Decrease In Delay Time Research Articles

English

The mobile phones grow to be an essential part of our everyday life, with smart phone sales at present greater than before very much and also user demands to run lots of applications have enhanced. The victory of next invention mobile phone communication based on the capability of service suppliers to engineer innovative added worth to video services. The Streams are programmed by the Scalable Video Coding expansion of the H.264/AVC model. Adding or removing the layer is determined on the basis of user behaviour environment of the mobile system. The current advances in the mobile video streams greater than mobile networks have been souring more than these new trends, the wireless connection service not basically hold up with the rising traffic demand. The hole among the traffic load and the wireless connection facility, along with time-changeable link circumstances, results reduced superiority of mobile video streams more than mobile networks, such as extensive buffering delays and discontinuous disruptions. The innovative cloud computing technology, we suggest a novel framework to get enhanced quality of video services for the mobile users, which has two parts: A newly distributed web User Behaviour Prediction model is bring in to cognize and guess user behaviour and additional Adaptive Policy Pre- fetching and Caching method is addressed for a well-organized cloud supervision. We can able to apply a new framework model to illustrate significant development in terms of lesser loss rate, decrease delay and buffering time. For all mobile user, make a private agent in the cloud data centre to alter the mobile video streams flow by the Scalable Video Coding method based on the reply from the mobile customer and perform the video prefetching based on the social network examination. In addition, the essential tools for providing temporal, spatial, and quality are described in feature and experimentally analyse their difficulty and effectiveness.

Simulation Model to Improve QoS Performance over Fixed WiMAX using OPNET

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) Technology is one of the most interesting solutions for broadband wireless access, that provide multimedia traffic and applications through an appropriate QoS management for fixed and mobile devices. In this regard, we attempt to introduce a new distributed model to improve the performance of QoS over fixed WiMAX with respect to parameters including throughput, delay and application response time, to enhance the services that are provided to the end users by minimizing delay, application response time and increasing throughput. A Model was developed based on the proposed new distributed model (Master-Slave), the first scenario comprised of 3 Base Stations (BS) and thirty Subscriber Station (SS) with one Master BS selected by the designed algorithm (Nearest Neighborhood Algorithms). Simulations run while increasing the number of BSs, SSs and master BSs using point-to-multipoint connection with multicast transmission based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). The design has been evaluated using the simulation tool OPNET modeler 16.0. The results obtained from the three Scenarios shows significant increase in the network throughput and drastic decrease in network delay and application response time. Furthermore, with help of the distributed Master BSs, the coverage area of WiMAX has been increased. Thus greatly enhances the performance of Quality of service (QoS).

Using Bio-oil Produced by Biomass Pyrolysis as Diesel Fuel

This study evaluated the effect of biomass (soybean oil, eucalyptus sawdust, and coffee grounds) pyrolysis oil on the formulation of diesel fuels. The parameters analyzed were ignition delay time, emission of particulate matter and unburned hydrocarbons, and specific fuel consumption. The fraction of pyrolysis oil used as fuel was obtained by vacuum distillation at 80–240 °C. The use of this fraction resulted in a decrease in the ignition delay time in the combustion process, with the resulting increase in the cetane number due to the presence of phenolic groups in the pyrolysis oil, which modify the formation mechanism of peroxyl radicals by altering the temperature of the flame front. Additionally, particulate matter emissions are reduced significantly by up to 30% when compared with the base fuel. This is probably due to the high solubility of water in pyrolysis oil, which leads to the formation of an azeotropic mixture that lowers the boiling point and contributes to vaporize the fuel inside the combustion chamber, reducing the formation of particulate matter. These results indicate the promising potential of this fraction for use in the formulation of diesel fuel, decreasing ignition delay and increasing the cetane number, as well as significantly reducing particulate matter emissions. The main difficulty in using this fraction of pyrolysis oil is its chemical stability, since it has a strong tendency to form oligomers.

ELECTROMECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE FOR FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS

The electromechanical characteristics of PVDF are investigated, including the crystallization, frequency responses, hysteresis, leakage currents, current-voltage characteristics, and fatigue characteristics using X-ray diffraction and an electrometer. Results show that the frequency band of PVDF increases with increasing resistive load and capacitance. The hysteresis area of ΔH slightly increases with increasing input voltage. The magnitude of the current values increases with decreasing delay time at a given drive voltage. PVDF film induced larger degradation when the number of stress cycles was increased to about 105 cumulative cycles.

Nanosecond discharge ignition in acetylene-containing mixtures

We study experimentally and numerically the kinetics of ignition in lean and stoichiometric C2H2 : O2 : Ar mixtures after a high-voltage nanosecond discharge. The ignition delay time is measured behind a reflected shock wave with and without the discharge using detection of CH radiation. Generation of the discharge plasma is shown to lead to a decrease in ignition delay time. Discharge processes followed by chain chemical reactions with energy release are simulated during ignition in the C2H2 : O2 : Ar mixtures. The generation of atoms, radicals and excited and charged particles in the discharge phase is numerically simulated. The calculations are based on the measured time-resolved discharge current and electric field. The calculated densities of the active particles produced in the discharge on a nanosecond time scale are employed as input data to simulate plasma-assisted ignition on a microsecond scale. The calculated ignition delay times are compared with the experimental data. It is shown that the effect of the discharge plasma on ignition of the acetylene-containing mixtures is associated with active species production in the discharge phase rather than with gas heating during the discharge and in its afterglow. A sensitivity analysis is made to determine limiting reactions in acetylene autoignition and ignition after the discharge under the conditions studied.

Impact of an acute bout of vibration on muscle contractile properties, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase response

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a bout of whole body vibration (WBV) on muscle response and to determine whether this stimulus leads to muscle damage. Thirty healthy and physically active participants (mean±SD; age: 21.8±2.0 years; height: 176.7±5.8 cm; body mass: 76±6.8 kg and BMI: 23.1±3.7 kg·m−2) participated in this study. Participants were randomly allocated in one of two groups, one of them performed a bout of 360 s WBV (frequency: 30 Hz; peak-to-peak displacement: 4 mm) (VIB) and the other one adopted a sham position (CON). Muscle contractile properties were analysed in the rectus femoris (RF) by using tensiomyography (TMG) 2 min before the warm-up and 2 min after intervention. Muscle damage was assessed by determining plasma creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels at three time points; 5 min before warm-up and 1 h and 48 h after the intervention. TMG results showed a significant decrease in maximal displacement (p<0.05) and delay time (p<0.05) in VIB and in delay time (p<0.05) and relaxation time (p<0.05) in CON. Muscle damage markers showed significant group differences (p<0.05) for CK 1 h after the intervention. In addition, differences for CK 1 h after the intervention from baseline (p<0.05) were also observed in VIB. In conclusion, a 6-min bout of WBV results in an increase of muscle stiffness in RF and increased CK levels 1 h after intervention (returning to baseline within 48 h).

Leakage and Fatigue Characteristics of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Film

The leakage and fatigue characteristics of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) are investigated for flexible electronics. The crystallization, frequency responses, leakage currents, current-voltage characteristics, and fatigue characteristics of PVDF film are measured using X-ray diffraction and an electrometer. Results show that a PVDF model with a resistive load exhibits high-pass filter characteristics. The frequency band of PVDF film increases with increasing resistive load and capacitance. The break frequencies for 100 kΩ, 300 kΩ, 700 kΩ, and 1 MΩ at the break frequency are 611, 207, 88, and 61 Hz, respectively. The hysteresis area of ΔH slightly increases with increasing input voltage. The leakage current of PVDF film is higher for a lower delay time under a given applied electric field. The average leakage currents for delay times of 10 and 1000 ms are 0.565 and 73.8 pA, respectively. The magnitude of the current values increases with decreasing delay time at a given drive voltage. PVDF film induced larger degradation when the number of stress cycles was increased to about 105 cumulative cycles.

Operating room efficiency improvement after implementation of a postoperative team assessment

IntroductionOperating room time is highly resource intensive, and delays can be a source of lost revenue and surgeon frustration. Methods to decrease these delays are important not only for patient care, but to maximize operating room resource utilization. The purpose of this study was to determine the root cause of operating room delays in a standardized manner to help improve overall operating room efficiency. MethodsWe performed a single-center prospective observational study analyzing operating room utilization and efficiency after implementing an executive-driven standardized postoperative team debriefing system from January 2010 to December 2010. ResultsA total of 11,342 procedures were performed over the 1-y study period (elective 86%, urgent 11%, and emergent 3%), with 1.3 million min of operating room time, 865,864 min of surgeon operative time (62.5%), and 162,958 min of anesthesia time (11.8%). Overall, the average operating room delay was 18 min and varied greatly based on the surgical specialty. The longest delays were due to need for radiology (40 min); other significant delays were due to supply issues (22.7 min), surgeon issues (18 min), nursing issues (14 min), and room turnover (14 min). Over the 1-y period, there was a decrease in mean delay duration, averaging a decrease in delay of 0.147 min/mo with an overall 9% decrease in the mean delay times. With regard to overall operating room utilization, there was a 39% decrease in overall un-utilized available OR time that was due to delays, improving efficiency by 2334 min (212 min/mo). During this study interval no sentinel events occurred in the operating room. ConclusionsA standardized postoperative debrief tracking system is highly beneficial in identifying and reducing overall operative delays and improving operating room utilization.

モード制御手法を用いたアーチ構造物のアクティブ制振

The present paper discusses the active vibration control of arch structures. In previous paper discussing the active vibration control tests, it is difficult to reduce the seismic response because of the excess of delay time. Overcoming this difficulty, this paper deals with the active vibration control on the optimal control theory with the modal control so that the delay time decreases and the seismic response control should be possible. First, we explain the control theory applying the modal control method. Next, for demonstration, the active vibration control tests of the arch structures are carried out. Moreover, the response and control force evaluations are examined by numerical analyses. Finally, the optimum arrangement of actuators is discussed. The Optimization method by response and control force evaluated by the response spectrum method with transfer function is suggested. Then, the optimization is carried out for a plane reticulated arch.

Effects of N2O addition on the ignition of H2–O2 mixtures: Experimental and detailed kinetic modeling study

Ignition delay times of H2/O2 mixtures highly diluted with Ar and doped with various amounts of N2O (100, 400, 1600, 3200 ppm) were measured in a shock tube behind reflected shock waves over a wide range of temperatures (940–1675 K). The pressure range investigated during this work (around 1.6, 13 and 32 atm) allows studying the effect of N2O on hydrogen ignition at pressure conditions that have never been heretofore investigated. Ignition delay times were decreased when N2O was added to the mixture only for the higher nitrous oxide concentrations, and some changes in the activation energy were also observed at 1.5 and 32 atm. When it occurred, the decrease in the ignition delay time was proportional to the amount of N2O added and depended on pressure and temperature conditions. A detailed chemical kinetics model was developed using kinetic mechanisms from the literature. This model predicts well the experimental data obtained during this study and from the literature. The chemical analysis using this model showed that the decrease in the ignition delay time was mainly due to the reaction N2O + M ⇄ N2 + O + M which provides O atoms to strengthen the channel O + H2 ⇄ OH + H.

Cognitive LF-Ant: A Novel Protocol for Healthcare Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, the authors present the Cognitive LF-Ant protocol for emergency reporting in healthcare wireless sensor networks. The protocol is inspired by the natural behaviour of ants and a cognitive component provides the capabilities to dynamically allocate resources, in accordance with the emergency degree of each patient. The intra-cluster emergency reporting is inspired by the different capabilities of leg-manipulated ants. The inter-cluster reporting is aided by the cooperative modulation diversity with spectrum sensing, which can detect new emergency reporting requests and forward them. Simulations results show the decrease of average delay time as the probability of opportunistic access increases, which privileges the emergency reporting related to the patients with higher priority of resources' usage. Furthermore, the packet loss rate is decreased by the use of cooperative modulation diversity with spectrum sensing.

Study on Laser Ignition Characteristics of NEPE Propellant

The ignition process of NEPE propellant by a CO2 laser ignition system has been investigated experimentally. The effect of laser heat flux density on the ignition delay time of NEPE propellant was examined. The ignition delay time of NEPE propellant was decreased along with the increase of laser heat flux density. The effect of ignition heat flux density on ignition delay time decreases when the laser heat flux density is more than 290 W/cm2. This heat flux density value can be used as igniter design reference value. The ignition delay time increases dramatically along with the decrease of laser heat flux density when the laser heat flux density is lower.

122 An intervention to alter help-seeking behaviour and reduce pre-hospital delay time in patients diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

IntroductionThe problem of pre-hospital delay among patients with acute coronary syndrome remains unresolved despite past attempts to contain the problem. Mortality and morbidity could be reduced if patients sought earlier...

Tunable slow light and buffer capability in photonic crystal coupled-cavity waveguides based on electro-optic effect

An enhanced photonic crystal coupled-cavity waveguide (PC-CCW) is proposed to realize compact, ultra-fast modulated and high-performance buffering application. The slow light and buffer performances of PC-CCW are optimized by adjusting the cavity spacing and the hole size around the cavity. In the optimized structure, the group velocity is below 2.713×10−4c. The corresponding delay time, buffer capacity and Q factor can reach as high as 12.286ns, 68.5bit and 3525, respectively. Then the dynamic modulation of slow light transmission and buffer capacity in PC-CCW are systemically studied. The simulation shows that the buffer capacity and the physical size of each bit are unchanged as the applied voltage increases. While the wavelength shift and delay time decrease almost linearly as the applied voltage increases. And the modulation sensitivities are about 3.726nm/mV and 0.875ns/mV, respectively. The Q factor also decreases accordingly.

Circuit Model of Laser-Triggered Surface Flashover Switch in Vacuum Condition with Pulsed Voltage

Based on the platform of laser-triggered surface flashover in pulsed voltage, experiment of laser-triggered surface flashover switch is carried out in vacuum condition with pulsed voltage. The switch consists of flat electrodes and columned insulator. A single/double harmonic, with wavelength λ of 1064/532 nm, Q-switched Nd: YAG laser is applied to trigger the switch. The results of experiment show that switch delay time and jitter time decrease with increase of pulsed voltage and laser energy density. Based on the waveforms of switch voltage and switch current, the circuit model of laser-trigger flashover switch is set up by circuit method in the paper. The parameters of the circuit model are calculated through the waveforms of the experiment, and the waveforms of switch voltage and switch current are obtain through circuit simulation. The simulation waveforms of the switch model are consistent with the waveforms of the experiment.

A deconvolution approach for PET-based dose reconstruction in proton radiotherapy

Positron emitters are activated by proton beams in proton radiotherapy, and positron emission tomography (PET) images can thus be used for dose verification. Since a PET image is not directly proportional to the delivered radiation dose distribution, predicted PET images are compared to measured PET images and an agreement of both indicates a successful irradiation. Such predictions are given on the basis of Monte Carlo calculations or a filtering approach which uses a convolution of the planned dose with specific filter functions to estimate the PET activity. In this paper, we describe and evaluate a dose reconstruction method based on PET images which reverses the just mentioned convolution approach using appropriate deconvolution methods. Deconvolution is an ill-posed inverse problem, and suitable regularization techniques are required in order to guarantee a stable solution. The basic convolution approach is developed for homogeneous media and additional procedures are necessary to generalize the PET estimation to inhomogeneous media. This generalization formalism is used in our dose deconvolution approach as well. Various simulations demonstrate that the dose reconstruction method is able to reverse the PET estimation method both in homogeneous and inhomogeneous media. Measured PET images are however degraded by noise and artifacts and the dose reconstructions become more difficult and the results suffer from artifacts as well. Recently used in-room PET scanners allow a decreased delay time between irradiation and imaging, and thus the influence of short-lived positron emitters on the PET images increases considerably. We extended our dose reconstruction method to process PET images which contain several positron emitters and simulated results are shown.

Laser-Triggered Surface Flashover Characteristics of Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; in Pulsed Voltage

Based on the platform of laser-triggered surface flashover in pulsed voltage, experiment of laser-triggered surface flashover is carried out in air and vacuum condition with pulsed voltage. A single/double harmonic, with wavelength of 1064/532 nm, Q-switched Nd:YAG laser is applied to trigger the surface flashover. The test system consists of flat electrodes and columned insulator. The material of electrode is copper and the material of insulator is Al2O3. Laser pulse’s wavelengths are 532nm and 1064nm, and laser is focused with rectangle. The results of experiment show that flashover delay time and jitter time decrease with increase of pulsed voltage or laser energy density, the delay time of 1064nm laser trigger is larger than that of 532nm laser trigger, and the delay time and jitter time in vacuum condition are less than the delay time and jitter time in air condition.

Soliton propagation optimization and dynamic modulation in photonic crystal waveguide with polystyrene background

Bright optical soliton propagation properties near the left band edge of photonic crystal waveguide (PCW) are numerically investigated. Compared with the normal PCW with air background, by employing polystyrene as PCW background and adjusting the structure parameters simultaneously, the required soliton peak power sharply decreases from 8.63 × 10 6 W/m to 9.98 × 10 2 W/m. The influence of optical loss on soliton propagation is numerically investigated. The dynamic modulation of the soliton propagation in PCW is realized, and a modulation range of 459 nm wavelength for the soliton transmission has been achieved. Simulation results show that the transmission wavelength, required soliton peak power and delay time decrease almost linearly as the external modulated voltage increases; the modulation sensitivities are 8.316 nm/V, 3.416 W/m/V and 16.6 ps/V, respectively.

The Erua earthquake cluster and seismic anisotropy in the Ruapehu region, New Zealand

[1] We use seismicity generated from the Erua earthquake cluster (a consistently active area of seismicity about 20 km to the west of Mount Ruapehu) over the last 12 years to study seismic anisotropy in the Ruapehu region. In particular, we search for changes associated with two minor phreatic eruptions on the 4th of October 2006 and the 25th of September 2007. The seismicity rate, magnitude of completeness, focal mechanisms and b-value of the cluster are also examined to investigate whether the characteristics of the seismicity changed over the duration of the study. The hypocenters were relocated, which revealed a westward dip in the shallow seismicity. Shear wave splitting results revealed a decrease in delay time in the 2006–2007 period and a significant variation in the fast shear wave polarization in the same time period. The b-value also increased significantly from 1.0 ± 0.2 in 2004 to a peak of 1.8 ± 0.2 in 2007, but no other parameters were found to vary significantly over this time period. We attribute these changes to an increase in pore-fluid pressure in the Erua region due to fluid movement and suggest that this fluid movement may be associated with the eruptions in 2006 and 2007.

Who listens to our advice? A secondary analysis of data from a clinical trial testing an intervention designed to decrease delay in seeking treatment for acute coronary syndrome

ObjectiveProlonged prehospital delay in persons experiencing acute coronary syndrome (ACS) remains a problem. Understanding which patients respond best to particular interventions designed to decrease delay time would provide mechanistic insights into the process by which interventions work. MethodsIn the PROMOTION trial, 3522 at-risk patients were enrolled from 5 sites in the United States (56.4%), Australia and New Zealand; 490 (N=272 intervention, N=218 control) had an acute event within 2 years. Focusing on these 490, we (1) identified predictors of a rapid response to symptoms, (2) identified intervention group subjects with a change in these predictors over 3 months of follow-up, and (3) compared intervention group participants with and without the favorable response pattern. Hypothesized predictors of rapid response were increased perceived control and decreased anxiety. Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs were hypothesized to differ between responders and non-responders. ResultsContrary to hypothesis, responders had low anxiety and low perceived control. Only 73 (26.8%) subjects showed this pattern 3 months following the intervention. No differences in ACS knowledge, attitudes, or beliefs were found. ConclusionThe results of this study challenge existing beliefs. Practice implicationsNew intervention approaches that focus on a realistic decrease in anxiety and perceived control are needed.