Magnitude Of Decrease Research Articles

The Relationship Between Interest Rates and Agricultural Commodity Price Dynamics

ABSTRACTThe U.S. Federal Reserve has undertaken several interest rate interventions in the past decade. This study explores the relationship between U.S. corn and soybean prices and Federal Reserve monetary policy interventions, in the short and long run. We use a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model to capture three key features of agricultural commodity price responses to changes in interest rates. First, we observe that corn and soybean prices initially overreact to changes in interest rates, overshooting their long‐run equilibrium before gradually reverting. Second, in the short run, the relationship between soybean prices and interest rates is asymmetric; the initial price change is more pronounced for an interest rate increase than for a decrease of the same magnitude. Lastly, both corn and soybean prices display symmetry in the long run. These results help to understand how changes in interest rates affect commodity prices. Assessing the relationship between agricultural commodity prices and interest rates can assist farmers and processors in planning investments and loans based on interest rate forecasts.

Effect of 10 MeV electron irradiation on structural and magnetic properties of Ti- and Al- substituted strontium hexaferrite SrFe11.3Ti0.4Al0.3O19

The irradiation stability of Ti- and Al-substituted SrFe11.3Ti0.4Al0.3O19 strontium hexaferrite to 10 MeV electron irradiation with the fluences of 1014 and 2·1017 cm−2 was investigated using various characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectrum microanalysis, atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry and magnetic force microscopy. Notable changes in lattice vibrations, magnetic domain microstructure and magnetization behavior were obtained after the electron irradiation with the fluence of 2·1017 cm−2. Phonon hardening observed by Raman spectroscopy confirms the increasing disorder in crystalline structure and the presence of spin-phonon coupling in the samples after electron irradiation with the fluence 2·1017 cm−2. It was found that the strongest spin-phonon interactions correspond to A1g vibration modes at trigonal bipyramidal 2b, 2a octahedral, 4f1 tetrahedral sites and E1g mode at 4f2 octahedral site in electron-irradiated SrFe11.3Ti0.4Al0.3O19 hexaferrite, while the most radiation-resistant phonon mode is A1g vibration of the Fe–O bonds at the 4f2 octahedral site. No significant change was observed in magnetic saturation magnitude after electron irradiation. The increase in coercivity and significant decrease of magnitude of the dM/dH derivative of magnetization curves with increasing radiation fluence is attributed to the increase in uniaxial magnetic-crystalline anisotropy. It is found that the fractal dimension of hierarchical magnetic domain structure in SrFe11.3Ti0.4Al0.3O19 continuously decreases with increasing fluence of 10 MeV electron irradiation, which can be caused by the distortion in uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy and irradiation-induced defects.

Future Scenarios of Design Rainfall Due to Upcoming Climate Changes in NSW, Australia

The occurrence of rainfall is significantly affected by climate change around the world. While in some places this is likely to result in increases in rainfall, both winter and summer rainfall in most parts of New South Wales (NSW), Australia are projected to decrease considerably due to climate change. This has the potential to impact on a range of hydraulic and hydrologic design considerations for water engineers, such as the design and construction of stormwater management systems. These systems are currently planned based on past extreme rain event data, and changes in extreme rainfall amounts due to climate change could lead to systems being seriously undersized (if extreme precipitation events become more common and/or higher in magnitude) or oversized (if extreme rainfall events become less frequent or decrease in magnitude). Both outcomes would have potentially serious consequences. Consequently, safe, efficient, and cost-effective urban drainage system design requires the consideration of impacts arising from climate change on the approximation of design rainfall. This study examines the impacts of climate change on the probability of occurrence of daily extreme rainfall in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. The analysis was performed for 29 selected meteorological stations located across NSW. Future design rainfall in this research was determined from the projected rainfall for different time periods (2020 to 2039, 2040 to 2059, 2060 to 2079, and 2080 to 2099). The results of this study show that design rainfall for the standard return periods was, in most cases, lower than that derived employing the design rainfall obtained from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM). While most of the analysed meteorological stations showed significantly different outcomes using the climate change scenario data, this varied considerably between stations and different time periods. This suggests that more work needs to be performed at the local scale to incorporate climate change predicted rainfall data into future stormwater system designs to ensure the best outcomes.

Physical origin of the anisotropic exchange tensor close to the first-order spin-orbit coupling regime and impact of the electric field on its magnitude.

This article follows earlier studies on the physical origin of magnetic anisotropy and the means of controlling it in polynuclear transition metal complexes. The difficulties encountered when focusing a magnetic field on a molecular object have led to consider the electric field as a more appropriate control tool. It is therefore fundamental to understand what governs the sensitivity of magnetic properties to the application of an electric field. We have already studied the impact of the electric field on the isotropic exchange coupling and on the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI). Here, we focus on the symmetric exchange anisotropy tensor. In order to obtain significant values of anisotropic interactions, we have carried out this study on a model complex that exhibits first-order spin-orbit coupling. We will show that (i) large values of the axial parameter of symmetric exchange can be reached when close to the first-order spin-orbit coupling regime, (ii) both correlated energies and wave functions must be used to achieve accurate values of the symmetric tensor components when the DMI is non-zero, and (iii) finally, an interferential effect between the DMI and the axial parameter of symmetric exchange occurs for a certain orientation of the electric field, i.e., the latter decreases in magnitude as the former increases. While DMI is often invoked as being involved in magneto-electric coupling, isotropic exchange and the symmetrical anisotropic tensor also contribute. Finally, we provide a recipe for generating significant anisotropic interactions and a significant change in magnetic properties under an electric field.

Role of atmospheric and oceanic processes on interannual summertime (2016–2017) decrease of sea ice in the Antarctic regions of the Southern Ocean

In this article, the interannual variability of sea ice in the Antarctic sea ice regions between 2013–2018 is studied using a global ocean sea ice coupled model and satellite observation. The numerical model reasonably well simulates satellite observed interannual variability of sea ice concentration (SIC) and sea surface temperature (SST) in the Antarctic regions of Southern Ocean during all four austral seasons; summer (December–February), autumn (March–May), winter (June–August), and spring (September–November).A comparison of satellite and model shows that, during last two decades between 2001–2020, summertime of 2016–2017 had the lowest (highest) SIC (SST) across the Antarctic sea ice regions. Mixed layer heat budget analysis has been performed to comprehend how thermodynamic processes affect changes in SIC and SST in the Antarctic sea ice regions. The strong positive net atmospheric heat flux and the negative ocean vertical entrainment during summertime of 2016–2017 resulted in increased SST compared to other years, which lead to decreased SIC during above years. Also, loss of sea ice during summertime of 2016–2017 in the Antarctic sea ice regions are linked with significant decrease of wind stress magnitude and increase of wind stress curl.

A novel application of artificial intelligence technology for outdoor high-voltage composite insulator

The distribution of the electric field plays a crucial role in evaluating the effectiveness of composite insulators. This research presents an innovative approach for optimizing the design of corona rings, aiming to decrease the electric field intensity in critical areas to satisfactory levels. The investigation examined the correlation among corona ring design variables and the intensity of the electric field close to the energized-end fitting in a 220 kV composite insulator equipped with a corona ring. Using design of experiment methods, the impact of three corona ring design parameters – corona ring diameter (R), ring tube diameter (Dr), and corona ring height (H) – was assessed. A novel nonlinear mathematical objective function was formulated, connecting the electric field magnitude to the structural parameters of the corona ring. Subsequently, the Bat algorithm, a bio-inspired optimization technique, was employed to enhance the initial corona ring design and mitigate the electric field intensity. Finally, the Finite Element Method (FEM) was utilized to simulate and evaluate the voltage distribution and electric field stress. The optimization process resulted in a substantial decrease in the highest electric field magnitude, by 58.6 % compared to the insulator with the threshold value, and 75 % when devoid of a corona ring. Additionally, the research highlighted the significant influence of ring tube thickness on the distribution of the electric field. The combination of experimental design and the Bat algorithm proved to be a powerful tool for optimizing the design of corona rings on transmission line composite insulators, providing precise solutions for optimizing corona discharge problems and enhancing the reliability of power transmission systems.

Subcooled flow boiling characteristics and CHF in an eccentric annulus at low pressure conditions

Controlled flow boiling conditions enhance the heat transfer rate in various industrial applications such as heat exchangers, fuel rod bundles etc. In nuclear industry, the presence of mixing vanes, spacers, channel creep deformation etc., may lead to the formation of narrow and wide zones around the fuel rods. The asymmetry in the cross-sectional flow area around the fuel rod can be modelled as eccentricity which may cause an irregular coolant flow distribution affecting the heat transfer rate. In the present study, the eccentricity (e) is defined as the ratio of offset (s) to the difference in radii of inner and outer cylinders (Ro−Ri). The current study introduces a framework that involves calibrating the departure size of vapour bubble (D) in the EMF model framework which enables the accurate prediction of subcooled flow boiling characteristics and CHF power in an annulus (0.0≤e≤0.50) at low operating pressure conditions. The developed framework is validated with experimental data and a very good match is noticed. It is observed that eccentricity causes a decrease in coolant peak velocity magnitude by 12.8% in the narrow zone for e=0.50. In the subcooled region, the accumulation of vapour bubbles impedes further heat transfer to the liquid coolant, and thus the peak heated wall temperature (≈380.88K) is observed in the narrow zone for e=0.50. Eccentricity causes early coolant phase change which in turn results in early occurrence of CHF (q=522KWm−2) in the narrow zone of e=0.50. A quadratic relationship is also established to predict the CHF power in terms of eccentricity (e) within 5% variation.

0.01% Atropine Eye Drops in Children With Myopia and Intermittent Exotropia

Exotropia and myopia are commonly coexistent. However, evidence is limited regarding atropine interventions for myopia control in children with myopia and intermittent exotropia (IXT). To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 0.01% atropine eye drops on myopia progression, exotropia conditions, and binocular vision in individuals with myopia and IXT. This placebo-controlled, double-masked, randomized clinical trial was conducted from December 2020 to September 2023. Children aged 6 to 12 years with basic-type IXT and myopia of -0.50 to -6.00 diopters (D) after cycloplegic refraction in both eyes were enrolled. Participants were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to 0.01% atropine or placebo eye drops administered in both eyes once at night for 12 months. The primary outcome was change in cycloplegic spherical equivalent from baseline at 1 year. Secondary outcomes included change in axial length (AL), accommodative amplitude (AA), exotropia conditions, and binocular vision at 1 year. Among 323 screened participants, 300 children (mean [SD] age, 9.1 [1.6] years; 152 male [50.7%]) were included in this study. A total of 200 children (66.7%) were in the atropine group, and 100 (33.3%) were in the placebo group. At 1 year, the 0.01% atropine group had slower spherical equivalent progression (-0.51 D vs -0.75 D; difference = 0.24 D; 95% CI, 0.11-0.37 D; P < .001) and AL elongation (0.31 mm vs 0.42 mm; difference = -0.11 mm; 95% CI, -0.17 to -0.06 mm; P < .001) than the placebo group. The mean AA change was -3.06 D vs 0.12 D (difference = -3.18 D; 95% CI, -3.92 to -2.44 D; P < .001) in the atropine and placebo groups, respectively. The 0.01% atropine group had a decrease in near magnitude of exodeviation whereas the placebo group had an increase (-1.25 prism diopters [PD] vs 0.74 PD; difference = -1.99 PD; 95% CI, -3.79 to -0.19 PD; P = .03). In the atropine vs placebo group, respectively, the incidence of study drug-related photophobia was 6.0% (12 of 200 participants) vs 8.0% (8 of 100 participants; difference = -2.0%; 95% CI, -9.4% to 3.7%; P = .51) and for blurred near vision was 6.0% (12 of 200 participants) vs 7.0% (7 of 100 participants) (difference = -1.0%; 95% CI, -8.2% to 4.5%; P = .74). The findings of this randomized clinical trial support use of 0.01% atropine eye drops, although compromising AA to some extent, for slowing myopia progression without interfering with exotropia conditions or binocular vision in children with myopia and IXT. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry Identifier: ChiCTR2000039827.

Variability in SSTc2d J163134.1-240100, a brown dwarf with quasi-spherical mass loss

We report on a search for variability in the young brown dwarf SST1624 ( ∼M7 spectral type, M∼0.05M⊙), previously found to feature an expanding gaseous shell and to undergo quasi-spherical mass loss. We find no variability on timescales of 1-6,hours. Specifically, on these timescales, we rule out the presence of a period with amplitude &gt;1%. A photometric period in that range would have been evidence for either pulsation powered by Deuterium burning or rotation near breakup. However, we see a 3% decrease in the K-band magnitude between two consecutive observing nights (a 10, σ result). There is also clear evidence for variations in the WISE lightcurves at 3.6 and 4.5 μm on timescales of days, with a tentative period of about 6,d (with a plausible range between 3 and 7,d). The best explanation for the variations over days is rotational modulation due to spots. These results disfavour centrifugal winds driven by fast rotation as mechanism for the mass loss, which, in turn, makes the alternative scenario – a thermal pulse due to Deuterium burning – more plausible.

Plastocapillarity: Partial and full Newtonian drop embedding into immiscible yield stress substrates

HypothesisRecent advances have been made in elastocapillarity; reversible 3D deformations of solid substrates with low elastic moduli from the surface tension of deposited drops. This study explores permanent deformations caused by liquid drops on immiscible yield stress substrates. We hypothesize that the substrate's rheological properties play a major role in determining the shape and stability of the drop-substrate interface, and govern partial or full embedding into the substrate. ExperimentsSubstrate yield stress magnitudes are modified through altering the mixture ratios of petroleum jelly to paraffin oil. Water drops are deposited on substrates and deformation profiles of the deformed interface are quantified. FindingsAbove a critical Bingham-Capillary number, which characterizes the ratio of yield stress magnitude to surface tension, deposited water drops deform the substrate surface permanently, but minimally. Below this value, drops become increasingly embedded as the substrate yield stress magnitude decreases, with larger indentation depths and increased circumferential ridge heights. With sufficiently low yield stress magnitudes, where surface tension forces dominate over yield stress forces, the plastically deformed ridges fully encapsulate the liquid drop surface, resulting in full drop embedding within the substrate. These results advance knowledge of interfacial wetting on soft yield stress substrates and has implications for binary fluids, functional materials, and new drug delivery systems.

Study of the Geometry of an Oscillating Water Column Device with Five Chambers Coupled under Regular Waves through the Constructal Design Method

This research conducts a numerical study of a wave energy converter (WEC) device with five coupled hydropneumatic chambers, operating based on the principle of an oscillating water column (OWC). A turbine was not included, only considering the tube without it. The computational domain was defined by a wave channel housing an OWC device subjected to regular incident waves. The central objective was to assess the impact of chamber geometry on maximizing the total hydropneumatic power in energy conversion. The numerical simulations consider the pressure, mass flow rate, and total hydropneumatic power, with the latter being the performance indicator. To determine the geometries to be analyzed, the Constructal Design method was employed in conjunction with the exhaustive search optimization method to maximize the performance indicator. The degrees of freedom defined were the ratios between the height (Hn) and the length (Ln) of the hydropneumatic chambers (Hn/Ln, where n varies from one to five). Based on the results of the mass flow rate and pressure, their influence on power was evaluated. It was observed that the influence of the degrees of freedom on the pressure difference, mass flow rate, and hydrodynamic power was quite similar, displaying an increase for low ratios of Hn/Ln up to a maximum magnitude and followed by a decrease in magnitude. The best performance was achieved for the geometric configuration with Hn/Ln = 0.2613 (Hn = 5.0625 m and Ln = 15.8219 m), representing an improvement of 98.6% compared to the worst case analyzed.

Investigation Seebeck Effect of Industrial High Voltage Transformer Oil Towards Industrial Insulator Oil Condition Detection

Transformer oil serves as the main dielectric and interacts with solid insulation, encounters the environment, and conveys a lot of information. However, undesirable contamination of transformer oil like water or moisture in the transformer oil will reduce the transformer's effectiveness. This study is the first investigation of the potential of using the thermoelectric effect for transformer oil condition testing towards high voltage insulator oil condition detection. This study has found that the used oil sample with various percentages of water content produced a different Seebeck coefficient which shows the potential of using the thermoelectric effect as a simple, cheap, and versatile method to test industrial oil insulator conditions. The results of the Seebeck coefficient for each condition are 0.0003 mV/K (original), 0.0107 mV/K (4 % of water added), and 0.0131 mV/K (40 % of water added), respectively. The industrial oil shows different Seebeck magnitude between oil before and after thermal aging which show a significant decrease of Seebeck magnitude of the industrial oil insulator with an increase of thermal ageing.

Large and Pressure-Dependent c-Axis Piezoresistivity of Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite near Zero Pressure.

The c-axis piezoresistivity is a fundamental and important parameter of graphite, but its value near zero pressure has not been well determined. Herein, a new method for studying the c-axis piezoresistivity of van der Waals materials near zero pressure is developed on the basis of in situ scanning electron microscopy and finite element simulation. The c-axis piezoresistivity of microscale highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) is found to show a large value of 5.68 × 10-5 kPa-1 near zero pressure and decreases by 2 orders of magnitude to the established value of ∼10-7 kPa-1 when the pressure increases to 200 MPa. By modulating the serial tunneling barrier model on the basis of the stacking faults, we describe the c-axis electrical transport of HOPG under compression. The large c-axis piezoresistivity near zero pressure and its large decrease in magnitude with pressure are attributed to the rapid stiffening of the electromechanical properties under compression.

Effect of COVID-19 Lockdown on Urban Heat Island Dynamics in Prague, Czechia

Urban heat islands (UHI) are a well-known phenomenon adversely affecting human health and urban environments. The worldwide COVID-19 lockdown in 2020 provided a unique opportunity to investigate the effects of decreased emission of air pollution and anthropogenic heat flux (AHF) on UHI. Although studies have suggested that reduced AHF during lockdown decreased atmospheric UHI (AUHI) and surface UHI (SUHI), these results contain inherent uncertainties due to unaccounted weather variability and urban-rural dynamics. Our study comprehensively analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on AUHI and SUHI in Prague, Czechia. By selecting days with similar weather conditions, we examined changes in mean SUHI using MODIS satellite images and in AUHI based on air temperature from Prague weather stations for the Lockdown period during March–April 2020 versus a Reference period from March–April 2017–2019. Our results show that, in comparison to the Reference period, the Lockdown period was associated with a 15% (0.1 °C) reduction of SUHI in urbanized areas of Prague and a 0.7 °C decline in AUHI in the city center. Additionally, the observed decreases in satellite-based aerosol optical depth and nitrogen dioxide by 12% and 29%, respectively, support our hypothesis that the weakened UHI effects were linked to reduction in anthropogenic activities during the lockdown. Revealing the largest decrease of mean SUHI magnitude around the periphery of Prague, which has predominantly rural land cover, our study emphasizes the need to consider the effects of urban-rural dynamics when attributing changes in SUHI to AHF. Our findings provide additional insights into the role of reduced anthropogenic activities in UHI dynamics during the COVID-19 lockdown and offer policymakers a comprehensive understanding of how the complex interaction between urban and rural microclimate dynamics influences the SUHI phenomenon.

The phenology of the spring phytoplankton bloom in the North Atlantic does not trend with temperature

Climate change is anticipated to alter the phenology of phytoplankton blooms in the ocean, making their recent dynamics of interest to inform models of future ocean states. We characterized temperature change in the North Atlantic using metrics that track the patterns of sea surface water temperature (SST) defined by quantiles. To complement these thermal indicators, we estimated a thermal phenology index in the form of the date of the spring transition, taken as the date that temperature achieved the long-term mean at a specific location. We then used ocean color data (1998–2022) and characterized spring bloom phenology using change point methods to derive bloom initiation, duration, magnitude, and intensity. The North Atlantic has warmed over recent decades, averaging a rate of increase of 0.27°C decade−1, yet throughout most of the basin, spring transition timing has remained constant, with the exception of small areas with either delayed or advanced transitions. There were no clear trends in bloom start or duration in the North Atlantic, indicating that spring bloom phenology was independent of climate-driven temperature change. Bloom magnitude and intensity trended downward in some North Atlantic continental shelf seas, indicating that increased temperatures may have had negative effects on overall bloom productivity. However, exclusive of the areas where the bloom parameters were trending, there was a decrease in magnitude and intensity with warmer winter temperatures, suggesting that the inter-annual variability of these parameters may be affected by thermal conditions at the onset of the bloom. While temperature has increased in the North Atlantic, vernal light availability has remained unchanged, which may explain why spring bloom phenology has remained resistant to climate change. Consequently, it seems plausible that future climate change may have limited effects on spring bloom phenology, but could have substantial effects on overall phytoplankton production.

The combined effects of tide and storm waves on beach profile evolution

Meso- to macro-tidal beaches are extensively distributed around the world. Water level determines the location where wave action can reach. Tide induced water level changes are the main component of total water level during typhoon landfall, which determines the extent and degree of beach erosion. Considering the tidal level wave height variation process in physical model experiments is crucial for the evaluation of beach erosion. This study presents the results of a new set of beach profile evolution process which considers the combined effects of tide and storm waves. Compared with the mean tidal level situation, tide induced water level variations significantly changes the erosion pattern of profile. The maximum erosion magnitude decreases by about 60% and the horizontal range increases by about 25%.

Size effects in spherical indentation of single crystal copper

A study of the size effects in the spherical indentation test of a copper single crystal is carried out. The main novelty of the approach is the analysis of a wide spectrum of parameters measured in the test that are predicted by the proposed model, and the prediction is verified experimentally for six different tip radii. Load-penetration depth curves, nominal hardness, pile-up and sink-in profiles, and the rotation and rotation gradient of the crystallographic lattice in the cross-section beneath the indenter have been measured and also calculated using 3D finite element simulations on the micro- and nanometer scale. Two gradient-effects are examined numerically within the Cosserat elastoplasticity framework with the gradient-enhanced hardening law. It is shown that a good prediction of the experimentally observed size effect on nominal hardness is achieved using the conventional power-hardening law, calibrated from the standard uniaxial compression test, enhanced with a term dependent on the lattice spin gradient term with no adjustable parameter. Furthermore, it has been found that the observed distribution of lattice rotation and decrease in the rotation magnitude with decreasing indenter radius can be qualitatively modelled by adjusting the coefficient of accumulated lattice curvature energy within the same framework.

A preview SMC driver modeling and simulation for the B-train doubles

B-train doubles have existed a greater risk of causing accidents. The research on the driver model for combination vehicles is crucial to the active safety control of B-train doubles. The direction control of the driver model forms an invaluable part of the closed-loop simulation of the human-vehicle-road system. Meanwhile, studies of driver models for long combination vehicles (LCVs) are limited. Driver modeling for the articulated heavy vehicle (AHV), a preview driver model for B-train doubles, has been proposed, on the basis of Sliding Mode Control (SMC), considering the low-speed path-tracking and high-speed stability, with the constant speed approach rate and optimal approach rate of the SMC, respectively. The simulation proved that, the proposed driver model can significantly eliminate the chattering phenomena of the front wheel angle, enhance the lateral stability of the B-train doubles, and decrease in peak magnitude of lateral acceleration and yaw angular velocity, and achieve better path following ability.

Measurement of Kerr rotation and ellipticity in magnetic thin films by MOKE magnetometry

When polarized light is incident on a magnetic material, the magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) rotates the polarization and induces ellipticity in the reflected light, which allows the magnetization direction to be probed optically. The Kerr rotation and ellipticity determine the magnitude of the effect and are usually measured using dedicated ellipsometers. Here, we demonstrate a simple method for extracting Kerr rotation and ellipticity in magnetic thin films using a conventional MOKE magnetometer consisting of two polarizers and a quarter waveplate. Using this technique, we report the longitudinal Kerr angle of BiYIG, GdCo, and TbCo. We additionally observe a linear decrease in polar complex Kerr angle magnitude in 3 nm GdCo films as the atomic fraction of Gd is increased.

Surface activity and micellization of streptomycin sulfate and diphenhydramine hydrochloride in the presence of alkali and alkaline earth metal chlorides

ABSTRACT The study investigated the surface tension of the surface-active drugs streptomycin sulfate and diphenhydramine hydrochloride using three uni-univalent and three bi-univalent electrolytes: NaCl, KCl, and RbCl (0.01 mol.kg−1), and MgCl2, CaCl2, and SrCl2 (0.002 mol.kg−1) over a temperature range of 298.15 to 313.15 K. Surface tension determination has proven instrumental in examining the micellization and surface-active properties of these drugs in the presence of specific electrolytes. The surface tension values of these drugs exhibit a decrease in magnitude with increasing drug concentration, particularly noticeable in streptomycin sulfate. This phenomenon can be elucidated by considering the delicate balance between hydrophobic and hydrophilic forces within the system. Additionally, the impact of the nature of metal halides and temperature on surface tension magnitude has been scrutinised, with interpretations focused on alterations in size. From surface tension values, the interfacial parameters, such as Γ max , A min , and π CMC were examined. The results indicate a strong affinity between drug-electrolyte molecules that reduces the surface tension values. The CMC relations govern the hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions in the ternary system of water-drug-electrolyte. The thermodynamics of micellization explains the work done for micellization and illuminates the surface and bulk properties of drugs.