Decrease In Total Cholesterol Research Articles

Epigenetic age acceleration is associated with blood lipid levels in a multi-ancestry sample of older U.S. adults.

Dyslipidemia, which is characterized by an unfavorable lipid profile, is a key risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Understanding the relationships between epigenetic aging and lipid levels may help guide early prevention and treatment efforts for dyslipidemia. We used weighted linear regression to cross-sectionally investigate the associations between five measures of epigenetic age acceleration estimated from whole blood DNA methylation (HorvathAge Acceleration, HannumAge Acceleration, PhenoAge Acceleration, GrimAge Acceleration, and DunedinPACE) and four blood lipid measures (total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, HDL-C, and triglycerides (TG)) in 3,813 participants (mean age = 70 years) from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). As a sensitivity analysis, we examined the same associations in participants who fasted prior to the blood draw (n = 2,531) and in participants who did not take lipid-lowering medication (n = 1,869). Using interaction models, we also examined whether demographic factors including age, sex, and educational attainment modified the relationships between epigenetic age acceleration and blood lipids. After adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, sex, fasting status, and lipid-lowering medication use, greater epigenetic age acceleration was associated with lower TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C, and higher TG (p < 0.05), although the effect sizes were relatively small (e.g., < 7mg/dL of TC per standard deviation in epigenetic age acceleration). GrimAge acceleration and DunedinPACE associations with all lipids remained significant after further adjustment for body mass index, smoking status, and educational attainment. These associations were stronger in participants who fasted and who did not use lipid-lowering medication, particularly for LDL-C. We observed the largest number of interactions between DunedinPACE and demographic factors, where the associations with lipids were stronger in younger participants, females, and those with higher educational attainment. Multiple measures of epigenetic age acceleration are associated with blood lipid levels in older adults. A greater understanding of how these associations differ across demographic groups can help shed light on the relationships between aging and downstream cardiovascular diseases. The inverse associations between epigenetic age and TC and LDL-C could be due to sample limitations or non-linear relationships between age and these lipids, as both TC and LDL-C decrease faster at older ages.

Identifying novel mechanisms of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance-induced hepatotoxicity using FRG humanized mice.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluoro-2-methyl-3-oxahexanoic acid (GenX), the new replacement PFAS, are major environmental contaminants. In rodents, these PFAS induce several adverse effects on the liver, including increased proliferation, hepatomegaly, steatosis, hypercholesterolemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and liver cancers. Activation of peroxisome proliferator receptor alpha by PFAS is considered the primary mechanism of action in rodent hepatocyte-induced proliferation. However, the human relevance of this mechanism is uncertain. We investigated human-relevant mechanisms of PFAS-induced adverse hepatic effects using FRG liver-chimeric humanized mice with livers repopulated with functional human hepatocytes. Male FRG humanized mice were treated with 0.067mg/L of PFOA, 0.145mg/L of PFOS, or 1mg/L of GenX in drinking water for 28days. PFOS caused a significant decrease in total serum cholesterol and LDL/VLDL, whereas GenX caused a significant elevation in LDL/VLDL with no change in total cholesterol and HDL. All three PFAS induced significant hepatocyte proliferation. RNA-sequencing with alignment to the human genome showed a total of 240, 162, and 619 differentially expressed genes after PFOA, PFOS, and GenX exposure, respectively. Upstream regulator analysis revealed that all three PFAS induced activation of p53 and inhibition of androgen receptor and NR1D1, a transcriptional repressor important in circadian rhythm. Further biochemical studies confirmed NR1D1 inhibition and in silico modeling indicated potential interaction of all three PFAS with the DNA-binding domain of NR1D1. In conclusion, our studies using FRG humanized mice have revealed new human-relevant molecular mechanisms of PFAS including their previously unknown effect on circadian rhythm.

Biological evaluation of nutritional traditional fruit Mangifera camptosperma against diabetes and hyperlipidemia

IntroductionThe objective of the study was to determine antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Mangifera camptosperma leaves extract using streptozotocin-induced animal model. MethodsThe leaves of M. camptosperma extracted with hydroethanolic (50:50) solvent using soxhlet apparatus. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is often given as an adjuvant to alleviate diabetic symptoms. The plant extracts were used to determine presence of phytochemicals present in them using different tests. Diabetes was induced on animals using streptozotocin (STZ) 50 mg/kg through intra-peritoneal route. Oral administration of M. camptosperma extract at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg was used to assess its antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects. ResultsThe phytochemical analysis showing presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, and flavonoids. The diabetic control group had blood glucose levels of 102 mg/kg and 126 mg/kg, respectively, after receiving the test medication, but the diabetic rats treated with the extract showed a substantial decrease to 90.11 ± 5.71 (200 mg/kg) and 82.12 ± 3.99 (400 mg/kg). If compared to the diabetic control group, the administration of 400 mg/kg of M. camptosperma for 21 days resulted in a substantial decrease (p < 0.05) in serum total cholesterol (106.12 ± 5.94 mg/dL) and triglyceride (83.11 ± 4.04 mg/dL), as well as an increase in HDL cholesterol (36.15 ± 3.04 mg/dL). This study found that while administered to diabetic rats, M. camptosperma lowered blood glucose levels and improved lipid profiles. DiscussionIt can be concluded from the study that the plant extract may be useful in treating hyperlipidemic and type-2 diabetes as an alternative medicine.

Weight, anthropometric and metabolic changes after discontinuing antiretroviral therapy containing tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) in people with HIV.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART)-related weight gain is of particular concern in people with HIV (PWH). While weight gain was observed among PWH receiving tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), little is known about the potential reversibility after TAF discontinuation. We evaluated weight and metabolic changes 12 months after TAF discontinuation in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. We included participants who received at least six months of TAF-containing ART between January 2016 and March 2023. Using multivariable mixed-effect models, changes in weight and lipid levels were compared between individuals who continued TAF and those who switched to one of the following TAF-free regimens: TDF-based ART, dolutegravir/lamivudine (DTG/3TC), or long-acting cabotegravir/rilpivirine (CAB/RPV). Of 6555 participants (median age 54 years, 24.3% female, 13% Black), 5485 (83.7%) continued and 1070 (16.3%) stopped TAF. Overall, discontinuing TAF was associated with an adjusted mean weight change of -0.54 kg (95% CI -0.98 to -0.11) after 12 months. In stratified analyses, switching from TAF to TDF led to an adjusted mean weight decrease of -1.84 kg (CI -2.72 to -0.97), and to a decrease in mean total cholesterol (-0.44 mmol/L) and triglycerides (-0.38 mmol/L) after 12 months. Switching from TAF-based ART to DTG/3TC (-0.17 kg, CI -0.82 to 0.48) or long-acting CAB/RPV (-0.64 kg, CI -2.16 to 0.89) did not lead to reductions in weight. Replacing TAF with TDF in PWH led to a decrease in body weight and an improved lipid profile within one year. Weight changes were not observed among individuals who switched to DTG/3TC or long-acting CAB/RPV.

The maintenance of long-term weight loss after semaglutide withdrawal in obese women with PCOS treated with metformin: a 2-year observational study.

Withdrawal of semaglutide is frequently followed by weight regain due to compensatory biological changes that prevent the maintenance of long-term weight loss. There are some studies implying that metformin might attenuate weight regain. The weight trajectory after discontinuation of short-term semaglutide treatment in obese women with PCOS who continued metformin treatment has not yet been evaluated. We explored changes in body weight, cardiometabolic and endocrine parameters in obese women with PCOS who continued treatment with metformin 2 years after discontinuation of short-term intervention with semaglutide. 25 women with PCOS and obesity, aged 33.7 ± 5.3 years (mean ± SD), were treated with once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 1.0 mg as an adjunct to metformin 2000 mg/day and lifestyle intervention for 16 weeks. At week 16, semaglutide was discontinued. Treatment with metformin 2000 mg/day and promotion of lifestyle intervention were continued during the 2-year follow-up period. Weight change, cardiometabolic, and endocrine parameters were assessed 2 years after semaglutide discontinuation. During semaglutide treatment phase, weight decreased from 101 (90-106.8) kg to 92 (83.3-100.8) kg. Two years after semaglutide withdrawal, weight was 95 (77-104) kg. The net weight loss 2 years after discontinuation of semaglutide remained significant when compared to baseline (p=0.003). At the end of the study, 21 out of 25 subjects had lower body weight compared to baseline. Improvements in cardiometabolic parameters including decrease in total and LDL cholesterol, fasting glucose, and glucose after OGTT that had been seen during semaglutide-treatment phase reverted towards baseline two years after semaglutide cessation. Free testosterone levels significantly decreased during semaglutide treatment from 6.16 (4.07-9.71) to 4.12 (2.98-6.93) nmol/l, (p= 0.012) and did not significantly deteriorate after semaglutide discontinuation. Two years after semaglutide withdrawal, women with PCOS who continued with metformin regained about one-third of the semaglutide-induced weight loss. At the end of the follow up, 84% of women had a lower body weight than at baseline.

Ameliorative Potentials of Persea americana Mill (Avocado) Seed Extract on Acetaminophen-induced Hepatic Insufficiency in Rats

Aim: The ability of ethylacetate extract of Persea americana Mill (avocado) seed to ameliorate the hepatotoxic effect of acetaminophen in rats was assessed. Methodology: Thirty experimental rats were placed in 6 groups of 5 animals per group. Two animal groups received distilled water and the drug vehicle, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). Four other groups received acetaminophen (750 mg/kg bw/day) in DMSO for 3 days with 3 of the 4 groups receiving, after 3 days of acetaminophen administration and for 11 days, Persea americana seed extracts (150-, 350 mg/kg bw) and silymarin (200 mg/kg bw). Animals were sacrificed and both serum and liver tissue analysed for markers of liver integrity (AST, ALT, ALP), liver function (total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, triglyceride), antioxidant status (SOD, Catalase) and liver architecture. Results: The result showed induction of hepatotoxicity by acetaminophen with increased AST, ALT, ALP and decreased SOD and CAT activities. Hepatotoxicity was also observed as increase in total and conjugated bilirubin and decrease in total cholesterol and triglyceride. Administration of Persea americana seed ethylacetate extract reversed the status of the parameters towards normal (except for AST, total protein and albumin). Also the liver architecture which hitherto revealed inflammation, fatty changes and hepatocyte necrosis also reversed to mild inflammation to normal histology. The action of the extract was dose dependent and its effectiveness comparable to silymarin (200 mg/kg bw). Conclusion: The ethylacetate extract of Persia americana showed ameliorative effect against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity at higher dose, with potentials to reverse disruptions in liver integrity and function, and restore balance in endogenous antioxidant system.

Cardiometabolic Improvements After Metabolic Surgery and Related Presurgery Factors.

Metabolic surgery remains the most effective and durable treatment for severe obesity and related metabolic diseases. We examined cardiometabolic improvements after metabolic surgery and associated presurgery demographic and clinical factors in a large multiracial cohort. Included were 7804 patients (20-79 years) undergoing first-time metabolic surgery at Vanderbilt University Medical Center from 1999 to 2022. Pre- and 1-year postsurgery cardiometabolic profiles were extracted from medical records, including body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, blood lipids, glucose, and hemoglobin A1c. The 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk was estimated per American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association equations. Pre- to postsurgery cardiometabolic profiles were compared by paired t-test, and associated factors were identified by multivariable linear and logistic regression. Among 7804 patients, most were women and White, while 1618 were men and 1271 were Black; median age and BMI were 45 years [interquartile range (IQR): 37-53] and 46.4 kg/m2 (IQR: 42.1-52.4). At 1-year postsurgery, patients showed significant decreases in systolic blood pressure (10.5 [95% confidence interval: 10.1, 10.9] mmHg), total cholesterol (13.5 [10.3, 16.7] mg/dL), glucose (13.6 [12.9, 14.4] mg/dL), hemoglobin A1c (1.13% [1.06, 1.20]), and 10-year ASCVD risk (absolute reduction: 1.58% [1.22, 1.94]; relative reduction: 34.4% [29.4, 39.3]); all P < .0001. Older, male, or Black patients showed less reduction in 10-year ASCVD risk and lower odds of diabetes/hypertension/dyslipidemia remission than younger, female, or White patients. Patients with a history of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, or cardiovascular disease showed less cardiometabolic improvements than those without. Results were similar with or without further adjusting for weight loss and largely sustained at 2-year postsurgery. Metabolic surgery results in significant cardiometabolic improvements, particularly among younger, female, or White patients and those without comorbidities.

Evaluation of antihyperlipidemic effect of rosemary oil in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Aim: In this study, the potential effects of rosemary oil on the lipid profile in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were examined. Materials and Methods: In this study, thirty-two adult male Wistar Albino rats were used. Working groups were consisted as follows: control group (C, n=6), rosemary group (R, n=6), diabetes group (STZ, n=10) and diabetes+rosemary group (STZ+R, n=10). The rosemary oil was administered at oral dosage of 200 mg/kg daily for duration of three weeks in the groups receiving rosemary oil. Diabetes was performed by subcutaneous injections of streptozotocin at dosage of 40 mg/kg in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 4.5) for two consecutive days as a single daily dose. At the end of three weeks, blood samples collected from the all animals were assessed lipid parameters. Results: In this study, plasma levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol significantly elevated, alongside plasma HDL-cholesterol levels in diabetes group significantly reduced compared to the control group. However, upon the application of rosemary oil to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, a substantial decrease in plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol levels was observed, while plasma HDL-cholesterol notably increased. Conclusion: As a result of the current findings, it is concluded that rosemary oil may have antihiperlipidemic properties and could be used as a phytomedicine for the treatment of diabetes.

Лазеротерапия и разгрузочная лечебная гимнастика в лечении нарушений липидного обмена

Based on clinical practice, some patients with lipid metabolism disorders (LMD) are resistant to lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) — in such patients, taking optimal doses of LLT drugs does not reduce levels of cholesterol and its fractions to target levels and using LLT at higher doses is associated with increased odds of adverse events. To optimize the treatment, 58 patients with ischemic heart disease with LMD resistant to LLT were examined. The patients were divided into two groups: in the main group, 29 patients received laser therapy and unloading therapeutic gymnastics; in the control group, 29 patients continued to take their usual medications. The obtained results showed a significant lipid-lowering effect of the treatment in the main group: we observed a significant decrease in total cholesterol (by 27.7%, p &lt; 0.01) as well as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (by 34.7%, p &lt; 0.01), a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (28.1%, p &lt; 0.01), a significant decrease of atherogenic coefficient (by 50.2%, p &lt; 0.01) and in the levels of triglycerides (by 49.6%, p &lt; 0.01). At the same time, no significant positive changes in lipid profile were observed in the control group. In patients of the main group, tolerance to physical activity increased significantly, with statistically insignificant changes in the control group accordingly.

Investigation of acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity and effects of Allium ascalonicum L. extract on Triton WR1339-induced hyperlipidemia on Swiss albino mice

IntroductionMetabolic disorders are increasingly rapidly becoming a burden on global healthcare systems. Among these, hyperlipidemia frequently leads to cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction and cerebral stroke, posing significant life-threatening risks. The pharmacological drugs, which are often costly and may cause a range of adverse side effects detrimental to health. Allium ascalonicum L., a member of the Alliaceae family, a widely used species of the Allium genus, is commonly employed as a spice and food ingredient in Asia. Allium ascalonicum (AS) is rich in triterpenoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, thiosulfates, and anthocyanins, whose therapeutic effects have been documented. In Chinese, Allium ascalonicum L. is known as 葱 (Cōng), which is used for various types of onions and similar plants in Chinese, including shallots. Ancient Chinese medicine documented that AS has a sweet and mildly spicy taste with a slight astringency and is warm in nature. In traditional Chinese medicine, AS is prepared as infusions, juices, and poultices to harness their health benefits, and commonly used in cooking for their nutritional and medicinal purposes. Modern medicine has discovered that this type of bulb possesses antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, acts as a diuretic, treats diarrhea, reduces blood sugar levels, lowers blood pressure, reduces cholesterol, and among its other roles. Currently, there is a lack of in vivo study on the cholesterol-regulating potential of AS. MethodsFor our experiments, 24 and 32 Swiss albino mice were employed to investigate the acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity according to the Guidelines for preclinical and clinical trials of Traditional Medicine and Herbal Medicines by the Vietnam Ministry of Health and OECD. To investigate the effects on hyperlipidemia, 40 mice of both sexes were divided into five groups (n = 6–8 each). Tyloxapol (Triton WR1339, 400 mg/kg, i.p.) was used to induce hyperlipidemia. Atorvastatin (60 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as the standard, and AS extract was conducted at the doses of 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg. Hyperlipidemic activity was assessed using a variety of parameters. ResultsAllium ascalonicum (AS) extract showed no acute toxicity and sub-chronic toxicity. The AS showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-c but showed no changes in HDL-c. ConclusionOur results indicated that AS is safe to use for a longtime and has a potential as an antihyperlipidemic agent, possibly due to its ability to inhibit the elevation of total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-c. The AS is rich in phytochemicals like triterpenoids, flavonoids and saponins, which may contribute to its hypolipidemic effect.

Anti-Obesity Potentials of Methanol Extracts of Phragmanthera Incana Leaves Hemi-Parasitic on Guava, Cashew, Kolanut and Mango Trees in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats

The anti-obesity potential of methanol extracts of Phragmanthera incana leaves hemi-parasitic on guava Psidium guajava (PIPG), cashew Anacardium occidentale (PIAO), mango Mangifera indica (PIMI) and kolanut Cola acuminata (PICA) trees were evaluated. Thirty high-fat diet-induced rats were grouped into six; four experimental, negative control and positive controls were orally administered lipid emulsion (5 mL/kg). Experimental received 400 mg/kg body weight from each of the four methanol extracts in addition to the lipid emulsion, positive control received 120 mg/kg bw Orlistat in addition to lipid emulsion while negative control received lipid emulsion alone. Blood samples were collected from ophthalmic venous plexus at 0, 90, and 180 minutes to determine plasma pancreatic lipase (PL) activity, alpha amylase activity and lipid profiles. PL inhibitory activity of the four methanol extracts showed that methanol extracts of PICA and PIAO had greater than 50% inhibition at 400 µg/mL. The α-amylase inhibitory activity of PICA was significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) when compared with PIAO, PIPG and PIMI. A significant decrease (p &lt; 0.05) in total cholesterol, low density Lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and atherogenic index of plasma of PICA when compared with other treatment groups after 180 minutes of extracts administration was observed. Methanol extract of PICA was found to exhibit higher inhibitory pancreatic lipase and α-amylase activities and higher hypocholesterolemic activity when compared with those of guava (PIPG), cashew (PIAO) and mango (PIMI). This indicates that methanol extract of P. incana leaves could serve as a source of phyto-compounds that could be developed as antiobesity drugs.

A46 METABOLIC OUTCOMES 12-MONTHS POST-BARIATRIC SURGERY: SLEEVE VERSUS ROUX-EN-Y GASTRIC BYPASS

Abstract Background Obesity and its related comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are on the rise. When lifestyle modifications, such as diet and exercise, are ineffective at producing sustained weight loss and improvements in obesity-related comorbidities, other interventions may be recommended. Bariatric surgery is considered in those who have a body mass index (BMI) over 40 kg/m2 or with comorbid conditions and a BMI between 35-40 kg/m2. Two commonly used procedures within this category of surgery are Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), the gold standard for weight loss; and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). Though both surgeries are effective at inducing weight loss, more information is needed on their comparative effectiveness in improving clinical and biochemical outcomes in patients with T2D, hyperlipidemia, and NAFLD in real-world practice. Aims Therefore, our objective was to determine the overall effectiveness of RYGB versus LSG at 12-months post-surgery and specifically assess their responses in those with hyperlipidemia, T2D and NAFLD. We chose to analyze both glucose and lipid parameters along with anthropometric measures as they not only provide insight into improvements in comorbid outcomes of obesity but also little-to-no prospective studies compare all of these outcomes in one study using the same cohort. Methods This is a prospective cross-sectional and cohort study of 142 patients who underwent bariatric surgery. Clinical and biochemical data were collected at baseline, prior to surgery and 12-months post-bariatric surgery. A liver biopsy was collected during surgery to diagnose NAFLD. The main outcome was 12-month changes in lipid parameters, mainly total cholesterol, between types of surgery. Results 107 individuals underwent RYGB (75.4%) and 35 underwent LSG (24.6%). Both groups were similar at baseline except for the higher waist circumference and proportion of males undergoing LSG. At 12-months post-surgery, RYGB versus LSG resulted in a significantly lower BMI (pampersand:003C0.0001), triglycerides (pampersand:003C0.05), total and LDL cholesterol (pampersand:003C0.005). Interestingly, ALT was significantly lower in those who underwent LSG (pampersand:003C0.005). In subgroup analysis for determining the effect of the type of surgery in those with comorbidities of obesity, RYGB was superior at improving lipid-related parameters in those with hyperlipidemia with a significant decrease in total cholesterol -0.48 (-0.84, 0.34) (pampersand:003C0.05) whereas LSG was superior at reducing ALT in those with NAFLD with significant decreases in total cholesterol and LDL. Conclusions RYGB leads to greater reductions in BMI and lipid parameters, especially in those with hyperlipidemia, whereas LSG showed greater improvements in liver enzymes in those with NAFLD. Funding Agencies CIHR

Dietary amino acid patterns and cardiometabolic risk factors among subjects with obesity; a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe prevalence of obesity is a growing global public health concern. Certain dietary amino acids have been shown to have a potential therapeutic role in improving metabolic syndrome parameters and body composition in individuals with obesity. However, some amino acids have been linked to an increased risk of cardiometabolic disorders. This cross-sectional study aims to investigate the association between dietary amino acid patterns and cardiometabolic risk factors in individuals with obesity.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 335 participants with obesity (57.9% males and 41.5% females) from Tabriz and Tehran, Iran. The participants were between the ages of 20–50, with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 or higher, and free from certain medical conditions. The study examined participants’ general characteristics, conducted anthropometric assessments, dietary assessments, and biochemical assessments. The study also used principal component analysis to identify amino acid intake patterns and determined the association between these patterns and cardiometabolic risk factors in individuals with obesity.ResultsUpon adjusting for potential confounders, the study found that individuals in the third tertiles of pattern 1 and 2 were more likely to have lower LDL levels (OR = 0.99 and 95% CI (0.98–0.99)) for both. Additionally, a significant decrease in total cholesterol was observed in the third tertiles of pattern 2 in model II (OR = 0.99, 95% CI (0.98–0.99)). These findings suggest a potential cardioprotective effect of these amino acid patterns in managing cardiometabolic risk factors in individuals with obesity.ConclusionsThis study found that two identified amino acid patterns were associated with lower serum LDL and total cholesterol levels, while a third pattern was associated with higher serum triglycerides. The specific amino acids contributing to these patterns highlight the importance of targeted dietary interventions in managing cardiometabolic risk factors in individuals with obesity.

Effect of intermittent fasting on lipid biokinetics in obese and overweight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: prospective observational study

BackgroundIntermittent fasting (IF) is a commonly used dietary practice that alternates between periods of unrestricted dietary consumption and abstinence from caloric intake. IF reduces caloric intake along with metabolic switch from utilization of glucose to fatty acids and ketones and resulting in reduction in adiposity and subsequently insulin resistance. Thus, it has been hypothesized that IF regimens can improve body composition in obese and overweight individuals.AimTo assess the effect of IF on lipid biokinetics in obese and overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).Patients and methodsThirty overweight or obese T2D patients were recruited from the diabetes outpatient clinics at the Specialized Medical Hospital, Mansoura University. Patients were subjected to time restricted fasting for 16 h (from dawn to sunset) during Ramadan. Anthropometric data were measured for participants before and 3 weeks after Ramadan fasting. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HbA1c, lipid profile, leptin, beta hydroxybutyrate (βHB) and high sensitive CRP levels were measured 1 week before and 3 weeks after Ramadan fasting.Results30 diabetic patients were recruited with a mean age of 54.3 ± 7.2 years. 24 (80%) were females. Obesity was diagnosed in 27 cases (90%). The median diabetes duration was 10 years. The study showed a statistically significant decrease in post-fasting body weight (BW), Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) & hip circumference (HC). There was a statistically significant decrease of post-fasting low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), Total cholesterol (TC), and leptin. The study also showed a statistically significant increase of post-fasting high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and βHB. No significant change was found in post-fasting levels of HbA1c, FPG, triglycerides (TG) or high sensitive CRP. Post-fasting leptin was positively correlated with post-fasting BW, BMI, WC, and HC. Post-fasting βHB was positively correlated with post-fasting TG, HbA1c, and LDL-C. Leptin levels change (pre vs post fasting) was positively correlated with the change in LDL-C levels.ConclusionIF reduced leptin and increased β-hydroxybutyrate levels. IF is an effective tool for losing weight and visceral fat and improving lipid profile in obese and overweight patients with T2D.

Effect of Lactuca sativa supplemented diet on Poloxamer 407 induced hyperlipidemic albino rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Abstract. Ayo VI, Adondua MA, Morayo AE, Ekele JU, Amilo D, Ochuele DA, Ayantse LM, Barrah C, Abdulsalam IO, Eya SB, Iheanacho CC, Tibile ST, Mohammed RI, Barde CE. 2023. Effect of Lactuca sativa supplemented diet on Poloxamer 407 induced hyperlipidemic albino rats (Rattus norvegicus). Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 21: 67-78. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have primarily contributed to the global disease burden. They represent the leading cause of mortality and healthcare expenditures in developed and third-world nations, responsible for approximately 30 percent of global deaths and 10 percent of global diseases annually. This study investigated the effects of a Lactuca sativa L. (lettuce) supplemented diet on Poloxamer 407-induced hyperlipidemic albino rats. Twenty-four (24) rats were grouped into six groups of treatments, i.e., four rats in each treatment. Treatments applied in this study were: control treatment (feed and water only), a P-407 induced without Atorvastatin, a P-407 induced treated with Atorvastatin, and P-407 induced with 10%, 30%, and 50% L. sativa supplemented diet. P407 was administered intraperitoneally at 1000 mg/kg body weight. Body weight was measured every three days for 14 days. Blood sample collection was carried out for the analysis of lipid profiles (High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C), Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C), Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL), Triacylglycerides (TAG), and Total Cholesterol (TC)) and liver function parameters (ALP, ALT, AST, GGT, TP, ALB and GLB). The liver and brain tissues were analyzed for lipid peroxidation levels. Results showed that induction of P407 resulted in a higher body weight gain (p&lt;0.05) compared to other treatments. The treatment groups other than the P-407 treatment showed a significant decrease in Total Cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerides (TAG), and LDL cholesterol levels and a significant increase in HDL cholesterol. The TC, TAG, LDL-C, and HDL-C levels in treating P-407 with a 50% L. sativa-supplemented diet did not differ (P&gt;0.05) compared to the control treatment. The atherogenic risk prediction indices indicated a decreased risk in the treated groups with Atorvastatin or L. sativa-supplemented diet. Furthermore, liver function parameters were better in the treatment groups with Atorvastatin or L. sativa-supplemented diet, including decreased liver function parameters and increased total protein, albumin, and globulin levels. The L. sativa-supplemented diet also exhibited anti-lipid peroxidation activity, as indicated by reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. In conclusion, the L. sativa-supplemented diet had hypolipidemic effects, anti-lipid peroxidation activity, and hepatoprotective effects, suggesting its potential as an antihyperlipidemic agent.

Antihypertensive efficacy and safety of azilsartan medoxomil in patients with diabetes mellitus in real clinical practice. According to the CONSTANT study

Background. Obesity and associated diseases are the most common comorbidities in patients with arterial hypertension (AH). The combination of AH and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) significantly exacerbates the cardiovascular risk in this patients. BP control is one of the key components of the multivariate approach to reducing the risk of DM 2 complications. The use of drugs with pronounced antihypertensive properties and at the same time the ability to improve metabolic parameters should be a priority in this category of patients. Assessing the efficacy and safety of azilsartan medoxomil, the last molecule from the ARB class in patients with AH and DM 2 is an urgent task.Purpose. Evaluation of antihypertensive efficacy and safety of azilsartan medoxomil in patients with AH and DM 2 and overweight or obesity.Materials and methods. 235 overweight or obese patients with AH and DM2 enrolled in the international multicenter observational non-interventional prospective study CONSTANT with azilsartan medoxomil according to the approved label. The observation period is 6 months.Results. The dynamics of SBP by visit 4 (6 months) was 29,7±14,5 mmHg, DBP - 13,36±10,9 mmHg (r≤0,001). Overall, the group achieved BP targets in 211 (89.41%) DM patients enrolled in the study. Response to therapy (reduction in SBP by at least 20 mmHg, DBP of 10 mm Hg) was obtained in 177 (75.0%) patients. Glycated hemoglobin (p&lt;0.001) and fasting glucose (p&lt;0.001) significantly decreased in patients with AH and DM. A decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL was observed, including in DM patients not taking statins (p&lt;0.001). Overall, a decrease in waist circumference was observed across the group (p&lt;0.005).Conclusion. Azilsartan medoxomil in real clinical practice proved to be a highly effective antihypertensive drug in patients with AH and DM. The ability of the drug, including in combination with other drugs, to improve the metabolic profile, reduce the volume of adipose tissue makes it a priority drug of choice in patients with AH, obesity and type 2 DM.

Combination of purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) leaf extract with metformin on blood glucose and total cholesterol levels of albino rats induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion, often accompanied by hypercholesterolemia. Metformin is a first-line antihyperglycemic drug that is often combined with other antihyperglycemic drugs. Purple sweet potato leaves have been widely studied to reduce glucose and cholesterol levels. Methods: This study was an experimental study using rats induced with a high-fat diet and streptozotocin, which were divided into 8 treatment groups, namely groups given CMC Na 0.5%, Metformin 45 mg/kg BW, Purple Sweet Potato Leaf Extract (SPLE) 200 mg/kg BW, SPLE 400 mg/kg BW, SPLE 800 mg/kg BW, SPLE 200 mg/kg BW with metformin 45 mg/kg BW, SPLE 400 mg/kg BW with metformin 45 mg/kg BW, and SPLE 800 mg/kg BW with metformin 45 mg/kg BW. Results: After treatment for 28 days with SPLE doses of 200 mg, 400 mg, and 800 mg/kg BW, both single doses and combinations with metformin showed a decrease in fasting blood glucose levels and total cholesterol, which were statistically significantly different (p&lt;0.05) between treatment groups using the one-way ANOVA. The combination of SPLE 800 mg/kg BW with metformin normalized blood glucose levels of 93.50±4.93 mg/dl. Conclusion: The combination of purple sweet potato leaf extract with metformin is more effective in reducing blood glucose and total cholesterol levels compared to the single administration of metformin and SPLE.

Comparison of the effects of monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids on the lipotoxicity of islets.

Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been reported to combat saturated fatty acid (SFA)-induced cellular damage, however, their clinical effects on patients with metabolic diseases such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia are still controversial. Since comparative studies of the effects of these two types of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) are still limited. In this study, we aimed to compare the protective effects of various UFAs on pancreatic islets under the stress of SFA-induced metabolic disorder and lipotoxicity. Rat insulinoma cell line INS-1E were treated with palmitic acid (PA) with or without UFAs including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (AA), and oleic acid (OA) to determine cell viability, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and inflammatory. In vivo, male C57BL/6 mice were fed a 60% high-fat diet (HFD) for 12w. Then the lard in HFD was partially replaced with fish oil (FO) and olive oil (OO) at low or high proportions of energy (5% or 20%) to observe the ameliorative effects of the UFA supplement. All UFAs significantly improved PA-induced cell viability impairment in INS-1E cells, and their alleviation on PA induced apoptosis, ER stress and inflammation were confirmed. Particularly, OA had better effects than EPA, DHA, and AA on attenuating cellular ER stress. In vivo, the diets with a low proportion of UFAs (5% of energy) had limited effects on HFD induced metabolic disorder, except for a slight improved intraperitoneal glucose tolerance in obese mice. However, when fed diets containing a high proportion of UFAs (20% of energy), both the FO and OO groups exhibited substantially improved glucose and lipid metabolism, such as decrease in total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and fasting blood insulin (FBI)) and improvement of insulin sensitivity evidenced by intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test (IPITT). Unexpectedly, FO resulted in abnormal elevation of the liver function index aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum. Pathologically, OO attenuated HFD-induced compensatory hyperplasia of pancreatic islets, while this effect was not obvious in the FO group. Both MUFAs and PUFAs can effectively protect islet β cells from SFA-induced cellular lipotoxicity. In particular, both OA in vitro and OO in vivo showed superior activities on protecting islets function and enhance insulin sensitivity, suggesting that MUFAs might have greater potential for nutritional intervention on diabetes.

Effects of dietary phytosterols or phytosterol esters supplementation on growth performance, biochemical blood indices and intestinal flora of C57BL/6 mice.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of phytosterols (PS) and phytosterol esters (PSE) on C57BL/6 mice. Three groups of 34 six-week-old C57BL/6 mice of specific pathogen free (SPF) grade, with an average initial body weight (IBW) of 17.7g, were fed for 24 days either natural-ingredient diets without supplements or diets supplemented with 89 mg/kg PS or diets supplemented with 400 mg/kg PSE. Growth performance, blood biochemistry, liver and colon morphology as well as intestinal flora status were evaluated. Both PS and PSE exhibited growth promotion and feed digestibility in mice. In blood biochemistry, the addition of both PS and PSE to the diet resulted in a significant decrease in Total Cholesterol (TC) and Triglyceride (TG) levels and an increase in Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity. No significant changes in liver and intestinal morphology were observed. Both increased the level of Akkermansia in the intestinal tract of mice. There was no significant difference between the effects of PS and PSE. It was concluded that dietary PS and PSE supplementation could improve growth performance, immune performance and gut microbiome structure in mice, providing insights into its application as a potential feed additive in animals production.

The Effect of Exercise During Ketogenic Diet on Hepatokines and Blood Lipid Profile in Overweight or Obese Men

Background and Aims Liver heptokines are important factors in obesity-related diseases. Both exercise and diet are essential interventions for obesity control. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of six weeks of aerobic and resistance exercises and ketogenic diet on fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) selenoprotein P. levels and blood lipid profile in overweight or obese men. Methods This is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design. Participants were 36 overweight or obese male college students with a body mass index above 25 kg/m2 , who were selected using a convenience sampling method, and were randomly divided into three groups including aerobic exercise + ketogenic diet (n=12), resistance exercise + ketogenic diet (n=12), and ketogenic diet (n=12). Aerobic exercise consisted of moderate-intensity running for six weeks at three sessions per week. Resistance training consisted of circuit training for six weeks at three sessions per week. The ketogenic diet included the restriction of carbohydrate intake to ≤10% of total daily energy intake. Fasting blood samples were collected in pre-test and post-test phases. Serum levels of FGF21 and selenoprotein P. were measured by the ELISA method, and blood lipid profile including total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL were measured by enzyme assay method. Two-way mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis. Bonferroni post hoc test was used for between-group comparison and paired t-test was used for within-group comparison. Results The interaction effect of time and group was no significant for FGF21 (P˃0.05), but the main effect of time was significant (P=0.001). All three groups showed a significant increase in FGF21 in the posttest phase compared to the pretest phase (P≤0.05). The selenoprotein P. serum level was not significantly different between groups or between two evaluation times (P˃0.05). The interaction effect of time and group was not significant for lipid profile (P˃0.05). The within-group comparison indicated a significant decrease in LDL and total cholesterol and an increase in HDL in all groups (P≤0.05). Conclusion It seems that both aerobic and resistance exercises during a ketogenic diet can increase FGF21 and improve lipid profile in overweight or obese men. There is no significant difference between the two methods. They have no superiority over the ketogenic diet alone in affecting heptokines and lipid profile.