Decreased Adiponectin Levels Research Articles

LOW SERUM ADIPONECTIN AND HIGH SERUM LEPTIN LEVELS FOUND IN WOMEN WITH HYPERTENSIVE DISEASES OF PREGNANCY COMPARED TO NORMOTENSIVE PREGNANT WOMEN

Objective: The study aimed to compare serum leptin and adiponectin levels between women with hypertensive diseases of pregnancy (HDP) and normotensive pregnant women and to evaluate their associations with Body Mass Index and blood pressure. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the outpatient department of Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, from 12thAugust 2024 to12th November 2024. A total of 125 participants were divided into two groups: women with hypertensive diseases of pregnancy (HDP; n = 62) and normotensive pregnant women (n = 63). Serum levels of leptin and adiponectin were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Body Mass Index (BMI) and blood pressure were recorded and classified. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS Results: Women with HDP had significantly elevated serum leptin levels (45.2 ± 9.6 ng/mL) and decreased adiponectin levels (3.8 ± 0.9 µg/mL) compared to the normotensive group (leptin: 27.8 ± 7.1 ng/mL; adiponectin: 5.6 ± 1.2 µg/mL). Correlation analysis revealed a positive association between leptin levels, Body Mass Index (BMI), and blood pressure (systolic and diastolic). Conversely, adiponectin levels showed a negative association with BMI and blood pressure. These findings highlight the potential role of these biomarkers in the pathophysiology of hypertension during pregnancy. Conclusion: In conclusion, Elevated levels of leptin and reduced adiponectin are associated with hypertensive diseases during pregnancy. These biomarkers could serve as likely indicators for early detection and management of HDP.

Adiponectin, resistin, interleukin-4 and TGF-β2 levels in treatment resistant schizophrenia patients.

The aim of the present study was to measure adiponectin, resistin, interleukin-4 and TGF-β levels in first episode, treatment resistant patients with schizophrenia. In total, fifty-three treatment-resistant patients were included in the study. In subgroups of these patients, we measured Interleukin-4 (IL-4), Tumor Growth Factor-β2 (TGF-β2), adiponectin and resistin levels at three different timepoints: in the drug-naïve state, after two rounds of treatment with different antipsychotic drugs for a total of 16weeks and, after clozapine treatment for 12weeks. TGF-β2 and adiponectin levels decreased after treatment with olanzapine and risperidone, while resistin and IL-4 levels did not differ significantly.Comparing the levels of the aforementioned cytokines before the initiation and after clozapine treatment, we found an even greater decrease in adiponectin levels while resistin and IL-4 levels significantly increased and TGF-β2 levels did not differ significantly. We report elevated resistin and IL-4 levels and decreased adiponectin levels in first-episode, treatment resistant schizophrenia patients after clozapine treatment. These findings may be at least partly due to the anti-inflammatory action of clozapine, although sub-clinical metabolic disturbances may also have played a role as far as resistin and adiponectin are concerned. In a subgroup of these patients we report reduced TGF-β2 and adiponectin levels after two unsuccessful trials with risperidone and olanzapine comparing them with the ones of the same subgroup in the drug-naïve phase.

Adipokine/hepatokines profiling of fatty liver in adolescents and young adults: cross-sectional and prospective analyses of the BCAMS study.

The underlying connections between obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are not fully understood. One potential link might be the imbalanced adipokines and hepatokines. We aimed to explore the associations between specific adipokines/hepatokines and NAFLD in Chinese youth and to determine how these biomarkers mediate the obesity-NAFLD relationship. We analyzed data from the 10-year follow-up visit of the Beijing Children and Adolescents Metabolic Syndrome (BCAMS) study (n = 509; mean age = 20.2years) for a comprehensive metabolic risk assessment, including liver ultrasound and plasma measurements of adiponectin, leptin, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), and angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPTL8). Longitudinal analysis was performed on a subgroup (n = 307), with complete baseline (mean age = 12.2years) and follow-up data. Mediation models assessed how obesity at baseline and follow-up influence NAFLD through these biomarkers. Participants with NAFLD exhibited a high prevalence of central obesity (90.9%). Both cross-sectional and prospective analyses identified increased RBP4, FGF21, leptin, and decreased adiponectin levels as significant predictors of NAFLD. More adipokine/hepatokine abnormalities were linked to higher NAFLD risk. Furthermore, ratios reflecting adipokine/hepatokine imbalances, including leptin/adiponectin, FGF21/adiponectin, and RBP4/adiponectin, demonstrated stepwise changes correlating with NAFLD severity (all p < 0.05). Mediation analysis indicated that these four adipokines/hepatokines accounted for approximately 72.4% of the central obesity-NAFLD relationship and 80.1% in the subgroup analysis using baseline childhood data. Dysregulated adipokines/hepatokines may explain the onset or progression of obesity-related NAFLD in youths. Higher RBP4, FGF21 and leptin, alongside lower adiponectin, could serve as early biomarkers for NAFLD.

Serum leptin and adiponectin function as indicators of allergic sensitization in pediatric adenotonsillar hypertrophy.

Obesity is commonly linked to both adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATH) and allergic disorders, in which the roles of adipokines are not fully illuminated. This study aims to investigate the levels of leptin and adiponectin and their associations with allergic sensitization in pediatric ATH. Serum levels of specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), leptin and adiponectin were quantified in 35 controls and 111 ATH children, in which 54 were non-atopic and 57 were atopic. Spearman's correlation analysis and polynomial linear trend test were conducted. The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by binary logistic regression after multivariable adjustment. The serum level of leptin and leptin/adiponectin (L/A) ratio was significantly increased in children with ATH. An increase in leptin level and L/A ratio and a decrease in adiponectin level were observed in atopic children compared with non-atopic children. Among ATH children, the level of adiponectin was negatively while L/A ratio was positively correlated with specific IgE. After multivariable adjustment, leptin was significantly associated with increased risk of atopy to D. pteronyssinus and D. farina, and adiponectin was significantly associated with decreased risk of atopy to willow and mugwort. Leptin was associated with higher odds while adiponectin was associated with lower odds of overall atopy. Besides, significant multiplicative interactions of obesity with leptin and adiponectin on atopy were observed respectively. Leptin and adiponectin were both associated with allergic sensitization and function differently in pediatric ATH. Mechanistic studies are needed to elucidate the involvement of adipokines in allergic sensitization of pediatric ATH.

Association of rs2241766 and rs1501299 polymorphisms in the adiponectin gene with metabolic syndrome.

To investigate the influence of adiponectin (APN) rs2241766 and rs1501299 polymorphisms on adiponectin levels and their association with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Analyzed two polymorphisms (rs2241766 and rs1501299) of the adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) in 210 MetS patients and 102 control patients using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method and DNA sequencing technology. The genotypes of the rs2241766 T/G and rs1501299 G/T polymorphism were significantly associated with serum APN levels in MetS patients. The ADIPOQ polymorphisms were associated with a risk of MetS when compared with that in healthy controls. TG and GG genotypes of rs2241766 were associated with a significantly elevated risk of MetS as compared with the TT genotype (OR = 1.32 and OR = 2.53). Subjects with the G allele appeared to have higher susceptibility to MetS than those with the T allele (OR = 2.21). In common with the findings for rs2241766, the rs1501299 GT and TT genotypes were associated with a significantly increased risk of MetS as compared with the GG genotype (OR = 1.51 and OR = 2.24). The susceptibility to MetS appeared to be higher in subjects with the T allele than in those with the G allele (OR = 1.88). The occurrence of MetS may be associated with genetic variations at the rs2241766 and rs1501299 loci, especially in individuals with T to G mutations (rs2241766) and G to T mutations (rs1501299). These mutations may lead to decreased APN levels and a higher risk of developing MetS.

The Metabolic Insight into Autism Spectrum Disorder: Evaluating Adiponectin's Impact on Severity and Therapy

Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition with a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Recent research has suggested a significant link between metabolic alterations and ASD pathology, particularly focusing on adiponectin, a hormone related to glucose regulation and fatty acid breakdown. Anomalies in adiponectin levels have been associated with cognitive impairment and the severity of ASD. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the potential of the ADIPOQ gene as a biomarker for dementia in individuals with ASD, exploring its correlation with cognitive decline and metabolic dysregulation. Methods: A total of 108 EDTA blood samples from ASD patients and 32 from healthy controls were collected after obtaining written informed consent. The inclusion criteria included individuals aged over 40 with Type II Diabetes Mellitus and confirmed cases of diabetes and dementia. Exclusion criteria comprised the absence of clinical history, refusal of consent, and secondary autism. Adiponectin levels were quantified using ELISA, and cognitive function was assessed via MMSE scores over a six-month follow-up period. Data analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism 9.0 with ANOVA for statistical significance. Results: The study found a significant decrease in adiponectin levels among ASD patients (5.17±1.04 µg/mL) compared to healthy controls (11.37±4.14 µg/mL, p=0.014). MMSE scores were notably lower in the ASD group (10.26±2.56) than in controls (23.1±3.12, p=0.006). A marked underexpression of ADIPOQ gene (fold change of 4.9) was observed in patients with dementia. Conclusion: The ADIPOQ gene shows potential as a biomarker for the early detection of dementia in ASD, offering avenues for personalized medical interventions and preventative healthcare measures. Recognizing its role could lead to improved therapeutic strategies and a reduction in the healthcare burden due to neurodegenerative diseases associated with ASD.

To Study the Evidence of Linking Adipokines (Adiponectin, Leptin) with Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review

Background: A growing body of world health has shown that there is a correlation between derangement of adipokines section and metabolic syndrome, but a small number of studies also refused the data. Considering these aspects, this study is intense in pursuing precise knowledge regarding the same and the conclusion. Aim and Objective: This study investigates the connection between markers of metabolic syndrome and adipokines, particularly leptin and adiponectin. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were used for a thorough literature review. From 2013 to 2023, the terms “adipokines and metabolic syndrome”, “adiponectin and metabolic syndrome”, and “leptin and metabolic syndrome” were searched. This review made use of the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta. Results: About 3448 previous studies were searched, of which 85 studies fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 85 papers comprised this systematic review, and we examined 60 of them. An overvalue of most studies showed that decreased adiponectin levels are linked with a higher risk of metabolic syndrome. However, patients with metabolic syndrome had higher risk levels of both leptin and the leptin-adiponectin ratio. Conclusions: Obesity affects the generation of adipokines, which regulates the many factors of the metabolic syndrome, through unique and linked pathways. Therefore, we conclude that obesity resulting from a high-fat, high-sugar, high-lipid diet may affect various organs, increasing the risk of metabolic diseases and the underlying causes of insulin resistance and triggering an inflammatory response.

Efek Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Bunga Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) terhadap Inflamasi dan Disfungsi Endotel

Obesity can cause enlargement and increase in the number of adipose cells in the body as well as a decrease in adiponectin levels. Adiponectin is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Obesity is also associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction, which is caused by reduced nitric oxide (NO) availability, as a result of increase production of oxidative stress. This study aims to determine the effect of ethanol extract of rosella flowers (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn) on adiponectin levels and serum NO levels in animal models of fructose-induced obesity. The research method was using a Post Test Only Control Group Design, using male Wistar rats for 60 days. This study consisted of 6 groups, namely the normal group (normal diet), the induction group (normal diet + fructose 60%), the comparison group (normal diet + fructose 60% + orlistat), and 3 test groups (normal diet + fructose 60% + ethanol extract of rosella flowers 125 mg/ kgBW, 250 mg/kgBW and 500 mg/kgBW). The results show that the ethanol extract of rosella flowers has a reducing effect on body weight and increases serum adiponectin and NO levels. In conclusion, ethanol extract of rosella flowers at a dose of 250 mg/kgBW can increase adiponectin levels and a dose of 500 mg/kgBW is the best dose in improving endothelial dysfunction.

Association between serum testosterone changes and parameters of the metabolic syndrome.

Testosterone production is important in males, and various physical and psychological abnormalities occur in individuals with low testosterone levels. In the present study, we aimed to examine the effects of longitudinal changes in total testosterone levels in the same cohort. We included 178 male subjects who visited our hospital multiple times between 2018 and 2023 for medical checkups for at least 3 years. The median baseline age and total testosterone level (TT) of the cohort were 61 years and 4.74 ng/mL, respectively. The patients were divided into four groups based on the difference in TT (ΔTT) between baseline and last visit (Q1, n = 45; Q2, n = 45; Q3, n = 44; Q4, n = 44). ΔTT values ranged from -3.07 to -0.78 ng/mL in Q1, from -0.75 to -0.05 ng/mL in Q2, from -0.03 to 0.73 ng/mL in Q3, and from 0.75 ng/mL to 3.4 ng/mL in Q4. The median ΔTT were -1.22 for Q1, -0.35 for Q2, +0.19 for Q3, and +1.43 for Q4. Decreased TT tended to increase body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and visceral fat (p for trend 0.0136, 0.0272, 0.0354, and 0.0032, respectively), and decrease adiponectin level (p for trend 0.0219). Herein, we found that decreased TT increases visceral fat and decreases adiponectin levels.

Serum Leptin-adiponectin Ratio in Patients With and Without Metabolic Syndrome: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is one of the most significant global public health concerns. Leptin, adiponectin, and the Leptin-adiponectin (LA) ratio have been shown to be informative biomarkers for obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), and Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD). Many contributing factors, such as Insulin Resistance (IR), adipose tissue dysfunction, chronic inflammation, and genetic factors, are proposed to be the aetiological factors of MetS. Leptin and adiponectin have opposite effects on IR, so the combined use of these adipokines may serve as a better biomarker in MetS. Aim: To determine serum leptin levels, adiponectin levels, and the LA ratio in patients with and without MetS. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry and Medicine at the Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Imphal, Manipur, India, from January 2021 to October 2022. The study included 50 diagnosed cases of MetS and 50 individuals without MetS. Leptin, adiponectin, and parameters of MetS {Body Mass Index (BMI), weight, Waist Circumference (WC), skinfold thickness, High-density Lipoprotein (HDL), Triglycerides (TG), and Blood Pressure (BP)} were assessed in the study. The data were statistically analysed using Independent Sample t-test and Pearson’s correlation test. Results: There were 23 males and 27 females in the study group. The mean age was found to be 61.10±12.52 years in cases and 57.08±10.67 years in controls. Leptin levels were significantly higher in cases (26.58±14.6 ng/mL) compared to controls (12.99±8.59 ng/mL). However, adiponectin levels were significantly decreased in cases (7.16±4.19 μg/mL) compared to controls (12.18±9.4 μg/mL). The LA ratio was found to be higher in cases (5.38±4.71 ng/μg) than in the controls (1.84±1.99 ng/ μg). Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that the LA ratio was strongly associated with MetS among Leptin, Adiponectin, and the LA ratio (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome was strongly associated with an increased LA ratio, leptin, and decreased adiponectin levels. The LA ratio can better discriminate the risk of MetS than leptin and adiponectin alone and may be used as a sensitive clinical surrogate biomarker of MetS.

Exploring the Relationship between Plasma Adiponectin, Gender, and Underlying Diseases in Severe Illness.

Adiponectin is low in obesity, plays a crucial role in metabolic health, and, moreover, possesses immunoregulatory properties. However, studies examining its levels in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or sepsis have yielded conflicting results. While females typically have higher systemic adiponectin levels than males, research on sex-specific associations in this context is limited. In this study of 156 SIRS/sepsis patients, including those with liver cirrhosis, we aimed to explore the relationship between plasma adiponectin, body mass index (BMI), gender, disease severity, and underlying etiological conditions. Our findings revealed that patients with liver cirrhosis, who are susceptible to infections, exhibited elevated circulating adiponectin levels, irrespective of sex. When excluding cirrhosis patients, plasma adiponectin levels were similar between male SIRS/sepsis patients and controls but lower in female patients compared to female controls. Plasma adiponectin was inversely related to BMI in female but not male patients. Further analysis within the non-cirrhosis subgroup demonstrated no significant differences in adiponectin levels between sexes among SIRS, sepsis, and septic shock patients. Ventilation, dialysis, and vasopressor therapy had no discernible impact on adiponectin levels in either sex. A negative correlation between adiponectin and C-reactive protein (CRP) existed in males only. Notably, patients with pancreatitis showed the lowest plasma adiponectin concentrations, although sex-specific differences were not significant. Infection with Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria had minimal effects on plasma adiponectin levels in both sexes. However, infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 led to decreased adiponectin levels in females exclusively. Multivariate analysis considering all factors affecting plasma adiponectin levels in males or females identified BMI in females and CRP levels in males to predict plasma adiponectin levels in SIRS/sepsis patients. Additionally, our study observed a trend where the 25 patients who did not survive had higher plasma adiponectin levels, particularly among males. In summary, our investigation highlights the influence of underlying diseases and sex on plasma adiponectin levels in SIRS/sepsis patients, shedding light on potential implications for disease management and prognosis.

The effect of evening primrose oil on some biochemical parameters in brain tissue in a model of metabolic syndrome induced with fructose in rats

Objective: Metabolic syndrome is a disease characterized by hypertension, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, and constitutes an important risk factor for cardiovascular disorders. The effect of evening primrose oil (EPO) on insülin, adiponectin and resistin levels in brain tissue was investigated in a fructose-related metabolic syndrome model. &#x0D; Materials and Methods: The rats were divided into 4 groups as control, evening primrose oil (orally at a dose of 0.1 ml/rat/day), fructose (20% fructose added), fructose+evening primrose oil for 57 days. At the end of the experiment, brain samples were taken and homogenized. Then, insülin, adiponectin and resistin levels were determined by ELISA. &#x0D; Results: Plasma insulin and resistin levels of the fructose group increased (p≤0.05 ) compared to the controls, on the contrary, adiponectin levels were significantly decreased (p≤0.05 ) in the fructose group. When EPO was given to rats given fructose, increased insulin and resistin levels decreased, while decreased adiponectin levels were increased. &#x0D; Conclusion: Fructose-induced impaired metabolic changes in brain tissue were partially ameliorated when EPO was administered. Accordingly, the use of EPO in the medical setting may be recommended by clinicians to reduce the harmful effects on the brain, since metabolic changes in the brains of rat fed with high fructose content can also occur with the intake of fructose from various foods in humans.

Co-occurrence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis exacerbates psoriasis associated with decreased adiponectin expression in a murine model.

Clinical studies have suggested a bidirectional association between non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and psoriasis, affecting each other's development and severity. Here, we explored bidirectional causal linkages between NASH and psoriasis using a murine model. NASH was induced in mice by streptozotocin injection at 2 days of age and by high-fat diet feeding (STAM™ model). Psoriasis was induced by topical application of imiquimod (IMQ) on the ear. The severities of liver damage and psoriatic skin changes were determined using histological analysis. Gene expression in the skin tissues was evaluated using quantitative PCR analysis. Serum cytokine levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. To examine the innate immune responses of normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs), the cells were treated with interleukin (IL)-17A, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and AdipoRon, an adiponectin receptor agonist. There were no differences in the degree of liver tissue damage (fat deposition, inflammation, and fibrosis) between NASH mice with and those without psoriasis. Conversely, the co-occurrence of NASH significantly augmented psoriatic skin changes, represented by epidermal hyperplasia, in psoriatic mice. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were expressed in the inflamed skin of psoriatic mice, and the expression of genes, especially Il23a, Il1b, Il36g, and Mip2, was significantly upregulated by the co-occurrence of NASH. The expression of keratinocyte activation marker genes Defb4b and Krt16 was also upregulated by the co-occurrence of NASH. The serum TNF-α and IL-17 levels were increased by the co-occurrence of NASH and psoriasis. The serum adiponectin levels decreased in NASH mice compared with that in non-NASH mice. In NHEK culture, TNF-α and IL-17A synergistically upregulated CXCL1, CXCL8, and IL1B expression. The upregulated pro-inflammatory gene expression was suppressed by AdipoRon treatment, reflecting the anti-inflammatory capacity of adiponectin. The co-occurrence of NASH exacerbated psoriatic skin changes associated with increased serum inflammatory cytokine levels and decreased serum adiponectin levels. Combined with in vitro findings, increased inflammatory cytokine levels and decreased adiponectin levels likely promote innate immune responses in epidermal keratinocytes in psoriatic skin lesions. Overall, therapeutic intervention for co-occurring NASH is essential to achieve a favorable prognosis of psoriasis in clinical practice.

Differential effects of sugar and fat on adipose tissue inflammation

Obese individuals experience low grade inflammation initiated within their adipose tissue. However, the early events that lead to the release of these inflammatory factors from adipose tissue are poorly characterized. To separate glucose effects from lipid effects on adipose tissue, we used an adipose-specific TXNIP knockout model where excess basal glucose influx into adipocytes led to modest increase in adiposity without using high fat diet. We found an uncoupling of two events that are generally presumed to be coregulated: (1) an increase of adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) number; and (2) pro-inflammatory activation of ATMs. These two events are associated with different triggering signals: elevated free fatty acids output and extracellular matrix remodeling with increased ATM number, whereas decreased adiponectin level with activated ATM. This separation reflects non-overlapping pathways regulated by glucose and lipids in adipocytes, and neither group alone is sufficient to elicit the full inflammatory response in adipose tissue.

The role of angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and global DNA methylation in the negative associations between urine di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites and serum adiponectin in a young Taiwanese population

BackgroundAdiponectin is a key protein produced in adipose tissue, with crucial involvement in multiple metabolic processes. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), one of the phthalate compounds used as a plasticizer, has been shown to decrease adiponectin levels in vitro and in vivo studies. However, the role of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism and epigenetic changes in the relationship between DEHP exposure and adiponectin levels is not well understood.MethodsThis study examined the correlation between urine levels of DEHP metabolite, epigenetic marker 5mdC/dG, ACE gene phenotypes, and adiponectin levels in a sample of 699 individuals aged 12–30 from Taiwan.ResultsResults showed a positive relationship between mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) and 5mdC/dG, and a negative association between both MEHP and 5mdC/dG with adiponectin. The study found that the inverse relationship between MEHP and adiponectin was stronger when levels of 5mdC/dG were above the median. This was supported by differential unstandardized regression coefficients (− 0.095 vs. − 0.049, P value for interaction = 0.038)). Subgroup analysis also showed a negative correlation between MEHP and adiponectin in individuals with the I/I ACE genotype, but not in those with other genotypes, although the P value for interaction was borderline significant (0.06). The structural equation model analysis indicated that MEHP has a direct inverse effect on adiponectin and an indirect effect via 5mdC/dG.ConclusionsIn this young Taiwanese population, our findings suggest that urine MEHP levels are negatively correlated with serum adiponectin levels, and epigenetic modifications may play a role in this association. Further study is needed to validate these results and determine causality.

Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in gestational diabetes mellitus and neonatal metabolic health biomarkers.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) "programs" an elevated risk of metabolic dysfunctional disorders in the offspring, and has been associated with elevated leptin and decreased adiponectin levels in cord blood. We sought to assess whether docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation in GDM affects neonatal metabolic health biomarkers especially leptin and adiponectin. In a randomized controlled trial, singleton pregnant women with de novo diagnosis of GDM at 24-28 weeks of gestation were randomized to dietary supplementation of 500 mg DHA per day (intervention, n = 30) until delivery or standard care (control, n = 38). The primary outcomes were cord blood leptin and total adiponectin concentrations. Secondary outcomes included high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations in cord blood, maternal glycemic control post-intervention and birth weight (z score). In parallel, 38 euglycemic pregnant women were recruited for comparisons of cord blood biomarkers. There were no significant differences in cord serum leptin, total and HMW adiponectin and IGF-1 concentrations between DHA supplementation and control groups (all p > 0.05). Maternal fasting and 2-h postprandial blood glucose levels at 12-16 weeks post-intervention were similar between the two groups. The newborns in the DHA group had higher birth weight z scores (p = 0.02). Cord blood total and HMW adiponectin concentrations were significantly lower in GDM vs. euglycemic pregnancies. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation at 500 mg/day in GDM women did not affect neonatal metabolic biomarkers including leptin, adiponectin and IGF-1. The results are reassuring in light of the absence of influence on neonatal adipokines (leptin and adiponectin), and potential benefits to fetal growth and development. Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03569501.

Cucumeropsis mannii seed oil ameliorates Bisphenol-A-induced adipokines dysfunctions and dyslipidemia.

This study demonstrated the therapeutic potentials of Cucumeropsis mannii seed oil (CMSO) capable of alleviating BPA-induced dyslipidemia and adipokine dysfunction. In this study, we evaluated the effects of CMSO on adipokine dysfunctions and dyslipidemia in bisphenol-A (BPA)-induced male Wistar rats. Six-week-old 36 albino rats of 100-200 g weight were assigned randomly to six groups, which received varied doses of BPA and/or CMSO. The administration of BPA and CMSO was done at the same time for 42 days by oral intubation. The adipokine levels and lipid profile were measured in adipose tissue and plasma using standard methods. BPA induced significant (p < .05) increases in triglycerides, cholesterol, leptin, LDL-C, and atherogenic and coronary risk indices in adipose tissue and plasma, as well as a decrease in adiponectin and HDL-C levels in Group II animals. BPA administration significantly (p < .05) elevated Leptin levels and reduced adiponectin levels. BPA plus CMSO reduced triglycerides, cholesterol, leptin, LDL-C, and atherogenic and coronary risk indices while increasing adiponectin levels and HDL-C in adipose tissue and plasma (p < .05). The results showed that BPA exposure increased adipose tissue as well as serum levels of the atherogenic index, triglycerides, cholesterol, coronary risk index, LDL-C, leptin, and body weight with decreased adiponectin levels and HDL-C. Treatment with CMSO reduced the toxicities caused by BPA in rats by modulating the body weight, adiponectin/leptin levels, and lipid profiles in serum and adipose tissue. This study has shown that CMSO ameliorates BPA-induced dyslipidemia and adipokine dysfunctions. We suggest for further clinical trial to establish the clinical applications.

Association of the COVID-19 pandemic with changes in objectively measured sedentary behaviour and adiposity

BackgroundSeveral studies have reported that the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has increased sedentary behaviour and obesity; however, these analyses used self-reported data, and the association between sedentary behaviour and visceral fat and adipocytokines during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the association of the COVID-19 pandemic with objectively measured sedentary behaviour and these obesity-related factors.MethodsLongitudinal analysis was conducted on 257 Japanese participants who underwent health check-ups in 2018 before and in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. For both time points, sedentary behaviour was measured using an accelerometer for at least 7 days, visceral fat area (VFA) was measured using abdominal bioelectrical impedance analysis, and blood adiponectin level was measured using latex agglutination turbidimetric immunoassay. Multiple linear regression was performed to determine the association between sedentary behaviour and these outcomes.ResultsCompared with data in 2018, sedentary behaviour and VFA were significantly increased (P < 0.001, P = 0.006) whereas adiponectin level was significantly decreased (P < 0.001) in 2020. Increased sedentary behaviour was significantly associated with an increase in VFA (β = 3.85, 95% CI 1.22–6.49, P = 0.004) and a decrease in adiponectin level (β = −0.04, 95% CI −0.06 to −0.01, P = 0.005). However, the association of sedentary behaviour with adiponectin level was not significant after considering the effects of VFA.ConclusionsThe COVID-19 pandemic was associated with objectively measured sedentary behaviour and obesity-related factors in Japanese adults. Additionally, an increase in sedentary behaviour was associated with an increase in VFA, whereas the association of sedentary behaviour with adiponectin was partly mediated by VFA. These results suggest that avoiding increasing sedentary time is important to prevent visceral adiposity thereby ameliorating adiponectin, especially during behavioural limitations such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

Possibilities for managing the left ventricular diastolic dysfunction risk in obese patients

Aim. To study the factors preventing the LVDD in obese patients.Material and methods. The study included 101 obese men who initially did not have LVDD. After 4,7±0,3 years, anthropometric parameters (body mass index (BMI), hip circumference (HC), waist circumference (WC)) and LV diastolic function were reassessed. All patients at the time of enrollment were assessed for the level of neurohumoral (leptin, adiponectin, leptin receptor), pro-inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, -10, C-reactive protein) and profibrotic factors (collagen type I and III, matrix metalloproteinase-3, vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor β).Results. During 4,7±0,3 years of follow-up, 26,7% of the total number inclu­ded in the study registered a decrease in body weight. A tendency to a de­crease in epicardial fat thickness (EFT) by 0,5 mm (7,49 (6,00; 9,00) mm at the time of inclusion and 7,04 (6,00; 9,00) mm over time (p=0,13)). According to echocardiography, LVDD was detected in 20 patients (19,8% after 4,7±0,3 years). Comparative analysis of baseline anthropometric parameters, EFT and after 4,7±0,3 years in groups of patients with (DD+) and without (DD-) LVDD revealed a significant decrease in body weight (p=0,03), BMI (p=0,02), WC (p=0,04) and EFT (p=0,002) only in the DD- group. Patients who developed LVDD initially had increased tumor necrosis factor-α (p=0,02), interleukin-6 (p=0,01), free fatty acids (p=0,001), type I collagen (p=0,001), type III collagen (p=0,02) and a decrease in adiponectin level (p=0,001).Conclusion. Thus, in patients with a decrease in weight, BMI, WC and EFT during the follow-up period of 4,7±0,3 years, LVDD did not develop, which is associated with a reduced risk of myocardial lipotoxicity against the background of epicardial obesity.

The effect of APN, hs-CRP and APN/hs-CRP in periodontitis with DAA

BackgroundCommon chronic infections induced low-grade inflammation has been correlated with atherosclerosis as supported by strong evidence. The balance between pro-and anti-inflammatory factors was exploited to elucidate the effects of chronic periodontitis on diabetes-associated atherosclerosis.MethodsStudy subjects encompassed 30 SPF male rats randomly divided into four groups: A group (NC), B group (T2DM), C group (CP), D group (DM + CP). After developing the model, blood samples were collected from the angular vein analyze serum APN, hs-CRP, and blood lipid. the carotid artery was isolated for HE staining.ResultCompared with group A, the serum APN in group B, C and D decreased gradually with the progression of the disease. Serum hs-CRP in group B, C and D was significantly increased. At T3, T4 and T5 in group B, C and D, APN/hs-CRP significantly decreased. TC, LDL and TG significantly increased in group B, D; HDL significantly decreased in group C. Carotid artery HE staining showed: compared with group A, different degrees of endothelial defect, destruction of elastic fibers in the middle membrane, disorder of smooth muscle arrangement, and partial dissolution 、 fragmentation and Calcium salt deposition necrosis occurred in group B, C and D.ConclusionEnhanced systemic inflammation, decreased adiponectin level, and disorganized lipid metabolism with or without type 2 diabetes attributed to local inflammation of periodontitis can result in an imbalance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, it’s more meaningful to predict the progression of DAA with anti-inflammatory/pro-inflammatory variation.