Decreased Lipase Activity Research Articles

Mitigating Effects of Tanacetum balsamita L. on Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD).

The metabolic syndrome and its associated co-morbidities have been recognized as predisposing risk factors for the development of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). The present study reports on the beneficial effect of the Tanacetum balsamita methanol-aqueous extract (ETB) at 150 and 300 mg/kg bw on biochemical parameters related to oxidative stress, metabolic syndrome, and liver function in rat animal models with induced MAFLD. ETB was found to be non-toxic with LD50 > 3000 mg/kg and did not affect cell viability of hepatic HEP-G2 cells in a concentration up to 800 μg/mL. The pathology was established by a high-calorie diet and streptozotocin. Acarbose and atorvastatin were used as positive controls. At the higher dose, ETB reduced significantly (p < 0.05) the blood glucose levels by about 20%, decreased lipase activity by 52%, total cholesterol and triglycerides by 50% and 57%, respectively, and restored the amylase activity and leukocytes compared to the MAFLD group. ETB ameliorated oxidative stress biomarkers reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde in a dose-dependent manner. At 300 mg/kg, the beneficial effect of the extract on antioxidant enzymes was evidenced by the elevated catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activity by 70%, 29%, and 44%, accordingly, compared to the MAFLD rats. ETB prevents the histopathological changes related to MAFLD. ETB, rich in 3,5-dicafeoylquinic, chlorogenic, and rosmarinic acids together with the isorhamnetin- and luteolin-glucoside provides a prominent amelioration of MAFLD.

Dietary Lycium barbarum Polysaccharide Modulates Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, and Lipid Metabolism in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Fed with High-Fat Diet.

To investigate the ameliorative effects and mechanism of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) on growth performance, oxidative stress, and lipid deposition in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed with high-fat diets, fish with an initial weight of 5.29 ± 0.12 g were divided into five experimental groups-including normal-fat diets, high-fat diets, and high-fat diets-supplemented with LBP (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g/kg) for 8 weeks. The results showed that high-fat diets resulted in significant decreases in final body weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate of fish, as well as causing a significant decrease in hepatic total antioxidant capacity, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities. These changes were accompanied by a significant decrease in lipase activity and ATP level and a significant increase in malondialdehyde content. The expression levels of lipid metabolism-related genes (acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase 1, stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase 1, fat synthase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, fructofuranose bisphosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphatase) were also markedly elevated by high-fat diets. Supplementation with 0.5-2.0 g/kg LBP in high-fat diets improved the reduced growth performance, increased hepatic total antioxidant enzymes, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, and lowered malondialdehyde level in fish fed with high-fat diets. Additionally, dietary supplementation with LBP significantly downregulated hepatic gene expression levels of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase 1, stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase 1, fat synthase, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, fructofuranose bisphosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphatase. In conclusion, fish fed with high-fat diets demonstrated impaired growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and lipid metabolism, and dietary supplementation with 0.5-2.0 g/kg LBP ameliorated the impairments induced by high-fat diets.

Effects of terrestrial animal fats replacing dietary fish oil on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism in juvenile Scylla paramamosain

Four experimental diets containing 45% crude protein and 11% crude lipid were formulated by replacing total fish oil (FO) with poultry oil (PO), beef tallow (BT) and lard oil (LO) to evaluate the effects of terrestrial animal fats (TAFs) replacing dietary FO in juvenile green mud crabs (Scylla paramamosain). A total of 120 female juveniles (initial body weight 43.23 ± 0.21 g) was randomly assigned to four diet (three replicates per diet) and stocked into single crab cells (0.23 m × 0.15 m × 0.33 m, width × height × length) with circulating seawater (25–29 °C) for 8 weeks. Compared to FO, crabs fed BT and LO group had about 20% lower weight gain, and significantly lower specific growth rate, feed efficiency and molting ratio, hepatopancreas and muscle lipid, hemolymph total triglyceride contents, and lipase activity, but had approximately 400% higher hepatopancreas aspartate aminotransferase and 100% higher alanine aminotransferase activities. There was no difference in growth performance and feed utilization between PO and other groups. The contents of linoleic acids (18:2n-6) in hepatopancreas and muscle were higher in PO group. TAFs groups had significantly lower docosahexaenoic acids (22:6n-3) and total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids contents, as well as lower elongase of very long-chain fatty acids 4, acyl-CoA oxidase 3 and fatty acid transport protein 4 mRNA levels. BT and LO groups had lower mRNA levels of delta-6 fatty acyl desaturase, sterol regulatory element binding protein-1, fatty acid synthase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Therefore, dietary BT and LO could reduce the health status and lipid content via decreasing lipase activity, upregulating fatty acid β-oxidation, downregulating lipogenesis and inhibiting the transporting and metabolizing of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, thus decrease the growth performance of mud crab. Moreover, PO could be a potential FO substitute for juvenile S. paramamosain.

Potential Role of Lipase Activity on the Internal Exposure Assessment of Glycidol Released from Its Fatty Acid Esters.

Glycidyl fatty acid esters (GEs) can be found in food, and they can be converted into genotoxic animal carcinogen glycidol in vivo by the action of lipase. This study examined whether human ingestion of charbroiled pork containing high levels of GEs (300 µg/day) increased glycidol-hemoglobin adduct (diHOPrVal), a marker of internal exposure to glycidol using LC-MS/MS. Contrary to expectation, the diHOPrVal value before ingesting charbroiled pork was 3.11 ± 1.10 pmol/g globin, which slightly decreased to 2.48 ± 0.47 pmol/g globin after 5 days of consumption. The decrease in lipase activity caused by the continuous consumption of lipid-rich foods such as meat in humans might decrease internal exposure to glycidol released from its esters. Thus, lipase activity was measured in C57/BL6J mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks, and diHOPrVal formation was measured after the administration of glycidyl oleate. Lipase activity was significantly lower in the HFD group than in the normal diet group. The amount of diHOPrVal was reduced in the HFD group. Therefore, the lipase activity was reduced by HFD, thereby decreasing the degradation of glycidol from glycidyl oleate. These results indicate that changes in lipase activity depending on the amount of lipids in the diet may affect the assessment of GEs exposure, and monitoring the lipase activity would provide a comprehensive understanding of exposure assessment.

Impact of surface pre-reacted glass ionomer filler eluate on lipase gene expression in Candida albicans: An in vitro study.

Although a surface pre-reacted glass ionomer (S-PRG) exerts a suppressive effect on Candida albicans (C. albicans) activity and growth, its influence on the expression of the lipase gene (LIP) family including LIP1-LIP10, an indicator of clinical infection, has not yet been investigated. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the effect of S-PRG filler eluates on LIP expression in C. albicans using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Candida albicans was treated with an S-PRG filler diluted at ratios of 1:32 and 1:64 for 24 h at 37°C. The diluted S-PRG filler eluates (1:32) suppressed lipase activity in C. albicans by downregulating LIP5 (0.54±0.25 relative to that of the control) and LIP8 (0.35±0.074) expression after 24 h, which corresponded with decreased lipase activity. At a dilution factor of 1:64, there was no significant difference in LIP expression. Thus, the S-PRG filler eluate has potential to suppress fungal activity by downregulating LIP expression.

Fat metabolism in laying hens on the background of different lipid components in the diet

The mechanisms of the effects of different oils with different fatty acid profiles on poultry performance remain poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the duodenal activity of digestive enzymes and the digestibility of nutrients in the diets of laying hens fed different oils in the same diet (sunflower, soybean, rapeseed and linseed oils, 2.6% of the total diet). The test was conducted on 10 laying hens of the Hysex white cross with chronic duodenal (7 birds) or ileal (3 birds) fistulas. Different oils influenced lipase and alkaline phosphatase activity in duodenal chyme. The highest lipase and alkaline phosphatase activity was found when soybean oil was administered. At the same time, there was a significant (P&lt;0.05) decrease in lipase activity by 35.6-37.6% only when all other oils were administered. Crude fat digestibility was at the highest level when using rapeseed oil. Introduction of this oil into the diet also resulted in the highest digestibility of crude fiber and crude protein and significantly higher availability of amino acids: lysine, threonine, serine, glycine, alanine, histidine and cystine (P&lt;0.05 compared to the control period with the introduction of sunflower oil). In summary, a positive correlation was found between duodenal protease activity and crude protein digestibility with rapeseed oil (r=0.52) and sunflower oil (r=0.54). It was concluded that unrefined sunflower and rapeseed oils are the most physiologically effective oils in diets for laying hens.

Development of skin sebum medium and inhibition of lipase activity in Cutibacterium acnes by oleic acid.

Cutibacterium acnes is associated with the exacerbated inflammation of acne vulgaris, which occurs through the immune induction and pathogenicity factor production. Sebum, which is not present in the growth medium currently used to study acne, is present in acne pustules in differing concentrations among the pathological stages, such as the initial formation and inflammatory phase. To evaluate the effect of C. acnes on inflammation exacerbation in acne pustules in vitro, we developed an skin sebum medium containing artificial sebum and studied the growth and pathogenicity factor production of C. acnes in the skin sebum medium. The growth and lipase activity of C. acnes ATCC11828 were tested using skin sebum medium containing different sebum concentrations. Only lipase activity decreased in the skin sebum medium culture containing 0.5 % sebum when compared with that without sebum, while both growth and lipase activity decreased in cultures with 1.0 % sebum. Therefore, the growth and lipase activity of C. acnes changed in the presence of sebum. Furthermore, when the growth and lipase activity of C. acnes were tested in skin sebum medium containing sebum components, unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid and triolein, led to a decrease in lipase activity without inducing a change in growth. In the presence of oleic acid, C. acnes lipase activity decreased noncompetitively in a concentration-dependent manner. Our data showed that C. acnes growth and lipase activity changed upon sebum addition to the skin sebum medium, and acne inflammation caused by C. acnes needs to be studied under conditions similar to those in acne pustules.

Dietary Supplementation of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) With Panax ginseng Essential Oil: Positive Impact on Animal Health and Productive Performance, and Mitigating Effects on Atrazine- Induced Toxicity

The present study assessed the impact of Panax ginseng essential oil (GEO) supplementation on physiological parameters related to productive performance and health status in Nile tilapia reared under standard conditions and exposed to a sub-lethal atrazine (ATZ) concentration. Fish were allocated into 6 groups: the control group was reared in clean water and fed with a commercial basal diet (CNT), two groups were fed with the basal diet supplemented with two different levels of GEO (GEO1 and GEO2, respectively), one group was intoxicated with 1/5 of ATZ 96-h lethal concentration 50 (1.39 mg/L) (ATZ group), and the remaining two groups were fed with the GEO-supplemented diets and concurrently exposed to 1.39 mg ATZ/L (GEO1+ATZ and GEO2+ATZ, respectively). The experiment lasted for 60 days. GEO supplementation exerted a significantly positive influence on fish growth, feed utilization, and hepatic antioxidant defense systems at both levels of supplementation. ATZ exposure significantly reduced fish survival rates and impaired fish growth and feed utilization, with the lowest final weights, weight gain, total feed intake, and the highest feed conversion ratio being recorded in the ATZ-intoxicated group. ATZ exposure caused significant changes in intestinal digestive enzyme activity (decreased lipase activity), hematological indices (decreased hemoglobin, packed cell volume, erythrocytes, and leukocytes), blood biochemical variables (decreased total proteins, albumin, globulins, and immunoglobulin M; increased total cholesterol, triglycerides, and cortisol), and hepatic oxidative/antioxidant indices (decreased glutathione level, superoxide dismutase and catalase enzyme activity and mRNA expression levels, and increased malondialdehyde content). Moreover, in the hepatic tissue of ATZ-intoxicated Nile tilapia, histopathological alterations and upregulated mRNA expression levels of stress- and apoptosis-related genes (Hsp70, caspase 3, and p53) were observed. GEO supplementation in ATZ-treated groups significantly attenuated the aforementioned negative effects, though some parameters did not reach the CNT values. These findings provide further and partly new evidence that sub-lethal ATZ toxicity induces reduced survivability, growth retardation, impaired digestive function, anemia, immunosuppression, hepatic oxidative stress damage, and overall increased stress level in Nile tilapia, and suggest that GEO supplementation may be useful for mitigating this toxicity and provide more general support to the productive performance and health status of this fish species.

Substitution and mutation of the C-terminal loop domain of Penicillium expansum lipase significantly changed its regioselectivity and activity

In order to explore the effect of the C-terminal loop domain of Penicillium expansum lipase (PEL) on its regioselectivity and activity, homologous substitution and site-directed saturation mutagenesis were used. Two mutants PEL-loopAO and M234F were selected to catalyze the hydrolysis of tricaprylin and the molar ratios of 1,2-dicaprylin to 1,3-dicaprylin in the products were 25.57 and 8.57 respectively, showing obvious sn-1,3 regioselectivity of the mutants. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the structures of the substrate binding pocket of the mutants changed significantly. Moreover, due to the different positions of sn-1(3) and sn-2 ester bonds in the substrate molecule, it is easier for the substrate molecule to adapt to the significant changes in the substrate binding pocket and form the correct sn-1(3) catalytic conformation instead of sn-2 catalytic conformation, which makes the mutants exhibit apparent sn-1,3 position selectivity. In addition, the decrease of hydrophobicity of C-terminal loop domain will cause the decrease of lipase activity, whereas maintaining or improving the hydrophobicity can maintain or improve the activity. These findings are of great value in elucidating the relationship between the C-terminal loop domain of the lipase and its regioselectivity and activity, and also provide some reliable clues for obtaining lipases with better regioselectivity.

Effects of Steaming, Microwaving, and Hot-Air Drying on the Physicochemical Properties and Storage Stability of Oat Bran

Oat bran is a nutrient-dense, resource-rich byproduct that is produced from oat milling. Oxidative deterioration is the main reason that limits the utilisation of oat bran. Thus, improving the storage stability of oat bran has become an urgent requirement. This study aimed to investigate the inhibition of oat bran deterioration via steaming, microwaving, and hot-air drying treatments and the effects of these methods on oat bran physicochemical properties and storage stability. Results indicated that, after the three heating treatments, the solubility of oat bran increased and the powder fluidity showed no significant change ( P &lt; 0.05 ). Steam-treated oat bran demonstrated increased initial gelatinisation temperature, peak temperature, and enthalpy, significantly reduced peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown value, final viscosity, and setback value, and significantly improved thermal stability ( P &lt; 0.05 ). During accelerated storage, oat bran samples subjected to the three heat treatments showed increased sensory scores and L ∗ , a ∗ , and b ∗ values, whereas due to the decrease of lipase activity in oat bran, their fatty acid values and malondialdehyde content increased slowly and were always lower than those of unprocessed oat bran. All three heat treatments could improve the storage stability and the quality deterioration of oat bran during storage due to oil oxidation. Steaming had the most significant effect.

Cola nitida infusion modulates cardiometabolic activities linked to cardiomyopathy in diabetic rats

This study investigated the therapeutic mechanism of Cola nitida seeds on diabetic cardiomyopathy in hearts of diabetic rats. Type 2 diabetic (T2D) rats were treated with C. nitida infusion at 150 or 300 mg/kg body weight (bw). The rats were sacrificed after 6 weeks of treatment, and their hearts harvested. There was an upsurge in oxidative stress on induction of T2D as depicted by the depleted levels of glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, and elevated malondialdehyde level. The activities of acetylcholinesterase, and ATPase were significantly elevated, with suppressed ENTPDase and 5'nucleotodase activities in hearts of T2D rats depicting cholinergic and purinergic dysfunctions. Induction of T2D further led to elevated activity of ACE and altered myocardial morphology. Treatment with C. nitida infusion led to reversal of these biomarkers' activities and levels, while maintaining an intact morphology. The infusion caused decreased lipase activity and depletion of diabetes-generated cardiac lipid metabolites, while concomitantly generating saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, fatty esters and alcohols. There was also an inactivation of plasmalogen synthesis and mitochondrial beta-oxidation of long chain saturated fatty acids pathways in T2D rats treated with C. nitida infusion. These results indicate the therapeutic effect of C. nitida infusion against diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Growth and health status of the red claw crayfish, cherax quadricarinatus , fed diets with four typical plant protein sources as a replacement for fish meal

Four isonitrogenous (350 g/kg protein) diets were formulated for juvenile red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, with half of the dietary fish meal replaced by four commonly used plant protein sources (cottonseed meal, soybean meal, rapeseed meal and peanut meal). A diet without fish meal replacement was used as a control. An eight-week growth trial was conducted to evaluate the growth and health of crayfish juveniles (6.71 ± 0.08 g) fed diets containing the five different protein sources. The weight gain and specific growth rate significantly decreased in the crayfish fed the peanut meal diet compared with those fed the control diet. Survival, hepatosomatic index and whole-body proximate compositions were not significantly influenced by different dietary plant protein sources. Intestinal damage is accompanied by higher activities of glutathione peroxidase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, and decreased lipase activities were observed in the crayfish fed the peanut meal diet. Crayfish fed the rapeseed diet also showed the detached peritrophic membrane and the lower lipase activities than those in control. Moreover, the malondialdehyde content increased and acid phosphatase activity decreased in the haemolymph of crayfish fed the soybean meal diet compared with those fed the control diet. Compared with those fed the control diet, the significantly increased valine contents, the activities of alkaline phosphatase and amylase were found in the crayfish fed the cottonseed meal diet. All these results suggest that soybean meal, rapeseed meal and peanut meal were not suitable substitute sources of plant protein for fish meal because of their adverse influences. On the contrary, cottonseed meal can be a good choice for fish meal replacement in the diet of juvenile Cherax quadricarinatus, as it does not have adverse effects on growth and could even increase amino acid nutrition, immunity and digestion.

The protective effects of melatonin on survival, immune response, digestive enzymes activities and intestinal microbiota diversity in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) exposed to glyphosate

Glyphosate is one of the most widely used pesticides, which can cause toxicity to aquatic animals. In this study, the survival rate, immune response, digestive enzyme activities, and the intestinal microbiota diversity of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) were evaluated after 14 days of exposure to glyphosate (48.945 mg/L from 50% 96 h LC50 value) and melatonin feeding (80 mg/kg). The results showed that MT significantly improved the survival rate, antibacterial capacity of E. sinensis (P < 0.05). After exposure to glyphosate, the expression of Hsp60, Hsp70 and Hsp90 in cranial ganglia and thoracic ganglia was decreased significantly, but MT significantly raised the expression of these proteins (P < 0.05). Glyphosate significantly decreased lipase activity compared with the control group (P < 0.05), while melatonin significantly increased the lipase, amylase and trypsin activities (P < 0.05). Melatonin significantly increased the Chao1 and Shannon index and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes (P < 0.05). This study shows that melatonin has a protective effect on the glyphosate exposed E. sinensis.

Effect of pollutants on biochemical properties of microorganisms

Introduction. The development of different ways of identifying hazard of substances, polluting the environment, that are alternative to routine methods for assessing health of different professional groups of people, as well as to tests on laboratory animals, has been assessed and summarized in a number of papers, and there is a growing volume of actual data on this issue. The analyzing pathogenic properties of microflora, isolated from polluted habitats or changed under the effect of pollutants, allows both assessing the risk of diseases with microbial etiology and identifying the influence of modifying factors on this process. Materials and methods. The research was performed on 150 cultures of Klebsiella pneumoniae, exposed to diethanolamine, phenol, sulfuric and nitric acids, taken at the level of their threshold limit value. The same cultures incubated without pollutants were used as a control group. Pathogenic factors were determined with the use of traditional methods, our modified methods (RNAase activity) and standard agents, kits and media. Results. The contact with all the pollutants resulted in a fair increase in adhesive, anti-Ig, lysozyme, anti-lysozyme and RNAase activities of microorganisms, their resistance to antibacterial action of blood serum, as well as to damaging action of lactoferrin. The bacteria increased their ability to synthesize a substance, immunologically similar to human lactoferrin. At the same time, there was a decrease in lipase activity, primarily referred to factors determining the bacterial ability to survive in the environment. Discussion. Therefore, the paper results can be presented as follows: being an independent and holistic section of modern microbiology, bacterial biochemistry unites the issues appeared to be far from each other - changes in factors of pathogenicity and persistence of microorganisms and technogenic changeability of the environment. Being quite urgent today, this problem may become aggravated in the course of further technological progress.

Effect of pollutants on biochemical properties of microorganisms

Introduction. The development of different ways of identifying hazard of substances, polluting the environment, that are alternative to routine methods for assessing health of different professional groups of people, as well as to tests on laboratory animals, has been assessed and summarized in a number of papers, and there is a growing volume of actual data on this issue. The analyzing pathogenic properties of microflora, isolated from polluted habitats or changed under the effect of pollutants, allows both assessing the risk of diseases with microbial etiology and identifying the influence of modifying factors on this process. Materials and methods. The research was performed on 150 cultures of Klebsiella pneumoniae, exposed to diethanolamine, phenol, sulfuric and nitric acids, taken at the level of their threshold limit value. The same cultures incubated without pollutants were used as a control group. Pathogenic factors were determined with the use of traditional methods, our modified methods (RNAase activity) and standard agents, kits and media. Results. The contact with all the pollutants resulted in a fair increase in adhesive, anti-Ig, lysozyme, anti-lysozyme and RNAase activities of microorganisms, their resistance to antibacterial action of blood serum, as well as to damaging action of lactoferrin. The bacteria increased their ability to synthesize a substance, immunologically similar to human lactoferrin. At the same time, there was a decrease in lipase activity, primarily referred to factors determining the bacterial ability to survive in the environment. Discussion. Therefore, the paper results can be presented as follows: being an independent and holistic section of modern microbiology, bacterial biochemistry unites the issues appeared to be far from each other - changes in factors of pathogenicity and persistence of microorganisms and technogenic changeability of the environment. Being quite urgent today, this problem may become aggravated in the course of further technological progress.

Effects of exposure to waterborne polystyrene microspheres on lipid metabolism in the hepatopancreas of juvenile redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus

Previous research has identified microplastics as new environmental pollutants that are widely distributed in a variety of environments, including aquaculture environments. However, the potential hazard of microplastics to aquaculture animals, especially toward lipid metabolism involved with the survival and growth of aquatic animal, has not yet been investigated. In the present study, redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) were exposed to different concentrations of 200 nm-sized polystyrene microspheres (0, 0.5, and 5 mg/L) for 21 days, to investigate the effects of microplastics on lipid metabolism.After ingestion, the microplastics were distributed in the intestines and hepatopancreas, and appeared to inhibit the growth of Cherax quadricarinatus. Subsequently, the lipid levels in the hepatopancreas and hemolymph was detected, and found that after 21 days of exposure, the lipid content and free fatty acids in the hepatopancreas and hemolymph decreased significantly, and total cholesterol and triglycerides levels increased significantly in the hemolymph. This might have been caused by insufficient intake of exogenous fat. A significant decrease in lipase activity also supported this view. The activity of lipoprotein lipase related to lipolysis in the hepatopancreas increased significantly, while the activity of fatty acid synthase related to fat synthesis increased, and the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase decreased. These results indicated disturbed lipid metabolism in the hepatopancreas. The significant increase of lipid transport-related low-density lipoprotein indicated that the lipolytic capacity was higher than the lipid synthesis capacity. The expression levels of fatty acid metabolism-related genes FAD6 and FABP decreased significantly, indicating that the fatty acid utilization ability of hepatopancreas cells was inhibited, which was consistent with the results of enzyme activities.Thus, microplastics represent a potential hazard to redclaw crayfish, at least on lipid metabolism. This study provided basic data on the ecotoxicological effects of microplastics on crustaceans.

Storage characteristics of infrared radiation stabilized rice bran and its shelf-life evaluation by prediction modeling.

Rice bran is a nutrient-dense and resource-rich byproduct produced from the rice milling. The limitation of rice bran utilization is mainly caused by oxidative deterioration. Improvement of stability to prolong rice bran shelf-life has thus become an urgent requirement. The present study aimed to determine the characteristics of infrared radiation heat treatment of rice bran (IRRB) and raw rice bran stored under different temperatures. The effects of heating and storage time on physicochemical, microbial, storage stability and structural properties were investigated. Additionally, the prediction model for the shelf-life of rice bran was established based on free fatty acids and the peroxide value by fitting the curve of bran lipid oxidation. The results obtained demonstrated that infrared radiation heating at 300 °C for 210 s resulted in decreased lipase activity and peroxidase activity of 73.05% and 81.50%, respectively. The free fatty acids and peroxide value of IRRB stored at 4 and 25 °C for 8 weeks were only reached at 2.35% and 3.17% and 2.53 and 3.64 meq kg-1 , respectively. The shelf-life prediction model showed the the shelf-life of infrared radiation-treated samples increased to 71.6 and 25.8 weeks under storage at 4 and 25 °C, respectively. The stabilizing process could effectively suppress microbial growth and had no prominent effect on the physicochemical and microstructure properties of rice bran and, simultaneously, storage life was greatly extended. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Topical 2% ketoconazole cream monotherapy significantly improves adult female acne: A double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial.

The emergence of bacterial resistance is a global crisis. Prolonged use of antibiotics especially in acne is one issue of concern among dermatologists. Ketoconazole (KTZ) cream, a topical antifungal with anti-inflammatory and antiandrogenic actions, can decrease lipase activity of Cutibacterium acnes in vitro. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of KTZ cream in mild adult female acne (AFA) by conducting a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial using KTZ 2% and placebo cream twice daily for 10weeks. We assessed the improvement of clinical severity, measured by AFA score graded by investigators and participants, and the change of acne count. Forty-one participants enrolled in our study. The proportion of participants with acne improvement from baseline (42.9% vs 9.5%, P=0.015) and the success rate (45.0% vs 14.3%, P=0.043) in the KTZ group were significantly higher than that of the placebo group. The most common adverse events were dryness and itching. The percentage change of acne count decreased significantly compared with baseline but did not differ statistically between the two groups (P=0.268). We concluded that the KTZ monotherapy showed a plausible effect in improving AFA with excellent safety profile. It should be considered as a viable option for mild AFA treatment.

Effects of starvation and stocking density on the physiology of the male of the southern king crab Lithodes santolla

The southern king crab (SKC) Lithodes santolla is an important commercial species in southern South America. There is a greater need for availability of fresh and live crabs during the season of highest demand in summer (mainly December and January). Thus, this study aimed to determine the effects of starvation and stocking densities on the physiological status of male SKC to know whether SKC can be stocked after they are fished. To assess the effects of starvation, crabs were assigned to two experimental groups: the Laboratory group (in which crabs were either fed daily (controls), fed every 15 days, or starved and the Sea group (in which crabs were either fed every 15 days or starved). Starved crabs showed a very slight mass reduction (<5%), glycogen depletion from the midgut gland (when kept at sea), lipid peroxidation reduction in both the muscle and the midgut gland, and micro-structural alterations of the midgut gland. Starved crabs were then analyzed at three stocking density levels: low (35 crabs m−3), medium (69 crabs m−3), and high (115 crabs m−3) for 30 days. In this experiment, we found, at all densities, a decreased weight of the midgut gland, a low condition index, decreased lipase activity, glycogen reduction, increased protein reserves, and lipid peroxidation reduction, and decreased lipid levels at low and medium densities. The muscle showed, at all densities, an increased protein oxidation and a decrease in the RNA:DNA ratio. Our results suggest that SKC can tolerate relatively high stocking densities, have low mortality, and are able to endure 60 days of food deprivation without lowering their flesh yield. This would allow marketing crabs alive off-season.

Inhibitory Effect of fermented pectin on key metabolic enzymes associated with diabetes, obesity; and Liver-Kidney tissues toxicities

Consumption of a high fat and sugar diets induced serious disorders and diseases such as obesity, hyperlipidemia and type2 diabetes. Food fiber exerts various beneficial effects in health. The present study evaluate the effect of Soluble Fermentable Dietary Pectin (SFDP) in high-fat/fructose diet (HFFD) induced obesity, hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia. The findings indicate that administration of SFDP to HFFD rats improved body weight by decreasing lipase activity in intestine and pancreas by 34% and 22% respectively as compared to untreated HFFD rats; consequently decrease in body weight by 19%; and also decrease in TC and LDL-c and TG rates by 15%, 14%, and 32% and increase in HDL-c by 32%. In addition, consumption of SFDP significantly suppressed α-amylase activity (key enzyme related to hyperglycemia) and this leads to decrease in blood glucose level by 24% than those in the diabetic rats. In addition, SFDP efficiently protected the hepatic and kidney functions observed by the considerable decrease of aspartate and alanine transaminases (AST and ALT) and lactate deshydrogenase (LDH), creatinine (Creat) and urea contents in the serum of diabetic rats. The beneficial effects of SFDP were also evidenced histological study of liver, kidney and heart tissues. Overall, the findings of the present study indicate that SFDP displays a number of promising properties and can used as therapeutic agents in for amelioration of obesity, hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia.