Decrease In Acid Content Research Articles

Phytic Acid and Micronutrient Profiling of a Few Ethnic Rice Products of Assam, India

Background: Different ethnic rice products are obtained from specialty rice varieties of Assam, India. A unique characteristic of these rice products is that the products can be used instantly. Considering lack of study relating to biochemical changes during processing, the present study was conducted. Methods: The specialty rice products (bhaja bora, hurum, sandahguri, Korai, flaked rice and komal chaul including two intermediate forms in preparation of bhaja bora and hurum) prepared through traditional method and their respective raw forms were collected in Jorhat, Assam. The phytic acid, total phenols and a few minerals were estimated with standard methods. Result: Among the products, the phytic acid phosphorus and total phenol content ranged between 92.74-272.65 mg/100 g and 61.67-69.59 mg catechol equivalent/100 g, respectively. The total ash (%) and the minerals (mg/100 g) like sodium, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, zinc and iron ranged between 0.84-1.34, 37.33-56.67, 11.32-20.67, 64.32-134.33, 250.26-333.45, 3.24-4.08 and 2.47- 6.91, respectively. The higher concentration of total ash, iron and zinc were observed in the products than their respective raw forms. However, the observation of decrease in phytic acid content in all these products reveals that the processing may improve availability of certain minerals.

Temporal kinetics of changes in color, phytochemicals, γ-aminobutyric acid, enzyme activity and antioxidant activity of coffee leaves during postharvest storage

Understanding the kinetics of changes in the quality attributes and enzyme activity of coffee leaves during storage is essential to preparing high-quality coffee leaf tea. In the present study, the impacts of different storage temperatures and times on the color, phytochemical composition, amino acids, the activity of enzymes (glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), diamine oxidase (DAO), polyamine oxidase (PAO), γ-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (AMADH), γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and peroxidase (POD)), and antioxidant activity of coffee leaves were investigated. The results showed that low-temperature storage effectively delayed the production of browning color and retained nutrients and antioxidant activity in coffee leaves during storage. The content of 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) decreased by 43.5%, 31.1%, and 17.5% when coffee leaves stored for 7 d at 25, 4, and -20 ℃, respectively. The total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity had negative correlation with the storage time and the activities of PPO and POD were enhanced with prolonged storage time and higher storage temperature. The content of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) increased (2.45–3.32 folds) when stored at -20 ℃ within 21 d, which was associated with the decrease of glutamic acid content and the increased activity of GAD. The kinetics of changes in color index L*, total color change (ΔE), TPC, and ABTS and DPPH scavenging capacities fitted the first-order kinetic model and the activation energies ranged from 15.66 to 24.67 kJ/mol, indicating that coffee leaves are prone to deterioration during storage, especially at high temperature. This study indicates that low-temperature storage can effectively prevent the quality loss of coffee leaves while increasing the bioactive compound GABA.

Developing an innovative raw wheat Qu inoculated with Saccharopolyspora and its application in Huangjiu.

Mechanized Huangjiu is a stable product, is not subject to seasonal production restrictions, and markedly reduces labor intensity compared to traditional manual Huangjiu. However, the bitterness of mechanized Huangjiu impedes its further development. Based on process optimization, when the fermentation temperature was 45 °C and the fermentation time was 122 h, the inoculation amount of Saccharopolyspora was 5%, the amount of added water was 26%, and the glucoamylase and amylase activities of wheat Qu increased by 27% and 40% respectively, compared with those before optimization. Huangjiu fermented by raw wheat Qu inoculated with Saccharopolyspora rosea F2014 showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in bitter amino acid content (1.24 vs. 2.86 g L-1 , a decrease of 56%), which attenuated its bitterness. An innovative fermentation process of inoculating Saccharopolyspora into raw wheat Qu was developed for the first time. Such a process could be used to control bitterness based on raw wheat Qu inoculated with Saccharopolyspora rosea F2014, instead of traditional wheat Qu in Huangjiu fermentation. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Biomolecular modifications in the sacfry of Mogurnda adspersa in response to copper stress

Copper (Cu) is one of the most harmful contaminants in fresh-water systems. Fish larvae such as sacfry are particularly vulnerable to metals such as copper (Cu) due to a less-developed excretory organ system and permeable skin that can absorb metals directly from the water. However, the sublethal effects of metals on this life stage are not well understood. This study assessed the sublethal toxicity of Cu on purple-spotted gudgeon sacfry (PSG, Mogurnda adspersa). For this purpose, 96h Cu toxicity bioassays were performed and toxic effects of Cu on PSG were measured at different levels of biological organization, from the individual (loss of equilibrium, wet weight), to tissue (chemical changes in retinal tissue composition) and molecular responses (whole body amino acid (AA) profiles). The EC10 and EC50 (ECx: effect concentration that affected X% of test organisms) were found to be 12 (9 - 15) µg Cu L-1 and 22 (19 - 24) µg Cu L-1, respectively. Copper stress caused a decrease in total amino acid content and changed the AA profile of PSG compared to the controls. Proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) mapping techniques showed accumulation of Cu in the retinal tissues disturbing the distribution of other elements such as zinc, sulfur, phosphorus and potassium. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy of control and Cu treated eye tissues revealed a change in protein secondary structure in retinal tissues in response to Cu accumulation, as well as decreased levels of the molecular retinal, consistent with the degradation of rhodopsin, a key protein in the visual sensory system. This is the first study to demonstrate the multi-level responses of PSG arising from exposure to environmentally realistic Cu concentrations and suggests that AA profiling can serve as a useful tool to assess the impacts of metals on fresh-water organisms.

Understanding the influence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and melatonin treatments on the sweet and acidic flavors and citric acid metabolism of ‘Olinda’ orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck)

The regulatory mechanism by which 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and melatonin (MT) affect the sweet and acidic flavors of citrus fruit was investigated by comparing the fruit quality and gene expression related to citric acid metabolism of ‘Olinda’ oranges (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck). 2,4-D increased the fruit firmness, total soluble solids, soluble sugar content and solid-acid ratio and decreased the respiration rate, titratable acidity and citric acid content during storage, and a similar but weaker effect was found in the MT treatment before 70 days of storage. 2,4-D and MT maintained postharvest quality and improved the fruit sweetness and acidity flavor of ‘Olinda’ Valencia oranges. Genes encoding of PEPC1/2/4 and CS1 in the citric acid biosynthesis pathway and Aco2/3, IDH2/3, ACLa2/β, PEPCK1 and FBPase2 in the citric acid degradation pathway were upregulated by 2,4-D or MT. However, genes related to citric acid degradation, such as GS2, Aco1, IDH1, GAD4/5 and SSADH in the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) pathway and ACLa1 and FBPase1 in the acetyl-CoA pathway, were oppositely regulated by 2,4-D and MT. Principal component analysis showed that the decrease in citric acid content was significantly negatively correlated with the expression of genes related to the GABA and acetyl-CoA degradation pathways. Moreover, the ACLα1/β and FBPase1 genes in the acetyl-CoA pathway might be the key genes causing differences in the acidity of ‘Olinda’ oranges among the three groups.

Administration of selected probiotic mixture improves body weight gain and meat fatty acid composition of creole goats.

This work aimed to determine the effect of native probiotic administration on body weight gain, nutritional characteristics and fatty acid profile of meat of creole goats. Equally distributed forty postweaned goats (75 days old) divided into control (n=20) and probiotic (n=20) groups were fed ad libitum for 60 days with native pasture and commercial diet. Lactobacillus reuteri DDL19, Lactobacillus alimentarius DDL48, Enterococcus faecium DDE39, and Bifidobacterium bifidum DDBA mixed culture (108 CFU/ml, 1:1:1:1 ratio) were daily orally delivered to the probiotic group. At the end of the study, muscle samples (Longissimus dorsi, LD, and Bicep femoris, BF) were analyzed for their chemical composition (protein, fat, moisture, pH, water-holding capacity, cholesterol) and fatty acid profile. Probiotic supplementation significantly increased body weight gain, reduced the incidence of diarrhea and improved the fatty acid profile of goat meat. Probiotic-fed animals exhibited increased monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and a significant decrease in saturated fatty acid content. Conjugated linoleic acid content was significantly higher in probiotics than in the control group (P < 0.05). Muscles from probiotics-treated goats showed healthier lipid indexes and a significant decrease in the n-6/n-3 ratio (∼2.50), atherogenic (∼0.30) and thrombogenic (∼0.75) indexes. In addition, increases in desirable fatty acids (∼79.40 g/100 g of FAME) and nutritional value index (∼2.86) were observed compared to control groups. The native mix probiotic could be used as growth promoters to reduce the antibiotics, and to improve its derived-foods.

Characteristics and qualities of edible bird's nest beverage as affected by thermal pasteurization and sterilization.

Edible bird's nest beverage (B-nest-Bev) was produced from edible bird's nest (B-nest) flakes using different thermal processes. Pasteurization of B-nest-Bev at a low temperature for a longer time (LTLT) or at a high temperature for a shorter time (HTST) resulted in lower CIE L * , CIE a * , CIE b * -values, and drained weight (p < 0.05) than sterilization (118 or 121°C). Sterilized and pasteurized B-nest-Bev had similar soluble solid contents and pH (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, acidified beverages pasteurized via either LTLT or HTST process had a marked decrease in sialic acid content. In addition, drastic protein degradation occurred in pasteurized acidified beverages, regardless of the conditions used, ascertained by the disappearance of major protein bands. However, polymerization of proteins took place in sterilized samples, irrespective of the temperature used. After digestion in a gastrointestinal tract model system (GIMs), all samples had increased (p < 0.05) antioxidant activities including DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). B-nest-Bev subjected to HTST pasteurization or sterilization at 121°C had the best appearance and acceptability among all the treatments used. Therefore, thermal processes directly affected the properties and acceptability of B-nest-Bev.

Fe–Al isomorphous and self-pillared ZSM-5 nanosheet catalyst for cracking of n-heptane with enhanced selectivity of light olefins

Series Fe–Al isomorphous and self–pillared ZSM–5 nanosheets zeolite (Al–Fe–SPZ) with different Fe/Al molar ratios were synthesized by one–pot strategy for catalytic cracking of n–heptane to produce light olefins. All the Al–Fe–SPZ catalysts gave high surface areas and pore volumes, ascribing to the intersection of nanosheet layers. The addition of Fe in zeolite framework resulted in the decrease of surface acid concentrations (especially the strong acid concentrations). The effect of Fe modification on olefins selectivity in catalytic cracking reaction had two sides. On one hand, reducing the amount of acid, helped to inhibit the hydride transfer, cyclization and aromatic cyclization of olefins in the product at adjacent Brønsted acid sites. However, the reduced acid concentrations led to the decrease of the cracking depth, and the cracking of intermediate products (C4 and C5) was inhibited, thus giving a decreased olefin selectivity. With Si/(Al+Fe) molar ratio of 100 and Al/Fe ratio of 84/16, Al–Fe–SPZ catalyst gave the highest yield of light olefins (44.8 wt% of ethylene and propylene) in cracking of n–heptane. In addition, Fe modified zeolite catalyst show excellent cracking stability with low coke deposition.

ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTS OF URIC ACID ON PATIENTS WITH TYPE-2 DIABETES MELLITUS IN NIGERIA

There is paucity of information on the antioxidant role of uric acid in the management of diabetic stress. This study seeks to elucidate the antioxidant usefulness of uric acid in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients visiting the Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua and Ekpoma environs of Edo state, Nigeria. Serum uric acid concentration was estimated in one hundred (100) subjects comprising of sixty (60) type 2 diabetic patients (30 males and 30 females) and forty (40) non-diabetic subjects (20 males and 20 females) using the enzymatic method (uricase). The non-diabetic individuals were apparently healthy subjects and served as controls. The mean ± standard deviation of the serum uric acid concentration in type 2 diabetic individuals was 159 ± 21.55?mol/l while, in non-diabetic subjects, (controls) 295.7 ± 53.76?mol/l. The results established a statistical difference in the serum uric acid concentration in type 2 diabetic individuals and the non-diabetic subjects (p&lt; 0.05).The work also revealed a decrease in serum uric acid concentration in type 2 diabetic patients due to oxidative stress that decreases the antioxidant capacity of the body involving uric acid

Overexpression of PvFAD3 Gene from Plukenetia volubilis Promotes the Biosynthesis of α-Linolenic Acid in Transgenic Tobacco Seeds.

The ω-3 fatty acid desaturase (FAD3) gene encodes a rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of α-linolenic acid. In this study, homologous cloning was used to obtain the full-length sequence of the PvFAD3 gene of Plukenetia volubilis. The full-length DNA sequence was 1871 bp long, with 8 exons and 7 introns. The structural analysis of the amino acid sequence revealed that the PvFAD3 protein contained three histidine-conserved regions and an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal. The real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction performed for determining the expression patterns of the PvFAD3 gene in different tissues of P. volubilis showed that PvFAD3 expression was highly expressed in the fast oil accumulation stage of seed. The analysis of subcellular localization assay in epidermal cells of tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) leaves showed that the PvFAD3 protein was mainly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Seed-specific overexpression vectors were constructed, and Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation was performed to obtain transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing PvFAD3. The results of fatty acid assays performed using harvested seeds showed a significant increase in α-linolenic acid content, a dramatic decrease in linoleic acid content, and an obvious increase in oil content in transgenic tobacco seeds. Collectively, the PvFAD3 gene of P. volubilis was confirmed as a key enzyme gene for α-linolenic acid synthesis; thus, indicating that the PvFAD3 gene can be used for fatty acid fraction improvement in oilseed plants.

Identification and Functional Analysis of lncRNA by CRISPR/Cas9 During the Cotton Response to Sap-Sucking Insect Infestation.

Sap-sucking insects cause severe damage to cotton production. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play vital regulatory roles in various development processes and stress response, however, the function of lncRNAs during sap-sucking insect infection in cotton is largely unknown. In this study, the transcriptome profiles between resistant (HR) and susceptible (ZS) cotton cultivars under whitefly infestation at different time points (0, 4, 12, 24, and 48 h) were compared. A total of 6,651 lncRNAs transcript and 606 differentially expressed lncRNAs were identified from the RNA-seq data. A co-expression network indicated that lncA07 and lncD09 were potential hub genes that play a regulatory role in cotton defense against aphid infestation. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9 knock-out mutant of lncD09 and lncA07 showed a decrease of jasmonic acid (JA) content, which potentially lead to increased susceptibility toward insect infestation. Differentially expressed genes between wild type and lncRNA knock-out plants are enriched in modulating development and resistance to stimulus. Additionally, some candidate genes such as Ghir_A01G022270, Ghir_D04G014430, and Ghir_A01G022270 are involved in the regulation of the JA-mediated signaling pathway. This result provides a novel insight of the lncRNA role in the cotton defense system against pests.

Effect of auxin foliar application on seed yield and fatty acids composition of two safflower genotypes under late-season drought

To assess the response of two safflower genotypes to auxin foliar application under late-season drought stress using a factorial split-plot experiment with the randomised complete block design, a two-year experiment (2016–2017 and 2017–2018) was conducted in Iran. The watering regime as specified in two levels including, regular irrigation and drought stress in main plots and two safflower genotypes and auxin foliar application in two levels including non-foliar application (control) and auxin foliar application at a concentration of 30 ppm were categorised in subplots. Drought stress at the seed filling stage reduced the safflower seed and oil yield. Moreover, a significant drought-induced decrease in linoleic acid, palmitic acid and behenic acid content, as well as an increase in oleic acids, was observed in two safflower genotypes. Among two safflower genotypes, the early maturing genotype less affected by drought and Goldasht had higher seed yield than the Padideh by 814 kg/ha, respectively. Auxin foliar application alleviates the adverse effects of drought, which led to an 18% increase in seed yield and components. However, the auxin application had no effect on the safflower seed oil content but palmitic acid content was affected by auxin foliar application. Generally, safflower along with auxin application can be recommended to develop safflower cultivation in semi-arid areas.

Saurani Zeytinyağinin Bazi Kalite Parametreleri Üzerine Zeytin Olgunluğunun Etkisi

There are 97 local olive varieties registered in our country, and Saurani is an olive variety from originating Hatay/Altınözü. Hatay province, which ranks first in olive production in the Mediterranean Region, has very suitable climate and soil conditions for olive cultivation. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of olive maturity on quality parameters such as free fatty acids, peroxide value and fatty acid composition of the oil obtained from the Saurani olive variety grown in Hatay. For this purpose, olive oil was obtained by mechanical method from olives collected from Saurani variety in 3 different maturity periods of the 2020 production season. In Saurani olive oil, free fatty acids and peroxide numbers were found in the range of 0.62-0.91 % (oleic acid) and 3.68-5.26 meq O2/kg respectively. The amount of free fatty acids increased with maturity. In Saurani olive oil were determined oleic acid in the range of 66.32%-68.79%, palmitic acid in the range of12.47-13.75%, linoleic acid in the range of 11.43-13.84%, stearic acid in the range of 3.16-3.42%, palmitoleic acid 1.12%-1.34%, linolenic acid 0.88-1.01% and arachidic acid 0.41-0.52. It was determined that decrease in oleic acid content and an increase in linoleic acid content with maturity. It has been determined that Saurani olive oil is within the limits specified in the Turkish Food Codex on Olive Oil and Pirina Olive Oil in terms of the examined properties.

저온 저장이 레드키위 과실 품질에 미치는 영향

This studies was conducted to investigate the effect of cold storage on red kiwi fruit quality by cultivar. As a result of investigating the firmness and acidity of fruit after cold storage, the firmness and acid content decreased in all cultivars, and sugar content increased in all cultivars. The reason for the decrease in acid content during cold storage of kiwi is that it is converted from organic acid to sugar and used for breathing. And the reason for the increase of The total soluble solids (TSS) during storage is that it is converted from starch to sugar. ‘Hongyang’ had a commodity rate of 94.4% and a non-commodity of 5.6% on February 5, 110 days after storage. ‘EnzaRed’ had a commodity rate of 93.9% and a non-commodity of 6.1% on January 15, 89 days after storage. ‘QiHong’ had a commodity rate of 94.8% and a non-commodity rate of 5.2% on February 23, 113 days after storage. The appropriate cold storage period for each culrivar is considered to be 110 days for ‘Hongyang’, 89 days for ‘EnzaRed’, and 113 days for ‘QiHong’.

Genome-wide association study identifies variants of GhSAD1 conferring cold tolerance in cotton.

Cold stress is a major environmental factor affecting plant growth and development. Although some plants have developed resistance to cold stress, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. Using genome-wide association mapping with 200 cotton accessions collected from different regions, we identified variations in the short chain alcohol dehydrogenase gene, GhSAD1, that responds to cold stress. Virus-induced gene silencing and overexpression in Arabidopsis revealed that GhSAD1 fulfils important roles in cold stress responses. Ectopic expression of a haploid genotype of GhSAD1 (GhSAD1HapB) in Arabidopsis increased cold tolerance. Silencing of GhSAD1HapB resulted in a decrease in abscisic acid (ABA) content. Conversely, overexpression of GhSAD1HapB increased ABA content. GhSAD1HapB regulates cold stress responses in cotton through modulation of C-repeat binding factor activity, which regulates ABA signalling. GhSAD1HapB induces the expression of COLD-REGULATED (COR) genes and increases the amount of metabolites associated with cold stress tolerance. Overexpression of GhSAD1HapB partially complements the phenotype of the Arabidopsis ABA2 mutant, aba2-1. Collectively, these findings increase our understanding of the mechanisms underlying GhSAD1-mediated cold stress responses in cotton.

OLEANOLIC ACID, A PROSPECTIVE PROTECTIVE AGENT AGAINST BRAIN ENERGY METABOLISM AND OXIDATIVE DYSFUNCTIONS FOLLOWING HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM EXPOSURE IN MICE

Objective: Effect of oleanolic acid against hexavalent chromium-induced altered brain energy metabolism associated with oxidative stress was evaluated in the present study. Methods: Swiss albino mice were divided into three groups, Control (n=6), chromium-treated (n=6), and oleanolic acid (OA) supplemented (n=6). The chromium treated group was orally administered with K2Cr2O7 for 30 days at a dose of 10 mg/kg b.w/day. OA supplementation was given at a dose of 5 mg/kg bw/day for the past 14 days of chromium treatment. Control group received the vehicle only. After the treatment, whole brain was removed for examining the parameters such as pyruvic acid, free amino nitrogen, tissue protein, TCA cycle enzyme activities, NADH dehydrogenase function, and oxidative stress markers. Results: Significant decrease in cerebral pyruvic acid content associated with suppressed malate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase activities were observed. The NADH dehydrogenase activity was inhibited owing to enhanced accumulation of chromium in cerebral tissue. Depletion of proteins and increased free amino acid nitrogen were accompanied with inhibited cathepsin, pronase and trypsin activities, and increased transaminase function. In addition, GSH content was decreased along with increased lipid peroxidation, oxidized GSSG content, TG/GSSG ratio, carbonylated protein content, and tissue free hydroxyl radical formation. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase were also inhibited by hexavalent chromium. Oleanolic acid supplementation was found to have significant protective effect against brain metabolic and oxidative dysfunctions. Conclusion: The present study elucidated therapeutic efficacy of oleanolic acid against hexavalent chromium toxicity in brain tissue of mice.

Utilization Of Activated Charcoal From Nutmeg Shell Waste As An Adsorbent To Improve The Quality Of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) Fermentation Method

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a form of processed coconut that is widely produced by people in Indonesia. VCO is often called pure coconut oil. VCO with good quality is by fermentation method using yeast. The quality of VCO can be measured by 3 types of analysis: water content, free fatty acids and peroxide number. The results of this analysis will be compared with the standards of the Asian and Pacific Coconut Community (APCC). VCO from fermentation method will be combined with the absorption method using nutmeg shell activated charcoal to see if there is a much better quality improvement. The results showed that there was a significant increase in quality with a decrease in the average water content from 0,1665% to 0,1005%. In addition, there was a significant decrease in the average free fatty acid content from 0,4681% to 0,3790% and significant decrease in average peroxide number from 0,1991 meq/kg to 0,0997 meq/kg. The results of the research on three VCO quality standards showed a value that was in accordance with the APCC standard.

Age-Dependent Decrease in Hepatic Geranylgeranoic Acid Content in C3H/HeN Mice and Its Oral Supplementation Prevents Spontaneous Hepatoma.

Geranylgeranoic acid (GGA) has been developed as a preventive agent against second primary hepatoma. Recently, GGA was reported to induce cell death in human hepatoma cells via TLR4-mediated pyroptosis. We have reported that GGA is enzymatically biosynthesized from mevalonic acid in human hepatoma-derived cells and that endogenous GGA is found in most organs of rats. In addition, we found that upregulation of endogenous GGA levels by zaragozic acid A (ZAA) induced cell death in human hepatoma-derived cells. Therefore, we investigated the age-related changes in hepatic GGA and the possibility of suppressing hepatocarcinogenesis by GGA supplementation using male C3H/HeN mice that spontaneously develop hepatoma. We measured endogenous GGA and mRNA of monoamine oxidase (BMAOB), a key enzyme of GGA biosynthesis, in the liver of male C3H/HeN mice aged 6–93 weeks. We also tried suppressing spontaneous hepatocarcinogenesis by a single administration of GGA to C3H/HeN mice. Hepatic GGA content and Maob mRNA expression level age-dependently decreased in male C3H/HeN mice; some of which produced spontaneous hepatoma in 2 years. A single oral administration of GGA at 11 months of age significantly prevented hepatoma in terms of the number and weight of tumors per mouse at 24 months. Oral supplementation with GGA or geranylgeraniol significantly increased endogenous hepatic GGA contents dose-dependently; and ZAA dramatically upregulated hepatic GGA. In this study; we found an age-dependent decrease in hepatic endogenous GGA in male C3H/HeN mice and efficient prevention of spontaneous hepatoma by a single administration of GGA at 11 months of age.

Bacterial abundance and community structure in response to nutrients and photodegraded terrestrial humic acids in a eutrophic lake.

The exposure of humic substances to solar radiation can alter their concentration and composition and subsequently influences their bioavailability in aquatic food webs. With eutrophication increasingly prominent in lakes, nutrients, such as inorganic N and P, are a prerequisite for heterotrophic bacteria that use organic matter. Here photodegradation of terrestrial humic acids and nutrient addition were performed to investigate the response of bacterial abundance and community structure to photodegraded humic acids and increased nutrient concentrations in a eutrophic lake. Results showed that the decreasing level of absorption coefficient at 460 nm in the treatment irradiated with 40 W UV lamps was more remarkable than that of the treatment irradiated with 20 W UV lamps and the control. This reduced coefficient corresponds to the greatest decrease in humic acid concentration in the 40 W group. Bacteria showed high abundance after incubation with humic acids which underwent strong irradiation intensity. An increased nutrient concentration significantly affected bacterial abundance. The dominant bacteria were Aquabacterium for the irradiated group, Aquabacterium and Limnobacter for the 20 W group and Flavobacterium and Limnobacter for the 40 W group. Armatimonadetes-gp4 and Sediminibacterium showed evident response to high nutrient concentration. Our results showed that the exposure of terrestrial humic acids to UV light and the increasing concentration of nutrients have obviously changed bacterial community.

Can Bacterial Endophytes Be Used as a Promising Bio-Inoculant for the Mitigation of Salinity Stress in Crop Plants?-A Global Meta-Analysis of the Last Decade (2011-2020).

Soil salinity is a major problem affecting crop production worldwide. Lately, there have been great research efforts in increasing the salt tolerance of plants through the inoculation of plant growth-promoting endophytic bacteria. However, their ability to promote plant growth under no-stress and salinity-stress conditions remains largely uncertain. Here, we carried out a global meta-analysis to quantify the plant growth-promoting effects (improvement of morphological attributes, photosynthetic capacity, antioxidative ability, and ion homeostasis) of endophytic bacteria in plants under no-stress and salinity-stress conditions. In addition, we elucidated the underlying mechanisms of growth promotion in salt-sensitive (SS) and salt-tolerant (ST) plants derived from the interaction with endophytic bacteria under no-stress and salinity-stress conditions. Specifically, this work encompassed 42 peer-reviewed articles, a total of 77 experiments, and 24 different bacterial genera. On average, endophytic bacterial inoculation increased morphological parameters. Moreover, the effect of endophytic bacteria on the total dry biomass, number of leaves, root length, shoot length, and germination rate was generally greater under salinity-stress conditions than no-stress conditions. On a physiological level, the relative better performance of the bacterial inoculants under the salinity-stress condition was associated with the increase in total chlorophyll and chlorophyll-b, as well as with the decrease of 1-aminocylopropane-1-carboxylate concentration. Moreover, under the salinity-stress condition, bacterial inoculation conferred a significantly higher increase in root K+ concentration and decrease in leaf Na+ concentration than under the no-stress condition. In SS plants, bacterial inoculation induced a higher increase in chlorophyll-b and superoxide dismutase activity, as well as a higher decrease in abscisic acid content, than in ST plants. Under salinity-stress, endophytic bacterial inoculation increased root K+ concentration in both SS and ST plants but decreased root Na+ concentration only in ST plants. Overall, this meta-analysis suggests that endophytic bacterial inoculation is beneficial under both no salinity-stress and salinity-stress conditions, but the magnitude of benefit is definitely higher under salinity-stress conditions and varies with the salt tolerance level of plants.