Decrease In Cigarette Consumption Research Articles

Comparative analysis of the impact of cigarette taxation on consumption, revenue and mortality in Jordan.

Tobacco taxes are a powerful tool for reducing tobacco consumption and a reliable source of revenue for government. To investigate the potential efficacy of tobacco taxation strategies in Jordan in relation to their fiscal and health-related outcomes. Using Tobacconomics, we conducted a comparative analysis of several taxation scenarios: maintaining the status quo; increasing both specific excise and tiered taxes; increasing tiered tax rates alone; and raising specific excise taxes only. We obtained the projected fiscal and health outcomes under the different tax policy scenarios: current scenario with no adjustments; 20% increase in specific excise taxes coupled with a 10% boost in tiered tax rates; raising tier tax by 20%; and raising specific excise by 20%. A 20% increase in excise taxes will decrease cigarette consumption, increase government revenues and reduce deaths among adults and adolescents. It can provide up to 87.5% reduction in adolescent deaths if coupled with a 10% boost in tiered tax rates. A consistent and aggressive approach to tobacco taxation can effectively decrease tobacco consumption and increase government revenue if Jordan's multi-tiered specific excise tax system is adjusted according to retail price.

Analyzing Economic Growth through Creative Economic Development Strategy in East Java, Indonesia

Based on the business field (percent) 2016-2020, Kediri City's Gross Regional Domestic Product is supported by the processing industry (81%), with the tobacco processing industry sub-sector reaching 98%. In facing a healthy lifestyle where there will be a decrease in cigarette consumption, resulting in a decrease in sales and a decrease in its contribution to the Gross Regional Domestic Product, it is necessary to develop other business fields, namely the creative economy. This research aims to describe efforts to increase economic growth through creative economic development strategies. This study used a quantitative research approach with a descriptive research type. Instruments and data collection used interviews, documentation, and data analysis techniques (descriptive statistics). The study shows the contribution of the creative economy to the Gross Regional Domestic Product of Kediri City in 2016–2020, which includes: 1) the processing industry business field (the textile and apparel industry, the leather industry, leather goods and footwear, the furniture industry), 2) the provision of food and drink accommodation, 3) the information and communication business field, 4) other services. Efforts to increase economic growth can be managed with a creative economy development strategy that involves four creative economy actors, or quadruple helix. The actions taken are through revolving fund programs, training, exhibitions, workshops, and others.

A randomized controlled trial of intermittent theta burst stimulation to the medial prefrontal cortex for tobacco use disorder: Clinical efficacy and safety

ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of administering intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) to the medial prefrontal cortex for tobacco use disorder. MethodsA randomized sham-controlled trial was conducted, with 38 participants receiving 28 sessions of active (n=25) or sham (n=13) iTBS (2 sessions/day, 600 pulses/session, 110% resting motor threshold, AFz target) along with smoking cessation education (Forever Free © booklets) over 14 visits. Primary outcomes included self-reported cigarette consumption and abstinence, verified by urinary cotinine tests. Secondary outcomes included symptoms of tobacco use disorder, negative mood, and safety/tolerability. ResultsBoth active and sham groups reported reduced cigarette consumption (β = −0.12, p = 0.015), cigarette craving (β = −0.16, p = 0.002), and tobacco withdrawal symptoms (β = −0.05, p < 0.001). However, there were no significant time x group interaction effects for any measure. Similarly, the two groups had no significant differences in urinary cotinine-verified abstinence. Adverse events occurred with similar frequency in both groups. ConclusionThere were no differences in cigarette consumption between the active and sham iTBS groups, both groups decreased cigarette consumption similarly. Further research is needed to compare iTBS to standard high-frequency rTMS and explore the potential differences in efficacy. Despite limitations, this study contributes to experimental design considerations for TMS as a novel intervention for tobacco and other substance use disorders, emphasizing the need for a more comprehensive understanding of the stimulation parameters and target sites.

Resting-state electroencephalography theta predicts neurofeedback treatment 4-month follow-up response in nicotine addiction

BackgroundThe high rate of long-term relapse is a major cause of smoking cessation failure. Recently, neurofeedback training has been widely used in the treatment of nicotine addiction; however, approximately 30%...

The Impact of COVID-19 on New Kidney Cancer Diagnosis: Stage and Treatment in Northern Italy.

This study aims to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on new renal carcinoma (RC) diagnoses using data from the Reggio Emilia Cancer Registry in 2018-2020. A total of 293 RCs were registered, with roughly 100 cases yearly. The distribution by age shows a significant decrease in the 30-59 age group (33.7% in 2018, 24.8% in 2019, and 19.8% in 2020). The incidence of Stage I was 59.4%, 46.5%, and 58.2% in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively, whereas the Stage II rate had values of 6.9%, 7.9%, and 2.2% in the years 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. Slight non-significant variations were observed in Stages III and IV. Surgery was performed in 83.2% of cases in 2018, 78.2% in 2019, and 82.4% in 2020; the surgery distribution by stage showed no significant differences. Chemotherapy showed an increase in 2020, which was statistically significant only for Stage IV. The gender incidence trends over the last 25 years showed an increase in the male sex in the first period; then, a decline was documented, likely due to a decrease in cigarette consumption. In females, the trend was constant. The RC mortality trend significantly dropped in both genders over the entire study period.

Age, Period, and Cohort Analysis of Smoking Intensity Among Current Smokers in Malaysia, 1996-2015.

Tobacco use is one of the major preventable risk factors for premature death and disability worldwide. Understanding the trend of tobacco use over time is important for informed policy making. The present study aimed to examine the changes in mean daily cigarette consumption among random samples of the Malaysian current smoker population over 20 years using an age-period-cohort (APC) approach. We conducted APC analysis using a multilevel hierarchical age-period-cohort model and data from four nationally representative, repeated cross-sectional surveys (National Health and Morbidity Survey) conducted in 1996, 2006, 2011, and 2015 among individuals aged 18 to 80 years. Analyses were also stratified by gender and ethnicity. Overall, mean daily cigarette consumption (smoking intensity) among current smokers increased with age until 60, after which a drop was observed. There were increases in daily cigarette consumption across birth cohorts. Age and cohort trends did not vary by gender but by ethnicity. The decreasing cigarette consumption after age 60 among the current smoker population was consistent with those observed among the Chinese and Indians, a trend that was not observed in Malays and other aborigines. In contrast, the increasing cohort trend was consistent with those observed among the Malays and other bumiputras. The present study highlighted important ethnic-specific trends for mean daily cigarette consumption among the current smoker population in Malaysia. These findings are essential in guiding the formulation of interventional strategies or implementation of national tobacco control policies and help achieve the Ministry of Health Malaysia's 2025 and 2045 targets for smoking prevalence. This is the first APC study on smoking intensity among current smokers in a multiracial, middle-income nation. Very few studies had performed gender- and ethnic-stratified APC analyses. The ethnic-stratified APC analyses provide useful insights into the overall age and cohort trends observed among the current smoker population in Malaysia. Therefore, the present study could add evidence to the existing literature on the APC trends of smoking intensity. The APC trends are also important in guiding the government to develop, implement, and evaluate antismoking strategies.

Brain stimulation therapeutics

This chapter covers how repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) presently affects smoking cessation. 14 human studies have examined the efficacy of rTMS on cue craving, cigarette consumption, or smoking cessation using a variety of different coils, locations, and treatment parameters. These studies included 7 randomized-controlled trials (RCT) and 7 experimental studies. Most studies (12/14) reported that rTMS reduced cue-induced craving, 5 showed that it decreased cigarette consumption, and 3/4 reported that multiple sessions of rTMS increased the quit rate. In contrast to rTMS, tDCS has 6 RCT studies, of which only 2 studies reported that tDCS reduced craving, and only 1 reported that it reduced cigarette consumption. Three studies failed to find an effect of tDCS on cravings. No tDCS studies reported changing quitting rates in people who smoke. Despite the early positive results of tDCS on nicotine dependence symptoms, 2 larger RCTs recently failed to find a therapeutic effect of tDCS for smoking cessation. In conclusion, rTMS studies demonstrate that multiple sessions help quit smoking, and it has gained FDA approval for that purpose. However, more studies are needed to examine the effect of tDCS with different treatment parameters.

Effect of Fasting on Smoking Addiction: A Multicentered Primary Care Research.

Smoking is a serious public health challenge across the world. Fasting in Ramadan requires people to stay away from smoking as well as activities such as eating, drinking, and sexual intercourse. We examined the effect of fasting on cigarette smoking and nicotine addiction during the Ramadan. This study was designed as a descriptive cross-sectional survey. A questionnaire was prepared to determine sociodemographic data and smoking habits of a sample population. The questionnaire was delivered through face-to-face interviews at several family medicine clinics in Turkey, with smokers who fast in Ramadan. There were 354 persons, of which 278 were male (78.5%), 76 were female (21.5%), and the mean age was 32.92 ± 11.84 years. A significant decrease in cigarette consumption during the Ramadan was reported by 285 (80.5%) smokers ( p < .001). The number of smokers who had difficulty resisting the urge to smoke was less in Ramadan than non-Ramadan periods ( p < .001). Religious sentiments were reported as the most important reason for coping with nicotine abstinence (53.7%). Significantly in 14.7% of the cases, participants stopped smoking during the whole period of Ramadan. Religious beliefs and willpower were found to be effective in helping people reduce or temporary stop smoking. Fasting may play a significant role in changing smoking behavior. Smoking cessation along with counseling supported by the state, health authorities, and clergy can be useful in the fight against smoking in Ramadan.

No smoking gun: tobacco taxation and smuggling in Sierra Leone

ObjectiveTo evaluate the common industry claim that higher tobacco taxation leads to higher levels of smuggling, particularly in a limited state capacity setting.DesignThis paper evaluates the effects of a tobacco...

Association of Smoking Cessation and Intentions to Quit: Role of Occupational Status, Health Professional’s Support, and Perceived Risk

&#x0D; Objectives: Cigarette smoking continues to be the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in the United States. Tobacco related mortality has promoted a massive effort to understand and enhance smoking cessation efforts. In this study, we examine the role of different factors on intentions to quit smoking.&#x0D; Methods: Data is taken from Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) 2012. A total of 1745 national representative samples of U.S adults, meeting our research conditions, were included in this study.&#x0D; Results: Multivariate statistical analysis methods were used which showed that employed participants were 6 times more likely to have intentions to quit than participants with other occupational statuses were. Participants who received support sometimes from health professionals were 9 times more likely to have intention to quit smoking as compared to those who never received support from health professionals. In addition, race (Hispanic), and age group (35-39 years) are significantly associated with intentions to quit smoking. Perceived personal risk of cancer, perceived compared risk of cancer, and family history of cancer were not significantly associated with intentions to quit smoking.&#x0D; Conclusion: Our study suggests that age, race, occupational status, and help from health professionals are viable intervention targets for smoking cessation interventions. As a key role can be played by health professionals in smoking cessation interventions, future work should evaluate the extent to which health professionals can play a role in smoking cessation intervention. Smokers should be encouraged to maintain smoke free environments in their homes and offices, by health care providers leading to the protection of non-smokers, lesser convenience for smoking, decreased cigarette consumption, and smoking cues over time.&#x0D;

Association of Smoking Cessation and Intentions to Quit: Role of Occupational Status, Health Professional’s Support, and Perceived Risk

&#x0D; Objectives: Cigarette smoking continues to be the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in the United States. Tobacco related mortality has promoted a massive effort to understand and enhance smoking cessation efforts. In this study, we examine the role of different factors on intentions to quit smoking.&#x0D; Methods: Data is taken from Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) 2012. A total of 1745 national representative samples of U.S adults, meeting our research conditions, were included in this study.&#x0D; Results: Multivariate statistical analysis methods were used which showed that employed participants were 6 times more likely to have intentions to quit than participants with other occupational statuses were. Participants who received support sometimes from health professionals were 9 times more likely to have intention to quit smoking as compared to those who never received support from health professionals. In addition, race (Hispanic), and age group (35-39 years) are significantly associated with intentions to quit smoking. Perceived personal risk of cancer, perceived compared risk of cancer, and family history of cancer were not significantly associated with intentions to quit smoking.&#x0D; Conclusion: Our study suggests that age, race, occupational status, and help from health professionals are viable intervention targets for smoking cessation interventions. As a key role can be played by health professionals in smoking cessation interventions, future work should evaluate the extent to which health professionals can play a role in smoking cessation intervention. Smokers should be encouraged to maintain smoke free environments in their homes and offices, by health care providers leading to the protection of non-smokers, lesser convenience for smoking, decreased cigarette consumption, and smoking cues over time.&#x0D;

The effect of cigarette prices and income on cigarettes consumption and state revenue: Case study of 33 provinces in Indonesia

Besides having a destructive impact on smokers, cigarette consumption also creates a negative externality for passive smokers. Thus, the government implements cigarette excise to control cigarette consumption while increasing state revenue. This study aims to determine the effect of cigarette prices and income on cigarette consumption and the impact of excise tariffs on cigarette consumption and excise tax revenue. The data used are 33 provincial data in Indonesia from 2013 to 2018. The methods in this research are panel data regression using fixed-effect with GLS for model one and a random effect for model two. The results indicated that the cigarette price elasticity and income elasticity of demand were -0.317 and 0.635, respectively, showing that cigarette consumption is inelastic. In the simulation, an increase in excise tariffs by 10%, 25%, and 50%, respectively, led to a decrease in cigarette consumption by 1.55%, 3.86%, and 7.73%, and an increase in state revenue from excise by 8.3%, 20.17%, and 38.41%. It can be concluded that an increase in cigarette excise rates causes an increase in cigarette prices, leading to a decrease in cigarette consumption. Furthermore, the decline in cigarette consumption increased state revenues from excise.

KENAIKAN DAN PENYEDERHANAAN TARIF CUKAI UNTUK MENURUNKAN PENGELUARAN KONSUMSI ROKOK DAN PREVALENSI PEROKOK REMAJA

The prevalence of smokers in Indonesia is one of the highest in the world and is expected to continue to increase. This cannot be separated from the high household expenditures for consuming cigarettes and smoking habits that began in the times of youth. In order to decrease cigarette consumption and smoking habits among adolescents, the government is trying to control the rate by increasing tariffs and simplifying the structure of the tobacco excise tariffs. However, as seen from the data, the expenditures for household consumption in Indonesia for cigarette commodities has been increasing from year to year. Meanwhile, the prevalence of youth smoking did not show a significant decrease. Based on this, the authors conducted a study that aims to determine the effect of increasing tariffs and simplifying the structure of tobacco excise rates on household cigarette consumption expenditure and the prevalence of youth smokers. This study uses random effect model to analyse the panel data for 34 provinces in Indonesia in the period 2015 until 2019. The results reveals that an increase in tariffs and simplification of the tariff structure has a significant and negative effect on household cigarette consumption expenditure, and have a significant and positive effect on the prevalence of adolescent smoking.

Assessing the impact of excise duties on a state’s revenues: the case of Greece

The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of excise duties on tobacco products on state’s revenues. Increasing excise duties on tobacco may act as a means to reduce the consumption of this product and thus to have a positive effect on citizens’ health and prosperity. Our research showed that an increase in consumer income will result in a certain increase in cigarette consumption and an analogous decrease in fine-cut tobacco consumption, while a similar increase in cigarette price results in a small decrease in cigarette consumption and a very large increase in fine-cut tobacco consumption. Additionally, stepping up an anti-smoking campaign results in a decrease in cigarette consumption. Specifically for Greece we found that during 2019 and 2020 there will be a decrease in the state’s revenues from excise duties on tobacco products of €150-€200 million each year.

A Single-Arm, Open-Label, Pilot, and Feasibility Study of a High Nicotine Strength E-Cigarette Intervention for Smoking Cessation or Reduction for People With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Who Smoke Cigarettes.

IntroductionAn estimated 60%–90% of people with schizophrenia smoke, compared with 15%–24% of the general population, exacerbating the already high morbidity and mortality rates observed in this population.Aims and MethodsThis study aimed to assess the feasibility of using a new-generation high strength nicotine e-cigarette to modify smoking behavior in individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders who smoke cigarettes. A single-arm pilot study was conducted with 40 adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorders who smoked and did not intend to reduce or quit smoking. Participants were given a 12-week supply of a JUUL e-cigarette loaded with a 5% nicotine pod. The primary outcome was smoking cessation at week 12. Additional outcomes included: smoking reduction, continuous abstinence at week 24, adoption rate, adherence to the e-cigarette, feasibility, acceptability, and subjective effects.ResultsSixteen (40%) participants quit by the end of 12 weeks. For the whole sample, we observed an overall, sustained 50% reduction in smoking or smoking abstinence in 37/40 (92.5%) of participants and an overall 75% reduction in median cigarettes per day from 25 to six was observed by the end of the 12 weeks (p < .001).ConclusionsA high strength nicotine e-cigarette has the potential to help people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders to quit or reduce smoking. Further research with a larger sample and a comparator group is needed. The results provide useful information and direction to augment the existing body of knowledge on smoking cessation for people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.ImplicationsConsidering that most people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders continue smoking, alternative and efficient interventions to reduce or prevent morbidity and mortality are urgently needed. This study showed that adults who smoke and were not motivated to quit, when provided a new-generation e-cigarette with high nicotine content, demonstrated substantially decreased cigarette consumption without causing significant side effects. Although not specifically measured in this study, nicotine absorption in new-generation devices has been shown to be consistently superior compared with the first generation of e-cigarette devices, and this may help explain the lower quit rates in studies using earlier generation devices.

Cigarette price elasticity in Croatia – analysis of household budget surveys

ABSTRACT This study estimates both conditional and unconditional cigarette price elasticity of quantity demanded in Croatia. Authors use Deaton’s method, also known as the Almost Ideal Demand-System (AIDS), to obtain consistent estimates of the cigarette price elasticity on the sample of Croatian households. The data from household surveys (HBS) conducted in Croatia for three periods (2010, 2011 and 2014 year) is provided by the Croatian Bureau of Statistics (CBS). Estimated unconditional cigarette price elasticity is −1.38 and estimated conditional price elasticity is −0.63. Simulation of the tax effects shows that rising specific excise tax for 10 percent would result in 2 percent decrease in cigarette consumption while total tax revenues would increase by 1.97 percent. This study provides evidence that the demanded quantity for cigarettes is responsive to their prices. Consequently, this implies that tobacco tax policy can be used as an efficient tool for reducing cigarette consumption in Croatia.

Price and income elasticities of demand for cigarette consumption: what is the association of price and economic activity with cigarette consumption in Spain from 1957 to 2016?

ObjectivesExtensive empirical and theoretical studies have been devoted to analyzing the relationship between tobacco and income. The price and income elasticities of demand for cigarette consumption are the main focus of studies in this body of literature. However, few empirical studies exist that analyze how economic growth affects the cigarette market, and no one has studied the effects of economic expansions and recessions. Spain, as in the other countries of the European Union, has suffered a strong recession since 2008. Therefore, this article aims to detect if income elasticity takes different values in economic growth and recession and, in addition, to check whether price elasticity in Spain is consistent with previous studies. Study designThis is an observational epidemiological study. MethodsIn this article, the price and income elasticities of demand for cigarette consumption are measured for the Spanish cigarette market using time series data from 1957 to 2016 and by applying a non-linear autoregressive dynamics lag model. The novel specification proposed in this study is the determination of the possible effects of asymmetries in the economic shocks on cigarette consumption. ResultsOur results reveal that cigarette consumption maintains a notable asymmetric relationship. In particular, our results show that in expansion shocks, cigarette consumption increases (a 10% economic growth is associated with a 4.05% increase in cigarette consumption), whereas in recession shocks, cigarette consumption decreases dramatically, with a more pronounced pattern in recession phases than in expansion phases (a 10% economic decline is associated with a 58.16% decrease in cigarette consumption). On the other hand, price elasticity maintains the same behavior shown in the previous literature (a 10% price increase is associated with a 2% decrease in cigarette consumption). ConclusionsHigher cigarette prices are associated with decreased smoking. In addition, the economic recession helps in decreasing cigarette consumption. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that tax authorities have our results in mind before establishing health policies. If the authorities do not, it is possible that they will not obtain the expected results in terms of decreased tobacco consumption.

Estimation of Price Elasticity of Demand for Cigarettes in Bosnia and Herzegovina – Macro Data Analysis

Tobacco consumption continues to be behavior engaged in by a large percentage of Bosnia &amp; Herzegovina (BiH) citizens. According to the official statistics, nearly half of the state’s adults, that is about 1,200,600 people, consume tobacco products on a daily bases. The state excise policy is one of the main available tools for reducing smoking prevalence because cigarette prices are under the direct impact of this policy. The specific excise on cigarettes introduced in BiH in 2009 and has increased every year so it was the main driver of cigarette price growth. In order to provide research-based evidence for more effective tobacco taxation policies in BIH, in this paper we estimate the price elasticity of demand for cigarettes using the macro-level data for the period 2008 to 2017, on a semi-annual basis. The results have shown that the increase in prices of cigarettes has a statistically significant impact on cigarette consumption, at a significance level of 1%. The estimated price elasticity coefficient is in the range from -0.71 to -0.83, depends on the selected control variables used in the model. It means that the increase in real cigarette prices for 10% led to a decrease in cigarette consumption in the range from 7.1% to 8.3%.

Dosing parameters for the effects of high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation on smoking cessation: study protocol for a randomized factorial sham-controlled clinical trial

BackgroundDespite the considerable success of comprehensive tobacco control efforts, tobacco use remains one of the greatest preventable causes of death and disease today. Over half of all smokers in the US make quit attempts every year, but over 90% relapse within 12 months, choosing the immediate reinforcement of smoking over the long-term benefits of quitting. Conceptual and empirical evidence supports continued investigation of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in reducing relapse and decreasing cigarette consumption. While this evidence is compelling, an optimal dosing strategy must be determined before a long-term efficacy trial can be conducted. The goal of this study is to determine a dosing strategy for 20 Hz rTMS that will produce the best long-term abstinence outcomes with the fewest undesirable effects.MethodsThis is a fully crossed, double-blinded, sham-controlled, 3x2x2 randomized factorial study. The three factors are duration (stimulation days: 8, 12, and 16); intensity (900 or 1800 pulses per day); and sham control. Participants (n = 258) will consist of adults (18–65) who are motivated to quit smoking cigarettes and who will be followed for 6 months post-quit. Outcomes include latency to relapse, point prevalence abstinence rates, delay discounting rates, cognitive-behavioral skills acquisition, and multiple measures of potential undesirable effects that impact participant compliance.DiscussionThis study integrates existing theoretical concepts and methodologies from neuropsychology, behavioral economics, brain stimulation, clinical psychology, and the evidence-based treatment of tobacco dependence in the development of a promising and innovative approach to treat tobacco dependence. This study will establish an optimal dosing regimen for efficacy testing. Findings are expected to have a significant influence on advancing this approach as well as informing future research on clinical approaches that combine rTMS with other evidence-based treatments for tobacco dependence and perhaps other addictions.Trial registrationClinical Trials NCT03865472 (retrospectively registered). The first participant was fully enrolled on November 26, 2018. Registration was posted on March 7, 2019.

Cigarette Affordability and Cigarette Consumption among Adult and Elderly Chinese Smokers: Evidence from A Longitudinal Study.

China is in the midst of an epidemic of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which has increasingly accounted for a growing share of disease burden, due in part to China’s ongoing rapid socioeconomic changes and population aging. Smoking, the second leading health risk factors associated with NCDs in China, disproportionately affects the old population more than their younger counterparts. Using survey data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), this study evaluated the impact of changes in cigarette affordability on smoking behavior among middle-aged and elderly (age 45 and older) smokers. Self-reported cigarette price and disposable income were used to calculate cigarette affordability. Cigarette consumption was measured using the number of cigarettes smoked per day reported by the survey respondents. The correlation between cigarette affordability and cigarette consumption was estimated using generalized estimating equations adjusting for demographics, socioeconomic status, geolocations, and cigarette price tiers, as well as year fixed effects. The estimated overall conditional cigarette affordability elasticity of demand was –0.165, implying a 10% decrease in cigarette affordability would result in a reduction in cigarette consumption by 1.65%. The cigarette affordability responsiveness differs by demographics, socioeconomic status, geolocations, and cigarette price tiers. This study provides evidence that tax/price policies that reduce cigarette affordability could lead to a decrease in cigarette consumption among middle-aged and elderly smokers in China. Smoke-free laws, as well as minimum price regulations, may be needed to compliment excise tax policy to target specific smoking subgroups whose cigarette consumption is less sensitive to changes in cigarette affordability.