Decrease In Cholesterol Research Articles

Systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the status of carotid intima–media thickness and lipid profiles in type 2 diabetes mellitus

ObjectivesCarotid intima–media thickness (CIMT) is a measurement for subclinical atherosclerosis and has been associated with overall cardiovascular diseases, especially in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We aimed to assess the...

Efficacy and Safety of GLP-1 Agonists on Metabolic Parameters in Non-diabetic Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Obesity in patients with IBD is increasing, accompanied by an increase in metabolic comorbidities. Although GLP-1 agonists have shown promise in weight reduction, their efficacy and safety in patients with IBD are underexplored. This study evaluated the impact of GLP-1-based therapies on weight loss and metabolic parameters in non-diabetic patients with IBD. We conducted a single-center observational cohort study that included adult patients with IBD who were started on GLP-1-based therapy (semaglutide or tirzepatide) for weight loss from January 2021 to April 2024. The primary outcomes were changes in BMI and total body weight. Secondary outcomes included tolerability, safety, and changes in metabolic risk factors. The study included 36 patients with IBD, predominantly female (64%), with a median age of 45.5 years (IQR 41-51.5 years). The majority (67%) had Crohn's disease (CD) and on advanced therapy (86%). BMI significantly decreased from 34.0 (IQR 31.0-38.2) to 31.0 (IQR 29.0-36.1) with GLP-1-based therapy (p < 0.0001). Total body weight (TBW) significantly decreased by a median of 8.15 kg (IQR 15.9-2.2 kg; p < 0.0001). Although a decrease in total cholesterol and glycated hemoglobin was seen, this was not statistically significant (p = 0.0634 for total cholesterol, p = 0.0536 for glycated hemoglobin). No significant changes were observed in ALT or CRP levels. The most common side effects were nausea (31%) and constipation (25%). Semaglutide and tirzepatide can effectively reduce BMI in non-diabetic patients with IBD with manageable side effects. However, further studies are required to explore the long-term safety of GLP-1 agonists in the IBD population.

Replacement of fish meal with full fat Hermetia illucens modulates hepatic FXR signaling in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): exploring a potential role of ecdysteroids

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of fish meal (FM) replacement with full fat Hermetia illucens (HI) on the molecular mechanisms regulating lipid and bile salt (BA) homeostasis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles. We thus explore the presence of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) in an insect meal-based diet and evaluate its potential involvement in regulating the molecular mechanisms/basis of FXR:RXR axis signaling. Ecdysteroids are a category of steroid hormones which bind a nuclear–receptor complex composed of ecdysone receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle protein (USP) and regulate insect molting and metamorphosis. In all vertebrates, including fish, EcR-USP homologs are the Farnesoid X receptors (FXR) and the Retinoid X receptors (RXR), which are known to regulate crucial physiological and metabolic aspects, including BA synthesis and cholesterol homeostasis. In silico prediction indicates that 20E binds the heterodimeric complex with a binding affinity constant Kd equals to 610±60 nM and affects positively the dimerization process. Results also demonstrated the coordinated increased expression of FXR and RXR, as well as their downstream target genes (i.e. short heterodimer partner 1 and 2) in rainbow trout fed diets containing HI meal. This latter finding was paralleled by a significant down-regulation of CYP7a1 and CYP8b1 gene expression together with a decrease in hepatic total cholesterol, triglyceride, and BA levels. Overall, our study suggested that FXR is a potential target for 20E content in insect meal and provided preliminary data on the potential role of ecdysteroids in regulating the metabolic status of teleost fish through modulation of FXR signaling in the enterohepatic system.

Impact of smoking cessation on metabolic parameters and renal function in patients with and without diabetes mellitus

Backgroud and objectivesAs patients with diabetes are at a significantly higher risk of cardiovascular diseases than those without diabetes, it is important to gain a clinical understanding of the differential effects of smoking cessation on several risk factors between patients with and without diabetes. Materials and methodsPatients who participated in a smoking cessation program received an assessment of the outcomes of interest. The outcomes were changes in metabolic parameters and renal function from baseline to 6-month follow-up after the smoking cessation program. ResultA total of 1,954 patients joined the smoking cessation program, and 1,381 patients were in the smoking cessation failure (SCF) group and 573 were in the smoking cessation success (SCS) group. The decrease in HbA1c after smoking cessation was only observed in patients with diabetes. Smoking cessation was also associated with a significant decrease in LDL cholesterol in patients with diabetes. In terms of renal function, smoking cessation was associated with an improvement in eGFR, and the trend was similar in patients with and without diabetes. ConclusionSuccessful smoking cessation was associated with improvement in renal function. Moreover, it was associated with improvements in HbA1c and LDL cholesterol in patients with diabetes, despite significant weight gain.

THE EFFECTS OF 12 WEEKS BASIC GYMNASTICS EXERCISES ON BODY COMPOSITION AND LIPID PROFILES IN OBESE CHILDREN

Obesity is a major health concern in the world because it is associated with many diseases. It has been shown that basic gymnastics exercises effectively prevent and treat this problem. Therefore, the present study investigated the effect of 12 weeks of basic gymnastics exercises on body composition and lipid profile in obese girls. In this quasi-experimental study, with a design pre-test-post-test and a control group, 30 obese girls with Body Mass Index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile and the average age of 9.4 years, were selected purposefully and were divided into 2 groups (Basic gymnastics training, and control) randomly. The training protocol was implemented for 12 weeks, three times a week, and 45 minutes for each session incrementally. Body composition and lipid profile indices were measured in two stages: pre-test and post-test. In order to analyze the data, multivariate covariance tests were used. The results of the study showed that the exercise intervention significantly reduced the fat percentage and BMI index in obese children (p≤0.001). In addition, a significant decrease in total cholesterol, triglyceride, and Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) and a significant increase in High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) were observed (p≤0.002). These findings indicate the beneficial effects of basic gymnastics training on body composition and lipid profile in obese children. Therefore, the use of basic gymnastics training is recommended to improve these factors.

The association between dietary quality index- international and metabolic risk factors in RaNCD cohort study

BackgroundNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death around the world. The Dietary Quality Index-International (DQI-I) is one of the indicators that shows changes in diet and its association with NCDs. The aim of this study is to measure the association between the DQI-I and major metabolic risk factors.MethodsThis study is a cross-sectional study based on data collected in the first phase of the prospective cohort study on Ravansar non-communicable diseases (RaNCD). To perform clinical and biochemical tests such as lipid profile, blood glucose and liver enzymes, blood samples were collected using standard vacutainer blood collection techniques. Information from the food frequency questionnaire containing 118 food items was used to score each person’s DQI-I. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the association between the DQI-I tertile and the metabolic risk factors. Linear regression was also used for the association between subgroups of DQI-I score and the metabolic risk factors.ResultsThe total number of subjects in this study was 7,115, with a mean age of 47.14 ± 8.29 years. Dietary quality was generally poor, with 37.03% in the lowest tertile. Men had better dietary quality than women. Anthropometric measures, blood pressure, triglycerides and blood glucose were lower in the lowest tertile of dietary quality. A one-unit increase in the total DQI-I resulted in a 0.19 decrease in total cholesterol. Higher dietary quality was associated with a 22% increased risk of high triglycerides, a 19% increased risk of low high-density density lipoprotein, a 5% decreased risk of elevated low-density lipoprotein, a 42% increased risk of high blood pressure, and a 99% increased risk of high fasting blood glucose. Higher dietary quality was also associated with a 33% increased risk of overweight/obesity.ConclusionThe study found that participants had poor dietary quality, with some favorable metabolic outcomes in the lowest tertile, but concerning associations in the highest tertile, including increased risk for high triglycerides, blood pressure, and obesity. The complex associations suggest that balanced, multifaceted interventions are needed.

Small hepatitis B virus surface antigen (SHBs) induces dyslipidemia by suppressing apolipoprotein-AII expression through ER stress-mediated modulation of HNF4α and C/EBPγ.

Persistent infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) often leads to disruptions in lipid metabolism. Apolipoprotein AII (apoAII) plays a crucial role in lipid metabolism and is implicated in various metabolic disorders. However, whether HBV could regulate apoAII and contribute to HBV-related dyslipidemia and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. This study revealed significant reductions in apoAII expression in HBV-expressing cell lines, the serum, and liver tissues of HBV-transgenic mice. The impact of HBV on apoAII is related to small hepatitis B virus surface antigen (SHBs). Overexpression of SHBs decreased apoAII levels in SHBs-expressing hepatoma cells, transgenic mice, and the serum of HBV-infected patients, whereas suppression of SHBs increased apoAII expression. Mechanistic investigations demonstrated that SHBs repressed the apoAII promoter activity through a HNF4α- and C/EBPγ-dependent manner; SHBs simultaneously upregulated C/EBPγ and downregulated HNF4α by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway through activating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Serum lipid profile assessments revealed notable decreases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG) in SHBs-transgenic mice compared to control mice. However, concurrent overexpression of apoAII in these mice effectively counteracted these reductions in lipid levels. In HBV patients, SHBs levels were negatively correlated with serum levels of HDL-C, LDL-C, TC, and TG, whereas apoAII levels positively correlated with lipid content. This study underscores that SHBs contributes to dyslipidemia by suppressing the PI3K/AKT pathway via inducing ER stress, leading to altered expression of HNF4α and C/EBPγ, and subsequently reducing apoAII expression.IMPORTANCEThe significance of this study lies in its comprehensive examination of how the hepatitis B virus (HBV), specifically through its small hepatitis B virus surface antigen (SHBs), impacts lipid metabolism-a key aspect often disrupted by chronic HBV infection. By elucidating the role of SHBs in regulating apolipoprotein AII (apoAII), a critical player in lipid processes and associated metabolic disorders, this research provides insights into the molecular pathways contributing to HBV-related dyslipidemia. Discovering that SHBs downregulates apoAII through mechanisms involving the repression of the apoAII promoter via HNF4α and C/EBPγ, and the modulation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, adds critical knowledge to HBV pathogenesis. The research also shows an inverse correlation between SHBs expression and key lipid markers in HBV-infected individuals, suggesting that apoAII overexpression could counteract the lipid-altering effects of SHBs, offering new avenues for understanding and managing the metabolic implications of HBV infection.

Evaluating trends and insights in cardiovascular risk among the polish population

Abstract Introduction Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death in Poland and worldwide. Lifestyle changes and early diagnosis can reverse this unfavorable trend. In the face of escalating global health challenges, the identification of CVD risk factors becomes paramount, especially within national contexts where demographic shifts and lifestyle changes can significantly impact the health profile of the population. Aim of the study. Determining the prevalence of CVD risk factors in the Polish population and analyzing their changes over time. Material and Methods Data of 705,420 Poles aged 35-55 years who were enrolled in CVD disease prevention programme between 2012 and 2021 were analysed. The prevalence of the following CVD risk factors was determined: nicotinism, hypertension, elevated total cholesterol, elevated LDL, reduced HDL, elevated triglycerides, elevated glucose (indicating pre-diabetes), low physical activity, overweight, obesity, SCORE ≥5%. In addition, we assessed how the mean SCORE, BMI, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose levels and waist circumference changed over time. Results Nicotinism affected 17.98%-24% of women (W) and 27.29%-36% of men (M). Hypertension was in 7.04%-8.58% of W and 17.45%-19.62% of M. Elevated total cholesterol were in 55.69%-63.64% of W and 65.91%-72.68% of M. Elevated LDL were in 44.77%-54.2% of W and 58.26%-65.48% of M. Reduced HDL were in 9.84%-11.52% of W and 14.48%-16.57% of M. Elevated triglyceride were in 13.44%-15.37% of W and in 33.81%-36.29% of M. Elevated glucose indicating a pre-diabetic status were in 10.70%-13.16% of W and in 18.91%-22.76% of M. Low physical activity was in 75.96%-82.2% of W and 73.32%-81.67% of M. Overweight conditions were in 30.37%-31.67% of W and 48.61%-49.45% of M. Obesity affected 14.04%-17.12% of W and 20.67%-24.69% of M. SCORE ≥ 5% was in 0.23%-0.38% of W and in 13.08%-18.72% of M. There was a decrease in the mean SCORE value (-0.08; 95%CI: -0.09 - -0.06) from 2012. An increase over time was noted in mean BMI (-0.01; 95%CI: -0.05 - 0.04). There was a slight decrease followed by a notable increase over time in mean systolic (-0.35; 95%CI: -0.47 - -0.24) and diastolic blood pressure (-0.25; 95%CI: -0.32 - -0.18). There was a decrease in mean total cholesterol (-3.29; 95%CI: -4.27 - -2.31) and mean LDL cholesterol (-3.11 95%CI: -4.22 - -2.01). A notable increase was observed in mean glucose values (0.01; 95%CI: 0-0.01). Over time, there was an increase in mean waist circumference value (-0.19; 95%CI: -0.54-0.16). Conclusions The escalation of CVD risk among the Polish population is illustrated, with a marked increase in obesity, sedentary lifestyles and indicators of metabolic syndrome. These trends highlight the urgent need for targeted public health initiatives and for the implementation of comprehensive strategies to mitigate these risks

Lipids and glycemia profiles in adults: the Italian Health Examination Survey 2023 - CUORE Project

Abstract Background WHO recommends monitoring glycemic and lipid profiles in the population to control and prevent NCDs. The target for glycemic/diabetes is to halt the rise within 2025 (2010 as baseline). The Italian Ministry of Health (MoH) has strengthened prevention/health promotion and supported their periodic assessment through national health examination surveys (HESs), financed by MoH-CCM and conducted within the CUORE Project. Methods In 2023 a new HES started including the assessment of fasting serum glycemia, total and HDL cholesterolemia and triglyceridemia. Up to now, data from random samples of residents in 7 Regions (of 20 regions) distributed in North, Centre and South of Italy and aged 35-74 years are available (687 men, 704 women). Glycemia and lipids profiles were assayed by a central lab. Elevated glycemia/diabetes (DM): glycemia ≥ 126 mg/dl and/or on medication. Elevated total cholesterol/hypercholesterolemia (HChol): total cholesterol ≥ 240 mg/dl and/or on medication. Results Glycemia mean level was 97 mg/dl (95%CI: 95-99) in men and 90 mg/dl (89-91) in women; DM resulted 10% (5-14) and 8% (4-12) respectively. Among those with DM, about 2 in 10 men and 1 in 10 women were unaware; about 2 and 3 of 10 were aware but not on medication, respectively. Total cholesterol mean level was 192 mg/dl (189-195) in men and 200 (197-202) in women; HChol resulted 24% (18-31) and 29% (22-36) respectively. Mean level of HDL cholesterol was 48 mg/dl (48-49) in men and 59 mg/dl (58-60) in women; mean level of triglycerides was 121 mg/dl (115-126) and 95 mg/dl (92-98) respectively. Among those with HChol, about 1 in 10 men and 2 in 10 women were unaware; about 2 of 10 were aware but not on medication. Conclusions Compared to 2008, these preliminary data showed a significant decrease of glycemia, total cholesterol and triglycerides means values both in men and women, as well as of DM and HChol prevalence, but improvements on their awareness and control are still necessary. Key messages • In the Italian adult general population significant improvements in lipids and glycemia profiles occurred compared to 15 years ago. • The implementation of periodic health examination surveys is important for estimating indicators based on objective measurements and for estimating awareness and control of risk conditions.

Beyond secondary prevention drugs: added benefit in survival and events of a healthy lifestyle in patients after an acute coronary syndrome

Abstract Background Despite advances in drug treatment and secondary prevention programs, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death. The full extent and independent benefit of a healthy lifestyle, particularly after optimal medical therapy in secondary prevention, has not been widely reported. Purpose To quantify the added benefit on survival and events of a healthy lifestyle following an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Our study seeks to answer the question: Is adherence to medical therapy sufficient or a healthy lifestyle provides additional improvement?. Methods This a prospective observational multi-center study of 685 patients included during admission for ACS. At 6 months patients were asked about their post-ACS lifestyle and were given a score (range: 0-7) with the following items: Intake of ≥3 fruits and vegetables/day, ≥2 fish servings/week, ≤7 alcohol beverages/week, feeling stress RESULTS: After adjusting for demographic variables, cardiovascular risk factors, characteristics of the index event, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and drug therapy, multivariate Cox regression showed that the lifestyle SCORE was independently and inversely associated with both the incidence of the primary outcome (ischemic events [any ACS, stroke, or Transient Ischemic Attack] or death) (HR 0.65 (CI95% 0.44-0.96); p=0.029) and death (HR 0.41 [95%CI 0.18-0.91]; p=0.029). Statin therapy was also independently and inversely associated with both the incidence of the primary outcome. Kaplan-Meier curves showed a higher event-free survival for both outcomes in patients with SCORE≥4 than in those with SCORE&amp;lt;4 (p=0.03 and p&amp;lt;0.001, respectively). Additionally, patients with a SCORE≥4 had a significantly greater decrease of total cholesterol (-52 [-16.5, -79] vs -38 [-7.5, -68] mg/dl; p=0.040) and hs-CRP (-1.1 [-0.1, 2.5] vs -0.5 [0.7, -1.9] mg/L; p=0.001) at six months. Conclusions Among patients with ACS and similar medical therapy, a healthy lifestyle is an independent and added marker of a lower incidence of ischemic events and death. It is also associated with a better lipid profile and lower inflammation.

Effect of a Physical Exercise Intervention on Physical Function Parameters and Blood Analytical Changes in Lung Cancer Survivors: A Feasibility Study.

Background: Lung cancer carries a high burden of systemic symptoms, including in survivors, leading to a reduced quality of life (QoL). We assessed whether a 12-week multicomponent supervised exercise programme, including muscular strength and aerobic training, was beneficial in patients who had undergone surgery for early non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in terms of physical performance, QoL, and metabolic and nutritional analytical parameters. Methods: Physical performance was measured by gait speed, handgrip strength, 30 s sit-to-stand (30s-STS) test repetitions, distance covered in the 6 min walk test (6MWT), and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score. QoL was assessed with the EORTC-QLQ-C30 questionnaire. Blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total proteins, albumin, pre-albumin, creatinine, c-reactive protein, insulin-growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and the haemoglobin and hematocrit percentages were measured before and after the intervention in order to observe any beneficial effects related to metabolic markers. Results: After the intervention, the mean scores for the 6MWT (p < 0.001), STS (p < 0.001), 6MWT (p < 0.01), and SPPB (p < 0.01) had significantly improved. However, handgrip strength and nutritional analytical were unchanged. The EORTC-QLQ-C30 functions and symptoms significantly improved after the intervention (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). A significant decrease in cholesterol, triglycerides, and IGF-1 and a significant increase in pre-albumin in blood was also observed post-intervention (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This supervised, community-based 12-week multicomponent was feasible (adherence rate 70.35%) and provided benefits not only to physical performance but also to the quality of life of patients with NSCLC.

The dyslipidemic effect of cytostatics in the treatment of early breast cancer as a serious risk factor of cardiovascular diseases.

The development of highly effective anti-cancer therapies over the past several decades has dramatically changed the situation of patients with malignant tumor disease, who currently achieve a high rate of cure in the early stages of the disease. Despite tremendous progress, chemotherapy remains the primary treatment modality for early breast cancer. However, chemotherapy-related complications have a major impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in this group of patients. Almost 80% of women diagnosed with breast cancer are over 50 years of age and already have risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as age, family history, hypertension, elevated cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, and elevated body mass index. Most breast cancer patients do not die and, in line with the general population, cardiovascular disease remains the most common cause of death. Clinical research, extensive retrospective analyzes and prospective works describe the dyslipidemic effect of cytostatics, which may predispose to the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. The administration of neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy based on anthracyclines and taxanes can lead to an increase in total cholesterol, triacylglycerides, LDL cholesterol and a decrease in HDL cholesterol. Abnormally high concentrations of lipids in the blood represent one of the main risk factors for the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. The works also indicate a correlation between serum lipid levels and the rate of achieving pathological complete remission after the administration of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Dyslipidemia is associated with a worse prognosis in breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The aim of the thesis is to point out the dyslipidemic effects of cytostatics and the risks of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases in breast cancer patients who have undergone adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy for early breast cancer. The identification of cardiovascular risk factors at the beginning of oncological treatment, the monitoring of the lipid spectrum during the treatment and the timely intervention of dyslipidemia treatment escape attention at present.

The effect of aqueous extracts and isolation proteinous compound from clove buds on serumglucose, triglyceride , glutathione and malnodialdehyde levels in alloxan induced diabetic mice

This study was included preparing acold aqueous extract of clove buds The study also comprised the isolation and studying the proteinous compound,which was seperated using gel filtration technique and determined approximately molecular weight of this isolated compound(6799) dalton . The aim of the study demonstrate effects of the crude aqueous, non proteinous extract, proteinous precipitate and proteinous compound on serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, also glutathione and malondialdehyde levels in liver and kidney tissues in diabetic mice-induced alloxan.Extracts were administerated interaperitioneally. The results were indicated that the crude aqueous, non proteinous extract, proteinous precipitate and proteinous compound which were caused asignificant decrease in serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride levels and malondialdehyde level in liver and kidney tissues, while aproteinous precipitate don’t show asignificant decrease in serum cholesterol level but all extracts don’t show asignificant changes in serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol level in alloxan induced diabetic mice, on other wise all extracts showed asignificant increase in glutathione level in liver and kidney tissues except non proteinous extract and proteinous precipitate which were caused asignificant increase in glutathione level in liver tissue only.

Enhanced metabolic health and immune response with bictegravir/emtricitabine/TAF: Insights from a 96‑week retrospective study.

Bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (B/F/TAF), as a fixed dosed combination, is effective in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) previously treated with other therapeutic regimens. The aim of the present retrospective observational real-life study was to analyze virological suppression and immunological, metabolic and safety profile of B/F/TAF. Data were collected from 127 PLHW who switched from any regimen to B/F/TAF. Viral load and virological suppression (viral load <50 copies/ml) were assessed by using real-time PCR methodologies; CD4 and CD8 T cell count as well as CD4/CD8 ratio were determined by cytofluorimetric analyses; other metabolic parameters such as total cholesterol, triglycerides, High- and Low-Density Lipoproteins were assessed by using immunoenzymatic assay. All of the aforementioned parameters were assessed at different timepoints (Baseline, 48 and 96 weeks) for the patients switching to B/F/TAF. Of 127 PLHW [96 (75.6%) male and 31 (24.4%) female, with a mean age of 46.8±10.7 years], 107 PLHW were included in the analysis. The percentage of virologically suppressed PLWH increased from 66.4 to 74.8% at 96 weeks. A statistically significant increase in absolute CD4 (P<0.0001) and CD8 T cell count (P=0.002) was observed. Of importance, there was a significant increase in CD4/CD8 ratio from 0.95 (0.52-1.31) to 1.16 (0.75-1.39) (P=0.003) after 96 weeks. There was a significant decrease in the median values of triglycerides (P<0.0001) and total cholesterol (P<0.0001). Serum creatinine showed a significant increase (P=0.0001). In real life, switching to B/F/T was safe and highly effective both virologically and immunologically. Decrease in cholesterol and triglyceride levels suggested a favorable metabolic profile, which may decrease inflammation, leading to a healthier state and less organ damage.

Effect of ethanol leaf extract of Moringa oleifera on D-galactose induced changes in lipid profile of aged Wistar rats

Uncontrolled hyperlipidaemia is linked to some age-related diseases like obesity, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. To examine the blood lipid profile in wistar rats, this study employed D-galactose-induced aging as a model. The lipid profiles were analysed using standard methods. Thirty (30) male albino rats were randomly assigned into five (5) groups of six (6) rats each and fed with basal diets. Group 1 and 5 which served as the young and adult controls respectively received basal diet only while the others were administered D-galactose (150mg/kg) and Moringa oleifera extract (MOLE-200mg/kg and 400mg/kg) respectively for eight (8) weeks. At the end of the study rats were sacrificed and blood samples were collected. At week 0, the results of the total cholesterol concentrations (98.81 ± 6.43), TAG (69.15 ± 1.34), LDL-cholesterol (31.80 ± 4.10), VLDL-cholesterol (13.83 ± 0..27) and HDL-cholesterol (35.64 ± 2.81) in rats administered M. oleifera leaf extract, D-galactose and distilled water respectively showed no significant (P &gt; 0.05) difference across all the groups but at week 8 treatment with high dose of MOLE resulted in a significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease in total serum cholesterol (112.45 ± 3.05), TAG (114.05 ± 5.47), LDL-cholesterol (19.66 ± 4.06) concentrations relative to the D-galactose only treated group. Conversely, HDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) following treatment with both low (69.53 ± 1.94) and high dose (69.99 ± 2.64) of MOLE relative to the D-galactose (63.65 ± 2.54) treated group. These results suggest that Moringa oleifera leaf extract exerts an anti-hyperlipidaemic effect against D-galactose-induced toxicity and thus could confer protection against aging.

Role of Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Aegle marmelos (AM) Leaves and Tamarindus indica (TI) Seeds on High Fat High Sugar Diet Induced Hyperlipidemia in Rodent Models

Hyperlipidemia is an increase in plasma levels of lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides) and various lipoproteins. Though many drugs have been used for controlling hyperlipidemia, yet most of them have unpleasant side effects, which has stimulated the search for natural remedies. Hypolipidemic activity of hydroalcoholic extracts of Aegle marmelos (AM) leaves and Tamarindus indica (TI) seed alone and in combination on High Fat High Sugar (Fructose) Diet (HFHSD) induced hyperlipidemia in male rats was evaluated in this study. Out of 54 male Sprague Dawley rats, six received standard diet (Group I, normal control) throughout the study. The remaining 48 rats were fed orally with HFHSD for 30 days to induce hyperlipidemia (plasma cholesterol level &gt;200 mg/dL). For the next thirty days, rats which had received HFHSD were divided into 8 groups with six animals in each. Group II- HFHSD control received standard diet, Group III- positive control (Niacin, 100 mg/kg/day), Group IV - AM25 (25 mg/kg/day), Group V - AM50 (50 mg/kg/day), Group VI - TI25 (25 mg/kg/day), Group VII - TI50 (50mg/kg/day), Groups VIII - AM25+TI25 (25 + 25 mg/kg/day) and Group IX - AM50+TI50 (50 + 50 mg/kg/day). Treatment of HFHSD fed rats with each extract alone and in combination resulted in a significant decrease in plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and VLDL and increase in HDL levels. Treatment with AM50+TI50 significantly lowered plasma cholesterol (p&lt;0.001), triglycerides (p&lt;0.001) and increased HDL cholesterol levels (p&lt;0.05), in comparison to positive control. Both the extracts alone and in combination exerted hypolipidemic effect in rats.

Impact of spinach thylakoid extract-induced 12-week high-intensity functional training on specific adipokines in obese males.

Obesity presents multifarious etiopathologies with its management being a global challenge. This article presents the first ever report on the impact of spinach thylakoid extract-induced high-intensity functional training (HIFT) on obesity management via regulating the levels of novel adipokine, C1q/TNF-related Protein-12 (CTRP-12), furin, and Krüppel-like factor 15 (KLF-15). Sixty-eight obese male subjects were randomly divided into four groups: control group (CG), supplement group (SG), training group (TG), and the combined training and supplement group (TSG). After initial assessments of all groups, the training group commenced a twelve-week HIFT using the CrossFit program (comprising of three training sessions per week, each lasting 30 min). Eligible candidates were randomly assigned to either receive thylakoid-rich spinach extract (5 g per day) or a matching placebo (5 g per day of corn starch, 30 min before lunch) for a total duration of 12 weeks. All required data and investigations were collected at 48 h pre- and post-training. The results indicated a substantial correlation between exercise and the time of KLF-15, furin, and CTRP-12 demonstrating effect sizes of 0.3, 0.7, and 0.6, respectively. Additionally, the training and supplementation group (TSG) exhibited a substantial decrease in low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) levels (p < 0.0001). Concurrently, there was a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (p = 0.0001). Furthermore, a notable difference between the groups emerged in HDL, LDL, TC, and TG levels, supported by effect sizes of 0.73, 0.86, 0.96, and 0.89, respectively (p < 0.05). The study offered novel insights into the management of obesity using supplements induced by spinach-derived thylakoid extract during a 12-week HIFT program. The proposed combination intervention may reverse obesity-induced insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunctions by positive regulation of CTRP-12/adipolin and KLF15 and simultaneous suppression of furin levels.

AMPK-Mediated Hypolipidemic Effects of a Salvia miltiorrhiza and Paeonia lactiflora Mixed Extract on High-Fat Diet-Induced Liver Triglyceride Accumulation: An In Vivo and In Vitro Study.

This study investigates the hypolipidemic effects of a mixed extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Paeonia lactiflora (USCP119) in HFD-fed hamsters and in vitro cellular models. Over an 8-week period, HFD-fed hamsters were assigned to one of six groups: normal diet, HFD control, HFD with 50 mg/kg USCP119, HFD with 100 mg/kg USCP119, HFD with 50 mg/kg USCP119 twice daily (BID), and HFD with omega-3 fatty acids. Key outcomes assessed included body weight, serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), liver weight, hepatic TG levels, and epididymal fat. In cellular models, the impact of USCP119 on lipid accumulation and adipogenic markers was evaluated. USCP119 treatment at 50 mg/kg BID resulted in the lowest weight gain (15.5%) and the most significant reductions in serum TG and hepatic TG levels compared to the HFD control. The 100 mg/kg dose also led to substantial reductions in serum TG and TC levels and notable decreases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. USCP119 at 50 mg/kg once daily reduced TG and TC levels but was less effective than the higher doses. In cellular models, USCP119 was non-toxic up to 400 µg/mL and effectively reduced lipid accumulation, modulated adipogenic markers, and enhanced AMPK signaling, improving lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. All USCP119 treatments demonstrated effectiveness in managing hyperlipidemia and related metabolic disorders, with variations in impact depending on the dosage. The ability of USCP119 to reduce fat accumulation, improve lipid profiles, and enhance insulin sensitivity highlights its potential as a valuable dietary supplement for addressing high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia and metabolic disturbances.

Long-term metabolic effectiveness and safety of growth hormone replacement therapy in patients with adult growth hormone deficiency: a single-institution study in Japan.

To elucidate the long-term efficacy and safety of growth hormone replacement therapy (GHRT) in Japanese patients with adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD). We conducted a retrospective study. A total of 110 patients with AGHD receiving GHRT were enrolled. Clinical and laboratory data were collected annually from the beginning of the study. Statistical analysis was performed using a linear mixed-effects model. Of all patients, 46.4% were males, 70.9% had adult-onset GHD, and follow-up was up to 196 months, with a median of 68 months. The insulin-like growth factor-1 standard deviation score increased after the start of GHRT and remained constant for more than 11 years. Seventeen patients were followed up for more than 11 years. The body mass index increased. Waist circumference decreased in the short term but increased in the long term. The diastolic blood pressure decreased 1-5 years after the start of GHRT, and the systolic blood pressure increased 11 years after GHRT. Moreover, a long-term decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and a decrease in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels were observed. The glycosylated hemoglobin level increased after 3 years. The bone mineral density in the lumbar spine and total hip increased significantly 3 years after the start of GHRT. Finally, the number of adverse events was eight. We demonstrated the metabolic effectiveness and safety of GHRT in Japanese patients with AGHD over a long follow-up period of 16 years.

In vitro versus cryo-induced capacitation of bovine spermatozoa, part 3: Compositional and molecular changes to the plasma membrane

The aim of this study was to assess the level of membrane cryodamage through the levels of selected capacitation and apoptosis-associated proteins, together with compositional membrane changes in capacitated (CAP), cryopreserved (CRYO) and non-capacitated bovine spermatozoa (CRTL). Sperm kinetic parameters were analyzed by the computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA) while the capacitation patterns were examined with the chlortetracycline (CTC) assay. In the case of DNA integrity, sperm chromatin structure assay and aniline blue staining were used. For the quantification of fatty acid content gas chromatography was performed. Using Western blotting the expression of capacitation (protein kinase C – PKC; phospholipases A2 and Cζ – PLA2, PLCζ; soluble adenylyl cyclase 10 – sAC10) and apoptosis-associated (apoptosis regulator Bax; B-cell lymphoma 2 – Bcl-2; caspase 3) proteins were evaluated. Data indicate a significant decline (p < 0.0001) of sperm kinetic parameters and higher occurrence (p < 0.0001) of DNA fragmentation in the CRYO group. CTC assay revealed a significant increase of acrosome-reacted spermatozoa in the CRYO group when compared to others. Compositional changes in the sperm membrane were visible as a notable decline of docosahexaenoic acid (p < 0.0001) associated with a significant decrease of membrane cholesterol (p < 0.05) and proteins (p < 0.0001) in the CRYO group while the amount of palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acid increased (p < 0.0001) significantly. Protein expression of all capacitation-associated proteins (PKC, PLA2, PLCζ, sAC10) was significantly down-regulated (p < 0.001; p < 0.0001) in the CRYO group. Relative quantification of apoptosis-associated proteins revealed increased Bax and decreased Bcl-2 levels in the CRYO group, except for caspase-3, which remained without significant changes.