Decreased Malondialdehyde Levels Research Articles

Prebiotics as Adjunctive Therapy in Diabetes: A Review of Prebiotics in Diabetes

Abstract: Prebiotic compounds are used by the host microbiome and confer health benefits to the host. Food intake affects the composition of the gut microbiome. The number and composition of gut flora have been linked to metabolic diseases. Diabetes is a chronic condition that alters blood sugar levels. The main form of energy for the body is blood glucose, which is produced from the food. Nutritional interventions can be used to manage blood sugar levels. There are different types of compounds that can be used as prebiotics such as; Inulin-type fructans, Trans-galactooligosaccharides, Lactulose, Isomaltooligosaccharide, Lactosucrose, Xylooligosaccharides, Soybean oligosaccharide, and Glucooligosaccharides. Research evidence suggests that prebiotic consumption supports or improves the gut microbiome, inhibits reactive oxygen species production (ROS), reduces serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels, reduces oxidative stress, inhibits NF-κB activation process, reduces inflammation, improves dysfunction, improves insulin resistance, decreases malondialdehyde levels in serum, improves glucose tolerance, decreases intestinal permeability, inhibits α-glucosidase and improves glycemic control. This review focuses on the potential of prebiotic use as adjuvant therapy in diabetes.

Synergistic Practicing of Rhizobacteria and Silicon Improve Salt Tolerance: Implications from Boosted Oxidative Metabolism, Nutrient Uptake, Growth and Grain Yield in Mung Bean.

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and silicon (Si) are known for alleviating abiotic stresses in crop plants. In this study, Bacillus drentensis and Enterobacter cloacae strains of PGPR and foliar application of Si were tested for regulating the antioxidant metabolism and nutrient uptake on grain yield of mung bean under irrigation of saline water (3.12 and 7.81 dS m−1). Bacterial inoculation and supplemental Si (1 and 2 kg ha−1) reduced salinity-induced oxidative stress in mung bean leaves. The improved salt stress tolerance was achieved by enhancing the activities of catalase (45%), peroxidase (43%) and ascorbate peroxidase (48%), while decreasing malondialdehyde levels (57%). Enhanced nutrient uptake of magnesium 1.85 mg g−1, iron 7 mg kg−1, zinc 49.66 mg kg−1 and copper 12.92 mg kg−1 in mung bean seeds was observed with foliar application of Si and PGPR inoculation. Biomass (7.75 t ha−1), number of pods per plant (16.02) and 1000 seed weight (60.95 g) of plants treated with 2 kg Si ha−1 and B. drentensis clearly outperformed treatments with Si or PGPR alone. In conclusion, application of Si and PGPR enhances mung bean productivity under saline conditions, thereby helping exploitation of agriculture in low productive areas.

Nose to brain delivery of melatonin lipidic nanocapsules as a promising post-ischemic neuroprotective therapeutic modality

Ischemic stroke accounts for about 87% of all strokes, causing long-term disability in adults, and is the second leading cause of death worldwide. In search of new therapeutic modalities, the use of neuroprotective agents loaded in nanocarriers to be delivered by noninvasive means (i.e. via intranasal route) became a popular approach. In the current study, melatonin (MEL) was loaded in lipidic nanocapsules (LNCs) prepared using the phase inversion method, and characterized in terms of size, polydispersity, zeta potential, in vitro drug release, viscosity, storage stability, and ex vivo permeation across sheep nasal mucosa. Moreover, MEL-LNCs were tested for efficacy in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R/) injury model through histopathological assessment, and analysis of oxidative stress markers, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and apoptotic markers. Results showed that LNCs exhibited particle size ranging from 18.26 to 109.8 nm, negative zeta potential, good storage stability, spherical morphology, and a burst release followed by a sustained release pattern. LNCs exhibited 10.35 folds higher permeation of MEL than the drug solution across sheep nasal mucosa. Post-ischemic intranasal administration of MEL-LNCs revealed lowering of oxidative stress manifested by a decrease in malondialdehyde levels, and elevation of glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels, lowering of the inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor-α, NO, myeloperoxidase, and significant inhibition of Caspase-3 activity as an apoptotic marker. Western blot analysis delineated a recovery of protein expression Nrf-2 and HO-1 with downregulation in the parent inflammatory markers nuclear factor kappa B p65, inducible nitric oxide synthase, Bax, and Cytochrome C expressions, and upregulation of B-cell lymphoma-2 Bcl-2, hence promoting neuronal survival. This was supported by histological evidence, revealing significant restoration of hippocampal neurons. In light of the above, it can be concluded that MEL-LNCs could be a promising delivery system for nose to brain delivery for treatment of cerebral ischemia.

YÜKSEK YAĞLI DİYET / STREPTOZOTOSİN İLE İNDÜKLENEN DİYABETİK FARELERDE METFORMİNİN HEPATORENAL HASARA KARŞI KORUYUCU ETKİLERİ

AMAÇ: Sunulan bu çalışmada yüksek yağlı diyet ve streptozotosin ile deneysel tip 2 diyabet oluşturulan farelerde metformin tedavisinin karaciğer ve böbrek dokularında antioksidan etkisinin araştırılması amaçlandı.GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Yirmi bir adet yetişkin (11-12 haftalık 15-18 g) C57BL6 erkek fare rastgele üç gruba ayrıldı; Kontrol grubu (K), Diyabet grubu (D), ve Diyabet+Metformin tedavi grubu (D+MTF). D ve D+MTF grupları 4 hafta süreyle yağ oranı %60 olan yüksek yağlı diyetle beslendi. 4. Haftanın sonunda 30 mg/kg tek doz streptozotosin intraperitoneal uygulanarak tip 2 diyabet oluşturuldu. Metformin 300 mg/kg/gün dozunda gavaj ile verildi. Deney sonunda alınan karaciğer ve böbrek örneklerinde; glutatyon (GSH), katalaz (KAT) ve malondialdehit (MDA) düzeyleri spektrofotometrik yöntemle ölçüldü. Hemotoksilen ve Eozin ile boyanan doku kesitleri histomorfolojik olarak değerlendirildi.BULGULAR: Çalışma sonuçları diyabetik hayvanların karaciğer ve böbrek dokularında MDA düzeylerinin arttığını gösterdi. Metformin tedavisinin her iki dokuda da MDA düzeylerini azaltıp, GSH ve KAT düzeylerini artırdığı ancak bu artışın karaciğerde anlamlı düzeyde olmadığı (p>0,05), böbrekte ise anlamlı düzeyde olduğu bulundu (p<0,05). Ayrıca Histopatolojik değerlendirme sonuçlarında D+MTF grubunda nadir alanlarda vakuolizasyon, yer yer nekroz ve sinozoidal tıkanıklık görülürken, D grubu karaciğerlerinde yoğun vakuolizasyon, yüksek oranda sinozoidal tıkanıklık ve nekroz görüldü. Böbrek dokusunda K grubunda tübüler yapının normal yapıda olduğu; D grubunda, tübüllerin genişlediği ve yoğun kanama alanlarının olduğu; D+MTF grubunda ise nadir alanlarda tübül yapılarında vakuollerin olduğu görüldü.SONUÇ: Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, Diyabette dokularda oksidatif stresin oluştuğunu, metformin tedavisinin diyabette artan oksidatif stres üzerinde düzeltici etki göstererek dokularda hasar oluşmasını engellediğini göstermektedir.

Effect of herbal extract mixture on growth performance and antioxidant parameters in broilers

This study was conducted to determine the effects on the growth performance and antioxidant capacity of broiler chickens, which were fed an herbal extract mixture (HEM), including Honokiol-Magnolol and Sanguinarine as natural feed additives. A total of 300 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were used in this study and randomly divided into four groups with five replicates of 15 broiler chicks each. For the experimental groups, HEM was supplemented in their diet at the levels of 0.00% (C), 1.00% (HEM1), 1.50% (HEM2) and 2.00% (HEM3) respectively. At the end of the experiment, it was concluded that HEM influenced final body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, slaughter weight, carcass weight and carcass yield (P<0.05). Also, HEM decreased malondialdehyde level (P<0.05) and increased glutathione of the breast and liver tissues (P<0.05). HEM showed strong cytoplasmic manganese superoxide dismutase immunoreactivity in duodenal crypts. It is concluded that HEM supplementation to broiler diets may improve the growth performance and antioxidant parameters. Thus, HEM may use natural feed additives to improve broiler health and performance.

Characterization of Redox Environment and Tryptophan Catabolism through Kynurenine Pathway in Military Divers’ and Swimmers’ Serum Samples

Endurance and resistance exercises, alone or in combination, induce metabolic changes that affect tryptophan (Trp) catabolism. The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the main route of Trp degradation, and it is modulated by the inflammatory and redox environments. Previous studies have shown that KP metabolites work as myokines that mediate the positive systemic effects related to exercise. However, it is poorly understood how different exercise modalities and intensities impact the KP. The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of two different exercise modalities, military diving and swimming, on the KP and the redox environment. A total of 34 healthy men from the Mexican Navy were included in the study, 20 divers and 14 swimmers, who started and stayed in military training consistently during the six months of the study; 12 Mexican men without fitness training were used as the control group. Physical fitness was determined at the beginning and after 6 months of training; criteria included body composition; serum levels of Trp, kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA) and 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK); the glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG); and malondialdehyde (MDA).. Results showed a significant loss of body fat in both the diver and swimmer groups. Compared with the control group, divers showed a decrease in Trp and 3-HK levels, but no changes were observed in the KYN/Trp, KYNA/Trp or 3-HK/Trp ratios, while swimmers showed a decrease in KYN levels and an increase in the KYNA and 3-HK levels. Additionally, divers showed a decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio and an increase in MDA levels, in contrast to the swimmers, who showed a decrease in MDA levels and an increase in GSH/GSSG levels. Our findings suggest a differential shift in the KP and redox environment induced by diving and swimming. Swimming promotes an antioxidant environment and a peripheral overactivation of the KP.

Astragaloside IV improved antioxidative stress capacity and related gene expression of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) hepatocytes under heat stress.

This study aims to investigate the protective effects of astragaloside IV (AS-IV) on the hepatocytes of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) on heat stress. Cultured cells were treated with AS-IV (0, 50, 100 and 200 μg/ml) at 28°C for 24 h and then exposed to heat stress by increasing the culturing temperature (32 ± 0.5°C) for 6h. The increased temperatures significantly reduced cell viability and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the 0μg/ml AS-IV treatment group at 32°C, but the grass carp hepatocytes treated with 100 and 200 μg/ml AS-IV had significantly increased cell viability and SOD activity and decreased MDA levels. The mRNA levels of keap1a, keap1b, nrf2, gsh-px, cat, cu-zn sod, mgst1 and il-6 were significantly lower in the 0μg/ml AS-IV treatment group at 32°C, while those of keap1a, nrf2, gsh-px, cat, cu-zn sod, gstp1, ho-1 and il-6 were significantly higher in cells treated with 100 or 200 μg/ml AS-IV. Our findings indicate that AS-IV could enhance the antioxidative stress capacity of grass carp hepatocytes under heat stress, and its mechanism may be associated with the activation of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. Thus, these results provide new insights into how to alleviate heat stress in grass carp.

Molecular Mechanisms of Hawthorn Extracts in Multiple Organs Disorders in Underlying of Diabetes: A Review.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most important metabolic disorders associated with chronic hyperglycemia and occurs when the body cannot manage insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells and insulin resistance are the major pathophysiological factors of types 1 and 2 of DM, respectively. Prolonged hyperglycemia leads to multiple organs dysfunctions, including nephropathy, neuropathy, cardiomyopathy, gastropathy, and micro- and macrovascular disorders. The basis of the metabolic abnormalities in carbohydrate, fat, and protein in diabetes is insufficient action of insulin on various target tissues. Medicinal plants are rich sources of bioactive chemical compounds with therapeutic effects. The beneficial effects of leaves, fruits, and flowers extracts of Crataegus oxyacantha, commonly called hawthorn, belonging to the Rosaceae family, are widely used as hawthorn-derived medicines. Data in this review have been collected from the scientific articles published in databases such as Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scientific Information Database from 2000 to 2021. Based on this review, hawthorn extracts appear both therapeutic and protective effects against diabetic-related complications in various organs through molecular mechanisms, such as decreasing triglyceride, cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein and increasing the antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity, decreasing malondialdehyde level, and attenuating tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6 and sirtuin 1/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and increasing the phosphorylation of glucose transporter 4, insulin receptor substrate 1, AKT and phosphoinositide 3-kinases, and attenuating blood sugar and regulation of insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and improvement of histopathological changes in pancreatic beta cells. Collectively, hawthorn can be considered as one new target for the research and development of innovative drugs for the prevention or treatment of DM and related problems.

Caffeic acid regulates glucose homeostasis and inhibits purinergic and cholinergic activities while abating oxidative stress and dyslipidaemia in fructose-streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

The antidiabetic potential of caffeic acid in fructose/streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats was examined in this study. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were supplied with 10% fructose solution for 14 days followed by an intraperitoneal injection of 40 mg/kg bw streptozotocin to induce type 2 diabetes (T2D). Rats were treated with both low (150 mg/kg bw) and high (300 mg/kg bw) doses of caffeic acid for 5 weeks, while the positive control group was treated with metformin (200 mg/kg bw). Treatment with caffeic acid significantly decreased blood glucose levels and elevated serum insulin levels while improving glucose tolerance, pancreatic β-cell function and morphology. It also led to a significant reduction of serum cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, ALT, AST, creatinine, urea and uric acid levels, while increasing HDL cholesterol levels. Caffeic acid significantly (P < 0.05) elevated hepatic glycogen level, serum and pancreatic glutathione level, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities with a concomitant decrease in malondialdehyde level, α-amylase, lipase, adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (ENTPDase), 5'-nucleotidase (5'-NTD) and acetylcholinesterase activities. The results suggest caffeic acid as a potent natural product with therapeutic effects against T2D. Further molecular and clinical studies are, however, required to ascertain these findings.

The therapeutic potential of Nelumbo Nucifera against oxidative damage induced by Carbon Tetrachloride in rats.

Background: Herbal treatment has paid much attention in the world over the past decades. Nelumbo nucifera is used all over the world as a medicinal plant. It is an aquatic perennial plant belonging to the Nelumbonaceae family. The protective effects of Nelumbo nucifera are due to the active ingredients present in it. The study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of Nelumbo nucifera seeds against hepatotoxicity caused by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats. Methodology: Eighteen Wistar Albino rats were allotted into three groups (n=6), control group, CCl4 treated group given CCl4 0.8 ml/kg body weight subcutaneously twice a week, CCl4 + N. Nucifera treated group given CCl4 0.8 ml/kg body weight 2 times a week subcutaneously and also given Nelumbo nucifera extract (200 mg/kg body weight) orally through gavage daily. After 28 days of the experiment, serum samples were taken for estimation of enzyme activities and liver tissue samples were collected for evaluation of antioxidant enzyme levels. Results: It was observed that liver weight increased in the CCl4 treated group while liver weight decreased in CCl4 + N. Nucifera treated group. CCl4 administration significantly raises the transaminase levels such as Aspartate transaminase (AST) (p&lt;0.01), Aspartate transaminase (ALT) (p&lt;0.05), and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p&lt;0.05) whereas CCl4 + N. Nucifera treated group serum transaminases are reduced. Antioxidant activities such as Catalase (p&gt;0.05), Glutathione (GSH) (p&gt;0.05) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p=0.05) decreased in the CCl4 treated group. Significant elevation of antioxidant enzymes; Catalase (p&lt;0.05), GSH (p&lt;0.05) and SOD (p&gt;0.05) in CCl4 + N. Nucifera treated group. Serum Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration (p&lt;0.05) significantly raised in the CCl4 hepatotoxic group compared to the control group. A decreased MDA levels were observed in the CCl4 + N. Nucifera treated group, indicating its potential to counteract the harmful effects of CCl4. Conclusion: This study suggests that Nelumbo nucifera seeds have overcome CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity by their antioxidant effects.

Persea americana seed extract restores defective sperm quality and biochemical parameters relevant to reproduction in male wistar rats treated with cyclosporine A.

Studies have shown that some drugs impair spermatogenesis, thereby causing infertility. Thus, this study aims at investigating the effect of Persea americana seed extract on the male reproductive system in cyclosporine-induced rats. Thirty male albino rats were randomly divided into five groups; all groups were induced with cyclosporine except the control group. Group 3 was treated with 10mg/kg of lisinopril, groups 4 and 5 received 50 and 100 mg/kg of PAE, respectively. The experiment lasted for 7 days. The antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)], and arginase activities were evaluated, nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) level of the penile tissue homogenate were determined with serum hormonal (follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone) concentration and sperm quality. This study showed that cyclosporine induction caused a significant (p < .05) decrease in the SOD, CAT, sperm quality, NO, and hormonal level as compared to the control group, with a simultaneous increase in arginase activity and MDA level. However, treatment with PAE and lisinopril significantly (p < .05) increase antioxidant enzyme activities, sperm quality, NO, and serum hormonal level, with a decrease MDA level and arginase activity when compared with cyclosporine-induced group. This study showed that P. americana seed extract could be useful in the management of hormonal disruption resulting from oxidative stress in male folks. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Some pharmaco-agents have been reported to alter spermatogenesis, thereby causing infertility. Plants represent natural resources use in the management of several human diseases from time immemorial. Persea americana seed is a part of the fruit that most people do throw away after consuming the edible portion of the fruit. However, the therapeutic and pharmacological activities of P. americana seed have been reported. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the effects of P. americana seed extract on cyclosporine-induced reprotoxicity.

A Pilot Study of whether or Not Vegetable and Fruit Juice Containing Lactobacillus paracasei Lowers Blood Lipid Levels and Oxidative Stress Markers in Thai Patients with Dyslipidemia: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Dyslipidemia is one of the risk factors of cardiovascular disease, which is the main cause of mortality worldwide. Meanwhile, lipid-lowering drug side-effects may also occur. Thus, consumption of vegetables and fruits containing probiotics is a good alternative to influence the lipid profile in plasma. This study investigated the effect of consuming vegetable and fruit juice (VFJ) with (probiotic group) and without probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei (placebo group), on the body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, lipid profile, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress enzymes, and bile acid level in dyslipidemic patients (n = 20) at Bhumibol Adulyadej Hospital for 30 days. The levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), and TG/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio in the probiotic group were significantly lower than those in the placebo group. The HDL-C concentration in the probiotic group was higher than that in the placebo group. The probiotic group showed significantly decreased malondialdehyde levels; increased oxidative stress enzymes, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in the plasma; and increased bile acid (BA) levels in the feces. Therefore, the findings of this study demonstrate that VFJ enriched with probiotic L. paracasei may represent an alternative method for the prevention of dyslipidemia during the primary intervention stage for patients who are not yet taking other medication.

Use of flavonoids with antioxidant potential to prevent morphophysiological intestinal damage induced by the antineoplastic fluorouracil

Intestinal mucositis is a common complication associated with 5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU) treatment, a chemotherapeutic agent widely used for cancer treatment. Characterized by inflammatory and/or ulcerative processes, intestinal mucositis is pathophysiologically based on the promotion of direct damage to the epithelium resulting from oxidative stress from the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Flavonoids such as rutin, troxerutin and isoquercitrin, obtained from D. Gardnerian, have been reported with antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of flavonoids obtained from D. Gardnerian on 5‐fluorouracil‐induced intestinal mucositis in Swiss mice and identification of possible interactions of flavonoids in pro‐ inflammatory proteins. The mice (25‐30g) were divided into 4 groups (n=6): Saline group (NaCl 0.9%), 5‐FU group, Troxerutin group (150mg/kg troxerutin, orally) and Rutin group (300mg/kg rutin, orally). All animals except the Saline group received 5‐ FU at a concentration of 450 mg/kg in the first experimental protocol. To investigate morphological changes, periodic acid Schiff (PAS), toluidine blue, hematoxylin and eosin staining were performed. For the oxidative damage evaluation, the levels of the reduced antioxidant glutathione and the lipid peroxidation product, malondylaldehyde, of duodenal segments were determined. In silico molecular docking assays of the complexes formed between flavonoids (rutin, troxerutin and isoquercitrin) and the COX‐2, TNF‐α and NF‐kB enzymes were performed. The results showed that the antineoplastic 5‐FU promoted oxidative stress, evidenced by a decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) and an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) when compared to the saline group (p &lt;0.05). Furthermore, the administration of flavonoids rutin and troxerutin promotes a decrease in MDA levels and an increase in GSH reserves (p &lt;0.05), which culminate in attenuation of the oxidative stress promoted by the antineoplastic agent. The antioxidant effect of flavonoids corroborates the histopathological results, which show that both flavonoids have a significant reversal of antineoplastic‐induced morphological changes (p &lt;0.05), such as reduction of villus height, deepening of the crypts, decrease in goblet cells and increase in mast cells and inflammatory infiltrate. Finally, molecular docking showed that the flavonoids rutin, troxerutin and isoquercitrin show stable binding to the target sites of COX‐2, NF‐kB, TNF‐α, important pro‐inflammatory proteins in inflammatory and ulcerative processes such as intestinal mucositis. It was concluded that the antioxidant effect promoted by flavonoids is one of the protective mechanisms of these natural products of the D. Gardnerian tree to prevent the morphophysiological damage of 5‐FU induced intestinal mucositis.

Diosgenin Modulates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice.

IntroductionObesity is a chronic metabolic disorder that results in excessive energy accumulated in adipose tissue causing dysfunction of adipocytes, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Diosgenin (DG), a steroidal saponin produced by several plants, has been reported to have antioxidant activity. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of diosgenin on oxidative stress and inflammation in mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD).MethodsThirty adult male mice were divided into three groups including the control group, mice fed with a normal diet; the HFD group, mice fed with a high-fat diet for 6 weeks; and the HFD+DG group, mice fed with a high-fat diet and diosgenin daily for 6 weeks. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) activities were evaluated. Histopathological changes in the adipose tissues have been investigated.ResultsData showed that diosgenin increased TAC activities with a concomitant decrease in MDA levels. As well, DG reduces the TNF and IL-6 levels. The histopathological changes in the adipose tissues due to high-fat consumption were restored upon DG supplementation.ConclusionOur results suggested that diosgenin is a promising agent for regulating obesity by increasing the levels of antioxidants, modifying oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which might prevent the onset of many diseases.

Protective Effect of Algerian Genista vepres Pomel Plant Against Isoniazid and Rifampicin Induced Liver Injury in Wistar Albino Rats

Background: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the protective effect of n- BuOH fraction of Genista vepres Pomel and Vitamin E against Isoniazid and Rifampicin (INH- RIF)-induced liver injury. Methods: Male Wistar Albino rats were divided into eight equal groups treated with plant fraction (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg), vitamin E (100 mg/kg) and INH-RIF (100 mg/kg body weight /day each). At the end of the experiment, animals were dissected and samples (blood, liver tissue) were removed and isolated for biochemical and histological studies. Results : Administration of INH-RIF for 21 days resulted in hepatic failure as evidenced by the elevation of biochemical parameters levels and hepatic oxidative stress, which was associated with extensive hepatic parenchyma alteration. The pretreatment of the rat with G. vepres Pomel attenuated the increase of hepatic dysfunction markers, significantly decreased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), and increased GSH level, GPx and catalase activities compared to INH-RIF treated group. However, the Vitamin E co-treatment decreased MDA level and increased GPx activity but did not show any effect on catalase or GSH parameters. The histopathological studies on the liver of rats also supported that both plant fraction and vitamin E markedly reduced the toxicity of INH-RIF and preserved the histoarchitecture of liver tissue. Conclusion: The results suggested that the n-BuOH fraction of G. vepres Pomel acts as a potent hepatoprotective agent against INH-RIF-induced Hepatic dysfunction in rats.

Fisetin Suppresses the Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress in Bronchial Epithelial Cells.

Fisetin is isolated from many fruits and vegetables and has been confirmed to improve airway hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic mice. However, whether fisetin reduces inflammatory response and oxidative stress in bronchial epithelial cells is unclear. Here, BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells were treated with various concentrations of fisetin and then stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or TNF-α/interleukin-4. In addition, ovalbumin-sensitized mice were treated with fisetin to detect inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress expression. Fisetin significantly reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in TNF-α-stimulated BEAS-2B cells. Fisetin also attenuated intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in TNF-α-stimulated BEAS-2B cells, suppressing THP-1 monocyte adhesion. Furthermore, fisetin significantly suppressed airway hyperresponsiveness in the lungs and decreased eosinophil numbers in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of asthmatic mice. Fisetin decreased cyclooxygenase-2 expression, promoted glutathione levels, and decreased malondialdehyde levels in the lungs of asthmatic mice. Our findings indicate that fisetin is a potential immunomodulator that can improve the pathological features of asthma by decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation.

Paeoniflorin Rescued MK-801-Induced Schizophrenia–Like Behaviors in Mice via Oxidative Stress Pathway

Schizophrenia (SCZ) affects approximately 1% population worldwide, and the first-line antipsychotics have partial reactivity or non-reactivity with side effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find more effective drugs. Paeoniflorin (PF) is the main effective component of traditional Chinese medicine from white peony, red peony and peony bark, which acts as a neuroprotective agent. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether PF can rescue MK-801 induced schizophrenia-like behavior in mice. Our results demonstrated that intragastric administration of PF ameliorated MK-801 induced schizophrenia–like behaviors in mice as demonstrated by prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle response, fear conditioning test for memory and open field test for activity. In contrast, the first-line antipsychotics-olanzapine reversed the prepulse inhibition deficits and hyperactivities, but not memory deficits, in the model mice. Further analysis showed that PF reduced oxidative stress in the MK-801-treated mice, as evidenced by the increased superoxide dismutase levels and decreased malondialdehyde levels in the blood of the model mice. In addition, PF treatment inhibited the expression of the apoptotic protein Bax and restored the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the brains of the model mice. in vitro data indicated that PF protected against oxidative stress induced neurotoxicity in the primary cultured hippocampal neurons. In conclusion, our results were the first to provide evidence that PF rescued schizophrenia-like behaviors (both positive symptoms and cognitive impairments) in rodents through oxidative stress pathway, and therefore provide a novel strategy for treatment of SCZ. However, more pre-clinical and clinical research are needed to translate the present findings into clinics for a treatment of schizophrenia.

The neuroprotective effects of oxygen therapy in Alzheimer’s disease: a narrative review

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a degenerative neurological disease that primarily affects the elderly. Drug therapy is the main strategy for AD treatment, but current treatments suffer from poor efficacy and a number of side effects. Non-drug therapy is attracting more attention and may be a better strategy for treatment of AD. Hypoxia is one of the important factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. Multiple cellular processes synergistically promote hypoxia, including aging, hypertension, diabetes, hypoxia/obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, and traumatic brain injury. Increasing evidence has shown that hypoxia may affect multiple pathological aspects of AD, such as amyloid-beta metabolism, tau phosphorylation, autophagy, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial and synaptic dysfunction. Treatments targeting hypoxia may delay or mitigate the progression of AD. Numerous studies have shown that oxygen therapy could improve the risk factors and clinical symptoms of AD. Increasing evidence also suggests that oxygen therapy may improve many pathological aspects of AD including amyloid-beta metabolism, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, oxidative stress, neurotrophic factors, mitochondrial function, cerebral blood volume, and protein synthesis. In this review, we summarized the effects of oxygen therapy on AD pathogenesis and the mechanisms underlying these alterations. We expect that this review can benefit future clinical applications and therapy strategies on oxygen therapy for AD.

Synergistic hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids from Indian flax and sesame seed oils in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

• The ω-3 and ω-6 FAs (ALA and LA) rich oils from FSO an SSO respectively, mitigated the diabetes induced by streptozotocin. • The In vitro and In vivo studies have revealed that the combination of FSO+SSO significantly increased the antioxidant enzymes like CAT, SOD, GSH, and decreased MDA levels in the pancreas and liver of streptozotocin induced rats. • The reduction was observed in the lipid profiles of TG, TC, LDL, VLDL, and increase in HDL, and also significant reduction in the hematological parameters such as AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine, urea, HbA1c and decreased blood glucose levels, while, TP, Hb and insulin levels were markedly increased in the treated rats in a dose-dependent manner compared to the diabetic control. • The results were also confirmed by histopathological examinations. • Combination of FSO+SSO shown more synergistic hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant potential compared to their individual treatments. Omega-3 and 6 fatty acids (FAs) of flaxseed oil (FSO) and sesame seed oil (SSO) that are being used in traditional foods and medicine have been investigated for their various synergistic biological potencies. However, their synergistic antidiabetic and antilipidemic properties at the world health organization (WHO) recommended ratio have not been studied. To evaluate the synergistic antidiabetic and antipidemic potentials of bioactive-fatty acids from flaxseed (FS) and sesame seeds (SS) against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus Wistar albino rats. The study was to determine the in vitro and in vivo synergistic antidiabetic and antipidemic potentials of ω-3 and ω-6 FAs at 1:5 ratio from FSO and SSO in STZ-induced diabetes mellitus rats. Fifty-four Wistar albino rats were divided into 9 groups: normal control; diabetic control received streptozotocin 45 mg/kg b.w IP; diabetic groups received standard drug tolbutamide orally received 5mg/kg b.w; FSO and SSO orally administered with 250 and 350; 516 and 700 mg/kg b.w PO respectively, and FSO+SSO at 43+292 and 86+584 mg/kg b.w PO respectively. Blood glucose levels were observed on weekly basis. At the end of the experiment, biochemical factors such as the level of antioxidant enzymes, serum liver enzymes, malondialdehyde level, lipid profiles, blood parameters, and pancreas morphology were studied. Twenty-eight days of the treatment significantly increased the in vivo antioxidant enzyme activities such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH), whereas, malondialdehyde (MDA) level was markedly decreased in a dose-dependent manner in the pancreas and liver. A noteworthy reduction was observed in the lipid profiles of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and also significant reduction was observed in the hematological parameters such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine, urea, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and decreased blood glucose levels, while, total protein (TP), hemoglobin (Hb) and insulin levels were markedly increased in the treated rats in a dose-dependent manner compared to the diabetic control. Additionally, the results were also confirmed by histopathological examinations. The study suggested that the ω-3 and ω-6 FAs from FSO and SSO, respectively, showed potential synergistic antidiabetic and antilipidemic effects that were mainly mediated by ω-3 and ω-6 FAs present in the respective seed oils. Synergistic hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids from Indian flax and sesame seed oils in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Age-Defying and Photoprotective Potential of Geranium/Calendula Essential Oil Encapsulated Vesicular Cream on Biochemical Parameters against UVB Radiation Induced Skin Aging in Rat

UVB irradiation promotes the production of reactive oxygen species, which can lead to an increase in oxidative stress in the cell and the generation of toxic components, resulting in photoaging. Essential oils (EOs) are well-known in the cosmetics sector for their beneficial effects, as they have a wide range of biological activities. Considering this fact, the current study investigates the photoprotective potential of geranium essential oil (GEO)/calendula essential oil (CEO) encapsulated vesicular cream on the biochemical parameters of the skin of albino rats exposed to UVB radiation. After 30 days of treatment with cream formulations and UVB irradiation, the skin tissue was assayed for several biochemical parameters and histopathology analysis. The results of biochemical study revealed that, in comparison to non-vesicular creams, vesicular cream formulations were able to protect the endogenous skin natural antioxidant system by maintaining superoxide dismutase, catalase, total protein, ascorbic acid, and hydroxyproline levels and by decreasing malondialdehyde levels in the skin after UVB exposure. Changes in various cellular structures along with the change in the epidermis and dermis of the skin after UVB exposure in the treated group were observed by a histopathology of skin tissue and compared to the non-treated group, which revealed the skin damaging effect of UVB radiation and the protective effect of vesicular creams. The results suggest that the GEO/CEO-encapsulated vesicular creams have the potential to protect the skin against harmful UVB radiation by maintaining the natural antioxidant defence mechanism of the skin. In conclusion, this research presents novel herbal cosmetic formulations with improved antioxidant capacity and photoprotective potential that may help to slow down the skin aging process.