post fertilization (dpf), and heterozygous fish displayed less protein than wildtype siblings. This new strain showed early mortality (~10 dpf), neutropenia, tp53 pathway activation, with a pronounced upregulation of cdkn1a as early as 5 dpf. RNA-Seq data of eif6 KO fish at 5 dpf showed a total of 2225 differentially expressed genes (DEGs): 668 downregulated and 1557 upregulated. These DEGs are involved in two main gene expression pathways: ribosome biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation. We also observed a dysregulation of lipid metabolism markers in the eif6 KO fish. Furthermore, we bred the sbds KO with the eif6 KO, we observed a partial rescue on survival only in sbds-/- with one copy of eif6(eif6+/-) but failed to rescue their neutropenia. Conclusions: Our organismal models of sbds or eif6 deletion provide new insights into the pathophysiology of human SDS: 1) SBDS affects lipid metabolism possibly due to an accumulation of EIF6, 2) Loss of eif6 affects development/survival at an earlier stage than loss of sbds, and 3) Loss of either sbds or eif6 markedly upregulates cdkn1a, which is downstream of tp53. Interestingly, Eif6 partially rescues survival of sbds-null organisms, but only in the haploinsufficient state. EIF6 may offer a promising target for a novel therapeutic strategy in SDS.

Insights on the biochemical and cellular changes induced by heat stress in the Cladocopium isolated from coral Mussismilia braziliensis.

Corals are treatened by global warming. Bleaching is one immediate effect of global warming, resulting from the loss of photosynthetic endosymbiont dinoflagellates. Understanding host-symbiont associations are critical for assessing coral’s habitat requirements and its response to environmental changes. Cladocopium (formerly family Symbiodiniaceae clade C) are dominant endosymbionts in the reef-building coral, Mussismilia braziliensis. This study aimed to investigate the effect of temperature on the biochemical and cellular features of Cladocopium. Heat stress increased oxygen (O2) and decreased proteins, pigments (Chla + Chlc2), hexadecanoic acid- methyl ester, methyl stearate, and octadecenoic acid (Z)- methyl ester molecules. In addition, there was an increase in neutral lipids such as esterified cholesterol and a decrease in free fatty acids that may have been incorporated for the production of lipid droplets. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that Cladocopium cells subjected to heat stress had thinner cell walls, deformation of chloroplasts, and increased lipid droplets after 3 days at 28°C. These findings indicate that thermal stress negatively affects isolated Cladocopium spp. from Mussismilia host coral.

Utilization of Adsorbent Cocoa Shell For Purification of Used Cooking Oil

Cooking oil, triglycerides that is liquid at room temperature, is one of important foodstuffs. Repeated use of cooking oil might decrease the quality of the oil and leads to negative impacts on health. An alternative method to treat used cooking oil is adsorption with cacao shell. This present study aims to find out the influences of adsorbent and size variation of cacao peels as the adsorbent on the reduction of free fatty acid, peroxide numbers and water content in used cooking oil. The test parameters of this study were the reduction of free fatty acids by alkalimetric titration; peroxide number by iodometric titration; and content of water by oven-drying method. In the present study, cacao nibs were used as an absorbent to reduce the levels of free fatty acid, water, and peroxide number with variety sizes of the particle, such as 100 mesh and 120 mesh: and 8-hour contact time. The results of the present study indicated a decrease in free fatty acid from 0,448% to 0,327% dan 0,278%; the initial water content of 0,020% decreased to 0,010% and 0,009%; the peroxide number changed from 15,3 meq O2/kg to 3,25 meq O2/kg and 1,25 meq O2/kg. Based on the results, the absorbent that has the optimum adsorption is the 120 mesh particle size of adsorbent.

Cannabinoids accumulate in mouse breast milk and differentially regulate lipid composition and lipid signaling molecules involved in infant development

Maternal cannabis use during lactation may expose developing infants to cannabinoids (CBs) such as ∆-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). CBs modulate lipid signaling molecules in the central nervous system in age- and cell-dependent ways, but their influence on the lipid composition of breast milk has yet to be established. This study investigates the effects of THC, CBD, or their combination on milk lipids by analyzing the stomach contents of CD1 mouse pups that have been nursed by dams injected with CBs on postnatal days (PND) 1 -10. Stomach contents were collected 2 hours after the last injection on PND10 and HPLC/MS/MS was used to identify and quantify over 80 endogenous lipid species and cannabinoids in the samples. We show that CBs differentially accumulate in milk, lead to widespread decreases in free fatty acids, decreases in N-acyl methionine species, increases N-linoleoyl species, as well as modulate levels of endogenous CBs (eCBs) AEA, 2-AG, and their structural congeners. Our data indicate the passage of CBs to pups through breast milk and that maternal CB exposure alters breast milk lipid compositions.

Pengolahan Minyak Jelantah Menggunakan Membran Poliamida/Titanium Dioksida/Arang Aktif Kulit Durian

Processing of wasted cooking oil uses the photocatalyst method with metal catalysts and zeolites to reduce organic compounds. In this study, researchers used activated charcoal from durian skin and titanium dioxide embedded in a polyamide membrane as an adsorbent which was used as a medium for processing wasted cooking oil. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of processing used cooking oil using a membrane of polyamide/titanium dioxide/durian peels activated charcoal on changes in the characteristics of wasted cooking oil. Based on the results of research on the processing of wasted cooking oil with a membrane of polyamide/titanium dioxide/activated charcoal from durian peels, there was an increase in water content by 10.21%, a decrease in free fatty acids by 33.75%, a decrease in the peroxide number by 18.33%. Used cooking oil that has passed through the membrane has a decrease in %Transmission for the functional groups of C-H alkenes, C-O esters, and C-H alkanes. In the analysis of the compound content by mass spectrophotometry, it was found that the content of the methyl ester compound with the C17 and C19 chains was close to the composition of the biodiesel constituents.

Abstract 86: O-GlcNAc transferase regulates glioblastoma acetate metabolism via regulation of CDK5-dependent ACSS2 phosphorylation

Abstract Cancer cells alter their metabolism to increase cell growth. A subset of the glucose taken up is shunted into the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway where it is used to synthesize UDP-GlcNAc, a substrate of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), which modifies cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins with O-linked sugar moieties. Here, we show that OGT and O-GlcNAcylation are elevated in glioblastoma (GBM) cancer cells and in GBM patient samples that correlates with disease progression. Reduction of OGT expression in GBM cells led to significant reduction in anchorage-independent growth, acetyl-CoA levels, and decrease in free fatty acids. Conversely, overexpressing OGT in GBM cells had the opposite effect. Reducing OGT expression in GBMcells transplanted in an orthotopic intracranial mouse model reduced tumor growth and extended survival. Mechanistically, we show that OGT overexpression increases carbon-flux of acetate to acetyl-CoA, a reaction carried by the enzyme acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2). Indeed, OGT regulates ACSS2 protein levels and O-GlcNAcylation increases ACSS2phosphorylation on Ser-267 in a cyclin dependent kinase 5 (CDK5)-dependent manner, which regulates its stability by reducing polyubiquitination and degradation. ACSS2 Ser-267 is critical for OGT-mediated GBM growth as overexpression of ACSS2 Ser-267 phospho-mimetic rescues growth in vitro and in vivo. Using an ex vivo GBM brain slice model we show that treatment of GBM-transplanted slices with OGT inhibitor Ac-GlcNAc-5S or pan-cdk inhibitor dinaciclib reduced growth of pre-formed tumors in cultured brain slices. These results suggest a crucial role for O-GlcNAc signaling in transducing nutritional state to regulate acetate metabolism and identify OGT and CDK5 as novel therapeutic targets for treatment of glioblastoma. Citation Format: Lorela Ciraku, Zachary Bacigalupa, Rebecca Moeller, Jing Ju, Rusia H. Lee, Christina Ferrer, Sophie Trefely, Nathaniel W. Snyder, Luca D'Agostino, Christos D. Katsetos, Wenyin Shi, Mauricio J. Reginato. O-GlcNAc transferase regulates glioblastoma acetate metabolism via regulation of CDK5-dependent ACSS2 phosphorylation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 86.

Serum free fatty acid levels and insulin resistance in patients undergoing one-anastomosis gastric bypass.

IntroductionOne anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) leads to improvement in glucose homeostasis; however, the mechanism of this beneficial effect is not fully understood. Increased serum free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations in obese subjects contribute to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.AimThe authors hypothesized that improvement in glucose homeostasis after OAGB may be associated with a decrease in FFA concentration.Material and methodsSerum FFA levels were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry before and 3 months after OAGB and, for comparison, in patients who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). Serum insulin was assayed by immunoenzymatic method, and other parameters by standard laboratory methods.ResultsOAGB resulted in a large decrease in FFA levels and great improvement in insulin sensitivity. These effects in patients after LSG were less prominent.ConclusionsResults suggest that decreased serum FFA levels after OAGB contribute to resolution of insulin sensitivity after this type of bariatric surgery.

Monitoring changes of lipid composition in durum wheat during grain development

The lipid fraction of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.), cultivar Svevo, was characterized during grain maturation. Growing grain kernels were harvested at five key stages of development between 5 and 30 days post anthesis (dpa). Lipid evolution was assessed during kernel filling by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of triacylglycerols and methylated free fatty acids (FFA) as well as by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRESI-MS/MS) lipid analysis. Major triacylglycerols (TAG) were detected already at early developmental stages, albeit at low abundance. The decrease of FFA during kernel filling corresponded to accumulation of predominantly linoleate (C18:2n6)-containing C52 and C54 TAG. Fatty acid composition of polar lipids including phospholipids and galactolipids also showed the progressive dominance of linoleate, typically since two weeks after anthesis. Conversely, minor sphingolipids (ceramides and glycosylceramides) were constituted mainly by saturated long chain FA, also oxygenated, combined with a restricted set of sphingoid bases, and might play a signaling role during grain development.

The effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone, paraoxonase 1, apolipoproteins, free fatty acid and insulin in vitamin D deficient obese and overweight individuals under a low-calorie diet program: a randomized controlled trial

PurposeAdipose tissue accumulation by trapping vitamin D and reducing its level may cause serious side effects. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of vitamin D supplementation on dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), paraoxonase 1 (PON 1), insulin, free fatty acid (FFA), apolipoprotein-AI (Apo-AI) and apolipoprotein B (Apo-B) concentration in obese and overweight participants under low-calorie diet (LCD) program.Design/methodology/approachHealthy overweight and obese individuals (n = 70) with vitamin D deficiency were randomly assigned into 2 groups to receive either vitamin D supplements (an oral 2,000 IU vitamin D supplement) or placebo for 8 weeks.FindingsAll the participants were given an LCD program during the intervention. Vitamin D supplementation led to a significant increase in the levels of 25(OH)D (vitamin D vs placebo groups: 36.6 ± 9.8 vs 19.9 ± 3.5 ng/mL, p < 0.001), PON 1 levels (vitamin D vs placebo groups: 80 ± 25 vs 58 ± 23.2 ng/mL, p = 0.001), DHEA concentration (vitamin D vs placebo groups: 2.3 ± 0.7 vs 1.5 ± 0.6 ng/mL, p < 0.001) and Apo-AI levels (vitamin D vs placebo groups 3.7 ± 0.5 vs 3 ± 0.5 mg/dL, p < 0.001). Besides, intake of vitamin D supplements led to a significant decrease in FFA (vitamin D vs placebo groups: 3.1 ± 0.75 vs 3.5 ± 0.5 ng/mL, p = 0.001). After adjusting the analyses based on baseline levels, age and baseline body mass index measures, significant changes were observed in the insulin levels (0.03 ± 0.06 vs −1.7 ± 0.6 µIU/ml, p = 0.04). But the authors did not find any significant difference in the concentration of Apo-B between groups (vitamin D vs placebo groups: 71.5 ± 35.5 vs 66.6 ± 28.5 mg/dL, p = 0.05).Originality/valueOverall vitamin D supplementation for eight weeks among vitamin D-deficient obese and overweight participants had beneficial effects on serum DHEA PON 1 FFA insulin and Apo- AI while it did not affect the Apo-B concentration.

Lipid alterations and subtyping maker discovery of lung cancer based on nontargeted tissue lipidomics using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

High morbidity and mortality are still associated with lung cancer, especially non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although several studies showed abnormality in lung cancer lipidome, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, a marker for early diagnosis of NSCLC is highly needed. In this study, a nontargeted lipidomics approach based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze the lung tumor tissue (LCT) lipidome to investigate the characteristics of lipid metabolism alterations in lung cancer tissues and find suitable lipid markers for lung cancer and its subtypes. Our results revealed that the most prominent alterations in LCT were the decrease of free fatty acid (FFA) and increase of triglyceride compared with distal noncancerous tissue (DNT). We also identified and verified the combinational lipid markers which can discriminate malignant from benign tissue as well as different NSCLC subtypes. These results not only provide hints in the lipid metabolism dysregulations between malignant and benign tissues but also define the combinational lipid markers to aid clinical diagnosis of lung cancer and its subtypes.

Waste-Cooking-Oil Free Fatty Acid Reduction Using Deep Eutectic Solvent as Raw Material of Biodiesel

The purpose of this study was to extract the free fatty acid (FFA) of waste-cooking-oil through liquid-to-liquid extraction using choline chloride as a raw material for Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) as a waste-cooking-oil purifier. Waste-cooking-oil is obtained from the waste of a fast food factory located in Sukarame, South Sumatera. Making a Dep Eutectic Solvent (DES) using compounds of ethylene glycol as Hydrogen Bond Donor mixed with a choline chloride Hydrogen Bond Acceptor with five molar ratios, a reaction temperature of 60 °C and a stirring speed of 150 rpm and 200 rpm for 90 minutes. The extraction molar ratio of waste-cooking-oil and DES with four ratios of molar ratios, extraction time of 2 hours at 60 °C and retention time of separation between DES and used cooking oil was 24 hours. The decrease in FFA of waste-cooking-oil was the highest at 83.87% in the DES 2. It proves that DES is able to purify waste-cooking-oil by extraction methods to reduce FFA and adsorb other materials

The Impact of Glucose-Based or Lipid-Based Total Parenteral Nutrition on the Free Fatty Acids Profile in Critically Ill Patients.

Introduction: Our study aim was to assess how the macronutrient intake during total parenteral nutrition (TPN) modulates plasma total free fatty acids (FFAs) levels and individual fatty acids in critically ill patients. Method: Adult patients aged 18–80, admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), who were indicated for TPN, with an expected duration of more than three days, were included in the study. Isoenergetic and isonitrogenous TPN solutions were given with a major non-protein energy source, which was glucose (group G) or glucose and lipid emulsions (Smof lipid; group L). Blood samples were collected on days 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 14, and 28. Results: A significant decrease (p < 0.001) in total FFAs occurred in both groups with a bigger decrease in group G (p < 0.001) from day 0 (0.41 ± 0.19 mmol∙L−1) to day 28 (0.10 ± 0.07 mmol∙L−1). Increased palmitooleic acid and decreased linoleic and docosahexaenoic acids, with a trend of increased mead acid to arachidonic acid ratio, on day 28 were observed in group G in comparison with group L. Group G had an insignificant increase in leptin with no differences in the concentrations of vitamin E, triacylglycerides, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Conclusion: Decreased plasma FFA in critically ill patients who receive TPN may result from increased insulin sensitivity with a better effect in group G, owing to higher insulin and glucose dosing and no lipid emulsions. It is advisable to include a lipid emulsion at the latest from three weeks of TPN to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency.

Fat Distribution in Women Is Associated With Depot-Specific Transcriptomic Signatures and Chromatin Structure.

BackgroundPreferential accumulation of fat in the upper body (apple shape) is associated with higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome relative to lower body fat (pear shape). We previously discovered that chromatin openness partially defined the transcriptome of preadipocytes isolated from abdominal and gluteofemoral fat. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying interindividual variation in body shape are unknown.MethodsAdipocyte fraction was isolated from abdominal and gluteofemoral fat biopsies of premenopausal women (age and body mass index matched) segregated initially only by their waist-to-hip ratio. We evaluated transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility using RNA sequencing and assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) along with key clinical parameters.ResultsOur data showed that higher lower body fat mass was associated with better lipid profile and free fatty acid decrease after glucose administration. Lipid and glucose metabolic pathways genes were expressed at higher levels in gluteofemoral adipocyte fraction in pears, whereas genes associated with inflammation were higher both in abdominal and gluteofemoral apple adipocyte fraction. Gluteofemoral adipocyte chromatin from pear-shaped women contained a significantly higher number of differentially open ATAC-seq peaks relative to chromatin from the apple-shaped gluteofemoral adipocytes. In contrast, abdominal adipocyte chromatin openness showed few differences between apple- and pear-shaped women. We revealed a correlation between gene transcription and open chromatin at the proximity of the transcriptional start site of some of the differentially expressed genes.ConclusionsIntegration of data from all 3 approaches suggests that chromatin openness partially governs the transcriptome of gluteofemoral adipocytes and may be involved in the early metabolic syndrome predisposition associated with body shape.

Nutrient Enhancement of Corn Distillers Dried Grains by Addition of Coproducts of the Enzyme‐Assisted Aqueous Extraction Process of Soybeans in Corn Fermentation

AbstractCorn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are not nutritionally complete as a nonruminant ingredient owing to poor essential amino acid profile, and high fat and fiber contents. Coproducts of soybean enzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction process, skim (wastewater) and insoluble fiber (IF; solid residue), and/or enzymes (pectinase, cellulase, and acid protease; referred to as PCF) were evaluated as distillers dried grains (DDG) nutritional quality enhancers in corn fermentation. Corn‐soy DDG had ~10% higher protein, ~3% lower fat, and ~2% lower fiber contents compared to corn DDG; fiber content was further reduced with PCF treatment (~4% total decrease). Concentrations of all essential amino acids in corn‐soy DDG showed at least a threefold increase, except for allo‐isoleucine and tryptophan, compared to corn DDG. Corn‐soy DDG had ~25% decrease in total fatty acid (TFA) and ~6% decrease in free fatty acid (FFA) contents compared to corn DDG; TFA and FFA contents further decreased with PCF treatment. Corn‐soy DDG had ~15%, 3%, and 1.7% lower hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin contents, respectively, compared to corn DDG; hemicellulose content further decreased with PCF treatment. Mineral composition of corn‐soy DDG was in the recommended range, except Na and S were out of range by 0.79% and 0.74%, respectively. All results, except for Na and S, suggest strong potential of using skim and IF as DDG nutritional quality enhancers.

PURIFICATION OF BIODIESEL USING RICE STRAW AND DIOSCOREA ALATA STARCH AS NATURAL ADSORBENTS

Janeng starch (Dioscorea Alata) and rice straws are developed to be used as adsorbents in dry washing method to purify crude biodiesel. In this study, we evaluate the potential of rice straw and janeng starch as natural adsorbents in the purification of biodiesel that replace the role of water in absorbing contaminants from biodiesel. The SEM characterization results show that the starch adsorbent and rice straw has an open and porous surface and is evenly distributed for janeng starch. Both adsorbents, either the janeng starch or rice straw, can be applied for the purification of biodiesel. The quality of biodiesel is influenced by the amount of adsorbents used in biodiesel purification. The effectiveness of the adsorbent is shown by the decrease in free fatty acids, alkali numbers, soap numbers and turbidity levels in biodiesel. The concentration of free fatty acid oil in crude biodiesel before the purification step was 0.769 mg-KOH/g, then decreased to 0.128 mg-KOH/g after the adsorption. This acid value had been very low and met the Indonesian quality national standard for biodiesel spesically 0.50 mg-KOH/g. Either janeng starch or rice straw adsorbent was able to reduce the soap content of potassium oleate to level 53.33 ppm from the initial content of 106.67 ppm. These two natural adsorbents can be the alternative adsorbents in the purification of biodiesel that employs dry washing method.