Decrease In Water Quality Research Articles

INNOVATION OF SINBIOTIC FORMULA FOR THE GROWTH OF WHITE SHRIMP LARVAE (Litopenaeus vannamei)

In the hatchery of white shrimp larvae, there are some problems, such as a decreased water quality and diseases caused by bacteria which cause a decrease in shrimp growth. The solution to reduce these problems is by applying synbiotics. This research aimed to make an innovative synbiotic formula for the absolute length growth and survival rate of white shrimp larvae (Litopenaeus vannamei) as well as the total number of bacteria and the number of Vibrio sp. In this study, there were four treatments, as follows: C-: negative control (without synbiotic application) C+: positive control (commercial synbiotic) P: probiotic 2.5 x 105 cfu/ml and prebiotic 1,5 ppm Q: probiotic 5 x 105 cfu/ml and prebiotic 1 ppm R: probiotic 7,5 x 105 cfu/ml and prebiotic 0,5 ppm S: probiotic 106 cfu/ml and prebiotic 2 ppm, each treatment with four repetitions. This research was set up in a completely randomized design experiment using twenty-four plastic tanks with 50 L total volume filled with 20 L sterile sea water and stocked with 4,000 nauplii in the PT. Citra Larva Cemerlang hatchery, Kalianda, Lampung. Variables observed in this research were survival rate, absolute length growth, total bacterial and Vibrio sp. counts, and water quality in the white shrimp larvae (Litopenaeus vannamei). The results showed that the best survival rate is in treatment S (probiotic 106 cfu/ml and prebiotic 2 ppm) (87.7%), the highest absolute length growth is in treatment P (3.8 mm), the highest total bacteria was in treatment S (11.1 log cfu/ml), and the best total Vibrio sp. is in treatment S (3.5 log cfu/ml). Water quality of the six treatments shows results that are still in normal conditions following Indonesian National Standard SNI 7311: 2009.

Carapace Length-Weight Relationship and Condition Factors of Macrobrachium rosenbergii in The Rivers of Riau Province, Indonesia

Macrobrachium rosenbergii in Riau Province are almost found in all inland waters, especially in the big rivers, namely Indragiri, Kampar, Siak and Rokan. This species are still the main catch of fishermen even the catch has decreased. Deforestation along the watershed, decreasing water quality and habitat have a very bad impact on Macrobrachium rosenbergii. This study was conducted to determine the relationship of carapace length-weight and the condition factor of Macrobrachium rosenbergii in the rivers of Riau Province. The study used a survey method from May to June 2021. Data collection was carried out in the rivers of Riau Province at the center for giant prawns. Sampling was done randomly from the catches of fishermen. The biological parameters measured were carapace length and weight. The results showed that the relationship between carapace length and weight of giant prawns in the Siak River, Rokan River and Kampar River are 0.0008L2.8473, 0.0049L2.3906 and w = 0.0014L2.643, respectively. The length of the carapace can determine the weight of prawns up to 78.62-96.62%, where the relationship between carapace length and weight is very close. The growth pattern of giant prawns is allometric and the condition factor is 1.03-1.05.

Water consumption and environmental behavior of the residents in Lake Toba water catchment area, North Sumatra, Indonesia

One of seventeen points of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is to provide clean water for at least 80% of the global population in 2025. Rural populations living surrounding Lake Toba water catchment area still utilize the lake water for daily use regardless of the susceptible decreasing water quality. This paper describes anthropogenic aspects affecting the water quality of Lake Toba that is consumed as the drinking water source by surrounding residents. The research used a quantitative approach by interviewing 130 household representatives from 3 regencies around the lake to calculate the water consumption and evaluate the water quality in 2018. In addition, this research also assessed the residents' behavior in managing household waste and wastewater. The result showed that the average water consumption is 86,93L/person/day. The majority of the respondents barely treat the water and feel satisfied with the water quality based on its color, turbidity, taste, and odor. On the contrary, the respondents have not adequately treated their domestic waste and household wastewater before being released to the lake, contributing to water pollution. Although most respondents are satisfied with the water quality, it is still needed to perform proper water treatment because the water quality of Lake Toba is reported as slightly up to heavily polluted by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry in 2019.

A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Water Quality and Land Use in Tambayakbayan River, Yogyakarta

The Special Region of Yogyakarta is one of the areas that experienced a fairly high population growth rate and is directly proportional to the rate of development which has an impact on land use, especially in Tambakbayan watershed. This study aims to identify the types of land use that affected water quality of the Tambakbayan River using spatiotemporal analysis and Pearson correlation methods. Land use in Tambakbayan watershed is divided into three segments which are vegetation (VA), agriculture (AG), and building (BU). This study used water quality data from the Environmental Agency of Yogyakarta Province which consists of 14 parameters, i.e., pH, TDS, TSS, DO, BOD, COD, nitrate, nitrite, total phosphate, Zn, Cu, Pb, E. coli, and total coli. Landsat 8 image data from 2013 to 2020 is used from USGS. The result of this study found that vegetation has no correlation on Tambakbayan River water quality. However, agriculture and building areas significantly affected the decreasing water quality of the Tambakbayan River.

Moving toward sustainable environment: The effects of hydropower industry on water quality in EU economies

This research investigates the effect of hydropower yields on water quality in European Union participating nations from 1990 to 2019. Integrating the panel fully modified ordinary least squares, the outcomes show that water quality degradation increase with a rise in hydropower production growth. Similarly, fossil fuel, economic growth and population density are found to be increasing water resource pollution. While institutional quality is found to decrease water quality degradation and water resource pollution. The finding implies that water quality degradation in the EU27 region can be effectively increased by increasing the amount of hydropower production in sustainability procedures. This will increasingly influence the status of climate change. The evaluated outcomes are observed to be valid as they were authenticated with the panel dynamic ordinary least square and pooled ordinary least square. Therefore, it attests to the paper's uniqueness, input to the body of knowledge and novelty. The research suggests that for EU27 nations have to enhance the role of the hydropower industry in their energy mix to achieve Energy Union objectives taking into consideration the water resources pollution factor. Authorities in these nations must also focus more on investing in the growth of the hydropower industry to add more to its production and availability of renewable energy and decrease water quality degradation. The government of these nations can similarly stress the competence and sustainability of hydropower production and water resource conservation to reach energy security and reduce water quality degradation.

Algicidal effect of tryptoline against Microcystis aeruginosa: Excess reactive oxygen species production mediated by photosynthesis

Cyanobacterial blooms significantly decrease water quality and can damage ecosystems and, as such, require efficient control methods. Algicidal bacteria and their associated substances are promising tools for controlling cyanobacterial blooms; however, their specific algicidal mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, the current study sought to investigate the algicidal mechanism of tryptoline (1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9 h-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) against Microcystis aeruginosa, with a specific focus on the contribution made by reactive oxygen species (ROS), the underlying mechanisms of ROS increase, as well as the photosystem response. Results show that the algicidal ratio of tryptoline significantly and positively correlates with algal ROS. Moreover, 93.79% of the algicidal ratio variation is attributed to ROS in the tryptoline group, while only 47.75% can be attributed to ROS in the tryptoline + N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) group, where ROS are partially scavenged by NAC. In the presence of tryptoline, algicidal effect and ROS levels were significantly enhanced in the presence of light as compared to those in the dark (P < 0.001). Hence, the increase in ROS production attributed to tryptoline is primarily affected by the presence of light and photosynthesis. Additionally, tryptoline significantly reduces Fv/Fm, PIABS, ETo/RC, and the expression of psaB and psbA genes related to photosynthesis, while increasing Vj and DIo/RC (P < 0.05). These results suggest that tryptoline hinders algal photosynthesis by significantly decreasing photosynthetic efficiency and carbon assimilation, inhibiting photochemical electron transfer, and increasing closed reaction centers and energy loss. Moreover, following partial blockade of the photosynthetic electron transfer from QA to QB by diuron (3-(3–4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea), the ROS of algae exposed to tryptoline is significantly decreased. Thus, tryptoline inhibits electron transfer downstream of QA, which increase the number of escaping electron and thereby increase ROS generation. Collectively, this study describes the algicidal mechanism of tryptoline against M. aeruginosa and highlights the critical factors associated with induction of algicidal activity.

Evaluation of The Effect of Age of Cultivation of Dumbo Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) on Changes in Pond Water Quality Using Plankton as Bioindicator in Gondosuli Village, Tulungagung Regency

Catfish is a freshwater fish that is widely cultivated but overfeeding causes organic pollution. This study aims to evaluate the water quality profile based on physicochemical and plankton as bioindicators in catfish ponds in Gondosuli Village, Tulungagung Regency. This type of research was ex post facto by monitoring the physicochemical parameters of water and the structure of the plankton community in control ponds, ponds with catfish aged &lt;1 month, 2-3 months, and 3-4 months each with three replications. Water samples for each pond were measured on the physicochemical water quality included water temperature, conductivity, pH, water transparency, DO, BOD, and turbidity. Plankton identified and analyzed to determine community structure (Abundance, Frequency, Relative Abundance, Relative Frequency, Important Value Index) and biotic index (H', TDI, and %PTV) for water quality. The results of measurements of each physicochemical parameter between locations were statistically analyzed inferentially using a different test. The interaction between the plankton community structure and the physicochemical of water quality was analyzed using biplots. The results showed that ponds with the age of catfish ready to harvest had an impact on decreasing water quality. This condition was indicated by the high organic matter pollution reflected by the high BOD, high turbidity levels, and low DO values. Catfish pond waters quality based on the H' value of plankton community showed that organic matter pollution had not yet occurred. Based on TDI values, catfish pond waters were categorized as poor status (hyper eutrophic) and based on the %PTV index in ponds with catfish age 2-3 and 3-4 months were classified as high levels of organic matter pollution.

Changing Land Use and Population Density Are Degrading Water Quality in the Lower Mekong Basin

Establishing reference conditions in rivers is important to understand environmental change and protect ecosystem integrity. Ranked third globally for fish biodiversity, the Mekong River has the world’s largest inland fishery providing livelihoods, food security, and protein to the local population. It is therefore of paramount importance to maintain the water quality and biotic integrity of this ecosystem. We analyzed land use impacts on water quality constituents (TSS, TN, TP, DO, NO3−, NH4+, PO43−) in the Lower Mekong Basin. We then used a best-model regression approach with anthropogenic land-use as independent variables and water quality parameters as the dependent variables, to define reference conditions in the absence of human activities (corresponding to the intercept value). From 2000–2017, the population and the percentage of crop, rice, and plantation land cover increased, while there was a decrease in upland forest and flooded forest. Agriculture, urbanization, and population density were associated with decreasing water quality health in the Lower Mekong Basin. In several sites, Thailand and Laos had higher TN, NO3−, and NH4+ concentrations compared to reference conditions, while Cambodia had higher TP values than reference conditions, showing water quality degradation. TSS was higher than reference conditions in the dry season in Cambodia, but was lower than reference values in the wet season in Thailand and Laos. This study shows how deforestation from agriculture conversion and increasing urbanization pressure causes water quality decline in the Lower Mekong Basin, and provides a first characterization of reference water quality conditions for the Lower Mekong River and its tributaries.

MODEL PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN AIR WADUK BATUJAI DI LOMBOK TENGAH, NUSA TENGGARA BARAT

Water quality management efforts need to be carried out in a sustainable manner to ensure that water resources are free from pollution. Water is an important component in human life, therefore the existence of water in nature must be maintained to ensure the continuity of human life. Decreasing water quality is caused by pollutant loads that enter water bodies due to human activities disposing of waste directly into the water. Batujai Reservoir is one of the vital objects for the survival of the people of Central Lombok. In an effort to control water pollution in the Batujai Reservoir, a model that is capable of managing Batujai Reservoir water is needed in a sustainable manner. The purpose of this research is to develop a model capable of managing the water in the Batujai Reservoir in a sustainable manner. The research methodology uses a quantitative approach using primary data from interviews with figures and experts as well as secondary data from literature studies and previous research data. Data analysis used the Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) approach. ISM is able to simplify complex relationships to be simple and form a hierarchy between existing relationships and be able to describe them in the form of system modeling. The results showed that the water pollution control model in Batujai Reservoir was carried out by involving all relevant stakeholders by placing academics, NGOs and Central Lombok Bappeda as the main drivers of program implementation and using the local wisdom approach.Keywords: pollution, control, water, model, batujai.

Incongruent long‐term trends of a marine consumer and primary producers in a habitat affected by nutrient pollution

AbstractNutrient pollution, defined as excess nitrogen and phosphorus related to human activities, is a widespread anthropogenic impact that decreases water quality and limits light penetration in estuarine habitats. These factors can lead to shifts in primary producer communities, but the association between these changes and marine consumer patterns of abundance and growth is relatively unknown. Understanding these relationships is necessary for herbivorous species of conservation concern like the green turtle (Chelonia mydas). We used generalized additive models to analyze concurrent 18‐yr data sets of seagrass cover, drift macroalgae cover, juvenile green turtle abundance, and growth to (1) evaluate long‐term trends in primary producer cover and green turtle demographics; and (2) gain insights into their interrelatedness at a study site known to be affected by nutrient pollution throughout the study period. We found that seagrass cover sharply declined during our study period while macroalgae cover was more resilient with trends varying over time. Juvenile green turtle abundance slowly declined throughout the study period with altered intra‐annual trends, while growth rates remained relatively stable. The incongruence of these trends suggests that relationships between marine consumers and nutrient pollution are more complex than effects on food availability alone. Our results focus on the green turtle but highlight the need for greater understanding of relationships between marine consumer species and nutrient pollution at both local and regional scales.

Analysis of Water Quality in Tasi-tolu Lake due to domestic Wastewater Pollution Using the Pollutant Index Method: A Case Study From Dili Municipality, Timor-Leste

Domestic wastewater pollution is a pollutant of community activities that can decrease water quality. Tasi-tolu lake used by community for their daily necessities but lack of public awareness of disposing waste water into the lake, causing death of an ecosystem in the water. In research using the pollutant index method according to Environmental Ministry Decision No. 115 year 2003 about Water Quality Status Determination Handbook to determine the class of water to comparing quality standards according to PP No.82 of 2001. The result of study, the pollutant index value showed water quality of Tasi-tolu lake for class II in the upstream and middle part was moderately polluted with IP value 6,065 and 6,112, class III quality standards were lightly polluted with IP values 1,88 and 2,12 while class IV in the upstream meets quality standard IP value 0,76 and in the middle part is lightly polluted with an IP value 1,41.

Laboratory Efficacy of Locally Available Backwashing Methods at Removing Fouling in Hollow-Fiber Membrane Filters Used for Household Water Treatment.

Hollow-fiber membrane filters (HFMFs) for household water treatment (HWT) can efficaciously remove disease-causing organisms in laboratory settings. However, lower effectiveness in use in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and humanitarian contexts (HCs) has been observed and attributed to membrane fouling and the associated cleaning. In LMICs/HCs, it is not possible to prevent and control fouling using commonly known methods (e.g., testing influent water, maintenance regimes), and the literature on fouling/cleaning of HFMFs distributed in LMICs is scarce. As such, controlled laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of locally available (in LMICs/HCs) backwashing solutions at removing fouling using different influent waters and HFMF types. Four commonly distributed HFMFs were selected; fouling layers were developed by filtering three influent water compositions, representing LMIC/HC waters, for 10-days, and bleach, water, or vinegar backwashing solutions were used for daily backwashing. Filter performance indicators included: fiber mechanical properties (strain at break, break force), water quantity performance (flow), water quality performance (turbidity, E. coli), and imaging. The study found fouling developed rapidly and altered mechanical properties and water quantity indicators within 200 h of filtration. Fouling did not decrease water quality indicators. Backwashing improved the filter’s mechanical properties and water quantity performance, but it did not fully recover the initial performance. Additionally, recovery differed between backwashing solutions, and no universal cleaning recommendation appropriate for HFMFs in LMICs/HCs was identified. Overall, fouling development and control depended on HFMF type, influent water quality, and backwashing solution type; thus, caution before distributing HFMFs for long-term use in LMICs/HCs is recommended.

Tree line advance reduces mixing and oxygen concentrations in arctic-alpine lakes through wind sheltering and organic carbon supply.

Oxygen depletion in lake bottom waters has adverse impacts on ecosystem health including decreased water quality from release of nutrients and reduced substances from sediments, and the reduction of fish growth and reproduction. Depletion occurs when oxygen is consumed during decomposition of organic matter, and oxygen replenishment is limited by water column stratification. Arctic-alpine lakes are often well mixed and oxygenated, but rapid climate change in these regions is an important driver of shifts in catchment vegetation that could affect the mixing and oxygen dynamics of lakes. Here, we analyze high-resolution time series of dissolved oxygen concentration and temperature profiles in 40 Swedish arctic-alpine lakes across the tree line ecotone. The lakes stratified for 1-125days, and during stratification, near-bottom dissolved oxygen concentrations changed by -0.20 to +0.15mgL-1 day-1 , resulting in final concentrations of 1.1-15.5mgL-1 at the end of the longest stratification period. Structural equation modeling revealed that lakes with taller shoreline vegetation relative to lake area had higher dissolved organic carbon concentrations and oxygen consumption rates, but also lower wind speeds and longer stratification periods, and ultimately, lower near-bottom dissolved oxygen concentrations. We use an index of shoreline canopy height and lake area to predict variations among our study lakes in near-bottom dissolved oxygen concentrations at the end of the longest stratification period (R2 =0.41). Upscaling this relationship to 8392 Swedish arctic-alpine lakes revealed that near-bottom dissolved oxygen concentrations drop below 3, 5, and 7mgL-1 in 15%, 32%, and 53% of the lakes and that this proportion is sensitive (5%-22%, 13%-45%, and 29%-69%) to hypothetical tree line shifts observed in the past century or reconstructed for the Holocene (±200m elevation; ±0.5° latitude). Assuming space-for-time substitution, we predict that tree line advance will decrease near-bottom dissolved oxygen concentrations in many arctic-alpine lakes.

The presence and abundance of harmful dinoflagellate algae related to water quality in Jakarta Bay, Indonesia

Abstract. Takarina ND, Nasution AK, Thoha H. 2021. The presence and abundance of harmful dinoflagellate algae related to water quality in Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2909-2917. Dinoflagellate is a single-celled organism that commonly occurs in large numbers in marine environment. When environment changes, harmful dinoflagellate algae often emerge as a response to change in water quality. Jakarta Bay, Indonesia is the meeting point of 13 rivers that carry anthropogenic effluents, not only from agriculture and human settlements, but also industrial activities with some initial evidence showed the increasing growth of harmful algae population and decreasing water quality. This study aims to assess the correlations between dinoflagellate abundance and water quality parameters (i.e., dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, temperature, and turbidity) in Jakarta Bay. Dinoflagellates were sampled in July 2020 at four river mouths, namely Ancol, Muara Baru, Muara Angke, and Muara Karang, each with three replications. Results showed that five dinoflagellates categorized as harmful were recorded. The following order of dinoflagellates based on abundance was Noctiluca &gt; Ceratium &gt; Gonyaulax &gt; Gymnodinium &gt; Dinophysis. Dinoflagellate abundance ranges were as low as 353,857 cells/m3 for Dinophysis and as high as 85,279,547 cells/m3 for Noctiluca. In terms of location, Muara Baru had the highest dinoflagellate abundance. There were correlations between dinoflagellate abundance with water quality. The dinoflagellate abundance was positively correlated with DO (Gymnodinium 0.5152; Dinophysis 0.5262; Gonyaulax 0.3701; Noctiluca 0.0429; Ceratium 0.4168) and temperature (Gymonodium 0.3894; Ceratium 0.3627; Gonyaulax 0.3428;Dinophysis 0.2536) but negatively correlated with pH (Ceratium-0.5558; Dinophysis-0.4868; Gymonodinium-0.4284; Noctiluca-0.4201; Gonyaulax-0.3881), turbidity (Dinophysis-0.2336; Gonyaulax-0.0105; Noctiluca-0.1164; Ceratium-0.0896), salinity (Gymnodinium-0.2176; Dinophysis-0.0888; Ceratium-0.0434).

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Water Quality Indicators in Small Lakes Using Sentinel-2 Satellite Data: Lake Bloomington and Evergreen Lake, Central Illinois, USA

Lake water quality issue related to algal blooms is a serious problem in basins with abundant agricultural lands, causing harmful effects to freshwater ecosystems and decreasing water quality for human uses. Remote sensing methods have been used to monitor water quality of large lakes and coastal areas; however, few studies have been conducted to understand spectral properties of small lakes. This research explores applicability of Sentinel-2 satellite in understanding spatiotemporal patterns of water quality of two small-sized reservoirs, Lake Bloomington and Evergreen Lake, Central Illinois. We tested the feasibility of Sentinel-2 satellite data for monitoring algal blooms by comparing and calibrating multiple satellite algorithms (e.g., Bottom-of-Atmosphere (BOA) reflectance, Maximum Chlorophyll Index (MCI), and band ratios) against lake water quality indicator variables (e.g., chlorophyll-a, turbidity, secchi depth) obtained from water sample analysis in the laboratory or field measurements. The regression models performed better for Evergreen Lake than Lake Bloomington. Comparison of chlorophyll-a and turbidity with satellite reflectance values showed that suspended sediments contribute to the turbidity in the case of Lake Bloomington, while the algae contribute to the turbidity in Evergreen Lake. Using regression models, water quality indicator maps were created, showing the spatial pattern of algae in the lakes, generally, showing heterogeneous chlorophyll-a distribution, lower in downstream and higher in upstream areas. The study confirmed suitability of Sentinel-2 data for monitoring water quality of less turbid small-sized lake.

Over a Century of Sinking in Mexico City: No Hope for Significant Elevation and Storage Capacity Recovery

AbstractMany areas worldwide are known to experience land subsidence due to groundwater extraction. It is traditionally assumed that subsidence extent and rates are controlled by groundwater extraction locations and volumes. Here, we reevaluate this assumption in the Mexico City metropolitan area by combining stratigraphic, hydrologic, geodetic, and demographic datasets. Integration of 115 years of leveling with 24 years of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and 14 years of GPS data reveals that subsidence rates have been mostly constant in Mexico City since at least 1950 and reach 50 cm/year. Analysis of InSAR and GPS data shows that no significant elastic deformation exists, demonstrating that the subsidence is almost fully irreversible. In Mexico City, no direct relationships exist between groundwater level fluctuations and subsidence rates or between pumping rates and subsidence rates. In contrast, a strong positive linear relationship is isolated between subsidence rates and the thickness of the upper aquitard. Through the integration of these long‐term datasets, we forecast that it will take ∼150 years to reach total compaction of the upper aquitard, which may lead to additional subsidence up to 30 m. With the potentiometric surface now deeper than most of the aquitard, clay's porewater rich in salts, chemical constituents, and pollutants is now flowing downward into the productive aquifer, hence decreasing water quality. Finally, our work shows that the consequences of land subsidence greatly influence the socioeconomic landscape in the Mexico City metropolitan area.

Study on zooplankton diversity aquatic ecobiology of Batang Toru River, North Sumatera, Indonesia

The Batang Toru River is a fairly long river, flowing from the North Tapanuli region and emptying into the Indian Ocean (South Tapanuli Regency). Increased deforestation in the Batang Toru River area has increased the potential for decreasing water quality of the Batang Toru River. The purpose of this study was to determine the condition of the water quality of the Batang Toru River. This research was conducted for 3 months (April, July, October), in the Batang Toru River and its surroundings (14 observation stations scattered from the area near the upstream to the coast). The data analysis used in this research is the analysis of the abundance and composition of the types of phytoplankton, the Diversity Index (H’), the Evennes Index (E), and the Dominance Index (C). Based on the research results, zooplankton in these waters consist of Six Phylum of zooplankton, such as Ciliophora (4 genera), Amoebozoa (2 genera), Cercozoa (1 genera), Rotifera (9 genera), Arthopoda (3 genera), and Annelida (2 genera). Diversity, Evenness, and Dominance Indices were around 0.349-1.847, 0.503-0.994 and 0.240-0.802. Based on the index value, it can be concluded that the Batang Toru River is classified as experiencing moderate ecological pressure.

ANALISIS KUALITAS AIR PADA TIGA MATA AIR DI KECAMATAN SUKAWATI, KABUPATEN GIANYAR, BALI

Utilization of springs as water resources for their daily needs by the people of Sukawati Sub-Distric of Gianyar Regency, Bali is still quite high Human activities, such as increasing domestic, industrial and agricultural activities, have an effect on decreasing water quality. This research was conducted ini December 2019 to January 2020 at Pancoran Kutri springs, Beji Dalem Agung Kemenuh springs and Taman Beji Cengcengan springs. This research aimed to determine water quality based on Bali Governor's Regulation No.16 of 2016 concerning Environmental Quality Standards and Standard Criteria for Enviromental Damage Based on Class (Class I) and Minister of Health Republic of Indonesia Regulation No.492/ Menkes/Per/IV/2010 concerning Prerequisites for Drinking Water Quality. The parameters analyzed were the physical parameters (temperature and TDS), the chemical parameters (pH, DO, BOD, nitrate, phosphate, cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb)) and the biological parameters (fecal coliform bacteria). The results of the research conducted showed that the water quality in the three springs in the study location still met the water quality standards. However, DO parameters at Pancoran Kutri springs, BOD parameters at Taman Beji Cengcengan springs and phosphate in the three springs at the research location are based on regulations, as well as fecal coliform bacteria parameters in the three springs at the research location based on the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010 have exceeded the quality standard threshold.

Increased Immune Response of Carp (Cyprinus carpio L) by Giving Garlic (A. sativum) powder extract

Cultivation by utilizing the stocking density and feed used is a driving force for the emergence of diseases due to decreased water quality due to the deposition of organic material from leftover food or fish excretion. Meanwhile, fish become stressed so they are vulnerable to disease attacks, especially infectious diseases such as those caused by bacteria or viruses. One of the natural ingredients that can enhance non-specific immune responses and fish growth is garlic powder. garlic is one of the natural plants which contains active ingredients such as sulfur compounds: alliin, allicin, disulfide, trisulfide; Enzymes such as Alinase, perinase; amino acids like arginine, and minerals like selenium. Allicin is one of the active substances that can kill pathogens (antibacterial) such as Aeromonas bacteria. While alliin contained in the white bottom can significantly improve the fish’s immune system so that garlic can be used as an efficient immunostimulant. The study was conducted using the experimental method. The addition of garlic in this study was: treatment A (0 g/kg of feed), treatment B (5 g/kg of feed), treatment C (10 g/kg of feed), treatment D (15 g/kg of feed), Treatment E (20 g/kg of feed) and Treatment F (25 g/kg of feed). The design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 6 treatments and 3 replications. The main parameters observed were the increase in non-specific immune responses including total leukocytes and phagocytic activity and added with absolute growth parameters. As supporting data water quality measurements are also carried out.

Species composition and distribution of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) in relation to land use systems along the Thika River, Kenya

Mayflies (order Ephemeroptera) are widely distributed and commonly used in biological assessment of water quality because of their sensitivity. Their application as bio-indicators in tropical streams and rivers, however, is hampered by lack of adequate information about their status in many such ecosystems. The current study investigated their species composition, distribution and abundance in relation to land use and water quality characteristics of the Thika River, Kenya. The Thika River emanates from the Aberdare Ridges and flows through forest, agricultural and urban catchments. Sampling was carried out at three sites representing forest, agricultural and urban land use systems. Dissolved oxygen, conductivity, total dissolved solids, temperature and transparency were measured in situ at each sampling station. Macroinvertebrates were sampled using a modified Hess sampler and the Ephemeropterans were later identified and sorted in the laboratory. Thirteen Ephemeroptera genera belonging to six families were obtained. Mean larvae abundance was 1 238 ind. m−2. Acanthiops (70.4%) and Afronurus (13.3%) dominated the community at all sites. The current study revealed that decreasing Ephemeroptera taxa abundance along the river channel indicates decreasing water quality.