Decrease In Triglyceride Levels Research Articles

Silybin A from Silybum marianum reprograms lipid metabolism to induce a cell fate-dependent class switch from triglycerides to phospholipids.

Rationale: Silybum marianum is used to protect against degenerative liver damage. The molecular mechanisms of its bioactive component, silybin, remained enigmatic, although membrane-stabilizing properties, modulation of membrane protein function, and metabolic regulation have been discussed for decades. Methods: Experiments were performed with hepatocyte cell lines and primary monocytes in vitro under both basal and stressed conditions, and in mice in vivo. Quantitative lipidomics was used to detect changes in phospholipids and triglycerides. Key findings were confirmed by Western blotting, quantitative PCR, microscopy, enzyme activity assays, metabolic flux studies, and functional relationships were investigated using selective inhibitors. Results: We show that specifically the stereoisomer silybin A decreases triglyceride levels and lipid droplet content, while enriching major phospholipid classes and maintaining a homeostatic phospholipid composition in human hepatocytes in vitro and in mouse liver in vivo under normal and pre-disease conditions. Conversely, in cell-based disease models of lipid overload and lipotoxic stress, silybin treatment primarily depletes triglycerides. Mechanistically, silymarin/silybin suppresses phospholipid-degrading enzymes, induces phospholipid biosynthesis to varying degrees depending on the conditions, and down-regulates triglyceride remodeling/biosynthesis, while inducing complex changes in sterol and fatty acid metabolism. Structure-activity relationship studies highlight the importance of the 1,4-benzodioxane ring configuration of silybin A in triglyceride reduction and the saturated 2,3-bond of the flavanonol moiety in phospholipid accumulation. Enrichment of hepatic phospholipids and intracellular membrane expansion are associated with a heightened biotransformation capacity. Conclusion: Our study deciphers the structural features of silybin contributing to hepatic lipid remodeling and suggests that silymarin/silybin protects the liver in individuals with mild metabolic dysregulation, involving a lipid class switch from triglycerides to phospholipids, whereas it may be less effective in disease states associated with severe metabolic dysregulation.

Multi-layer regulation of postprandial triglyceride metabolism in response to acute cold exposure.

Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) carry lipids in the bloodstream, where the fatty acid moieties are liberated by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and taken up by peripheral tissues such as brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT), whereas the remaining cholesterol-rich remnant particles are cleared mainly by the liver. Elevated triglyceride (TG) levels and prolonged circulation of cholesterol-rich remnants are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Acute cold exposure decreases postprandial TG levels and is a potential therapeutic approach to treat hypertriglyceridemia. However, how acute cold exposure regulates TG metabolism remains incompletely understood. In the current study, we found that acute cold exposure simultaneously increases postprandial very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) production and TG clearance, with the latter playing a dominant role and resulting in decreased TG levels. Acute cold exposure increases LPL activity and TG uptake in BAT, while suppressing LPL activity and TG uptake in WAT. Mechanistically, acute cold exposure increases BAT LPL activity through transcriptional upregulation of Lpl and posttranscriptional regulation via inhibiting the hepatic insulin-ANGPTL8-ANGPTL3 axis, while suppressing WAT LPL activity through upregulation of ANGPTL4. Angptl8 knockout mice have dramatically decreased levels of circulating TG. In the absence of ANGPTL8, acute cold exposure increases rather than decreases circulating TG levels. Thus, our study reveals multi-layered regulation of acute cold response and postprandial TG metabolism, highlighting the key functions of ANGPTL3, 4, and 8 in response to acute cold exposure.

Low-fat versus Low-carbohydrate Diet

Abstract The global obesity rate has risen significantly, prompting research into the optimal dietary strategies for weight loss, particularly in relation to macronutrient composition. Despite numerous studies, the most effective macronutrient balance for weight reduction remains under debate. The objective of this article is to compare the impacts of a low-carbohydrate diet and a low-fat diet on weight loss and cardiovascular health. A comprehensive literature review was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Studies included randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews to provide a broad analysis of the evidence on a low-carbohydrate versus a low-fat diet. Short-term weight loss was significantly higher with a low-carbohydrate diet compared to an unrestricted low-fat diet. However, when matched for calorie intake, no significant difference in weight was observed between the two diets, suggesting that total calorie intake may be more influential than macronutrient composition. Notably, a low-carbohydrate diet induced a greater decrease in triglyceride levels and an increase in both high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared to a low-fat diet.

Therapeutic Potential of Dimethyl Fumarate for the Treatment of High-Fat/High-Sucrose Diet-Induced Obesity.

Obesity is characterized by an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure that triggers abnormal growth of adipose tissues. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and its primary active metabolite, monomethyl fumarate (MMF), are Nrf2 activators and have been recognized as strategic antioxidants. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of MMF and DMF to interfere with adipogenesis and obesity, and identify the molecular mechanisms involved. The 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were incubated with differentiation medium (MIX) and simultaneously treated with different concentrations of MMF. In addition, male C57BL/6 mice were fed a standard diet or high-fat/high-sucrose diet (HFHSD) for 16 weeks, during the last 4 of which, they received oral DMF treatment. Exposure to MMF prevented the development of MIX-induced adipogenesis by reducing the expression of transcription factors that drive adipocyte differentiation and by decreasing triglyceride levels. In addition, various antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects were observed after treatment with MMF as evidenced by the modulation of transcription factor activities and reduction in reactive oxygen species, adipokine, proinflammatory cytokine and resistin levels. In vivo treatment with DMF reduced calorie intake, body weight, and visceral and subcutaneous fat mass in HFHSD mice. Furthermore, DMF administration led to a better glycemic response as well as lower leptin and adiponectin plasma levels in these animals. Our data demonstrate that DMF and its metabolite MMF interfere with adipogenesis and prevent the key features of diet-induced obesity. Considering DMF is already a commercial drug used to treat psoriasis and multiple sclerosis, its pharmacological application for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders holds promise.

Serendipitous Discovery of Lipemia Retinalis in a Premature Infant: A Case Report

Introduction Lipemia retinalis (LR) is a rare ocular condition characterized by a creamy white appearance of the retinal vessels, which is indicative of significantly elevated serum triglyceride (TG) levels. This condition is particularly noteworthy in pediatric populations, especially in preterm infants who are at risk for various metabolic disorders. Case Presentation We report a case of LR in a 44-day-old preterm infant identified during routine retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening. Unusual retinal findings led to metabolic investigations, revealing elevated TG levels confirming LR. The infant was managed with a dietary regimen including skimmed milk, resulting in a substantial decrease in TG levels and complete resolution of the retinal changes. Conclusion Fundus examination serves as a portal to the systemic health of an individual, enabling rare identification of LR, indicative of underlying dyslipidemia. This case underscores the necessity for comprehensive metabolic screening in preterm infants, particularly during ROP assessments. Furthermore, it emphasizes the effectiveness of dietary interventions in managing LR. The favorable outcomes stress the significance of early detection of LR in pediatric patients and implementing nutritional strategies to enhance metabolic well-being, thereby averting severe hypertriglyceridemia complications.

A quality improvement project to improve treatment of severe hypertriglyceridemia in veterans.

Severe hypertriglyceridemia (sHTG) is associated with an increased risk of acute pancreatitis. Prompt recognition and treatment of sHTG is key for prevention of acute pancreatitis and its associated life-threatening complications. Patients with sHTG at a primary care clinic within the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System were receiving suboptimal treatment that did not align with evidence-based guidelines. We initiated a quality improvement (QI) project to improve the management of sHTG in an outpatient primary care clinic. Veterans with a triglyceride level between 500 and 1,500 mg/dl were included in the project. Project interventions included provider education, patient education, and targeted electronic consultations (e-consults) with treatment recommendations. The primary outcome was to decrease the percentage of patients with triglycerides ≥500 mg/dl by 25%. The secondary outcome was to decrease the mean triglyceride level of the patient population by 15%. Education on evaluation and treatment of sHTG was given to 100% ( n = 21) of primary care clinicians. Overall, 72.8% (95% CI [62.6-81.6%]) of patients ( n = 67) received appropriate written education materials, and 72.8% (95% CI [62.6-81.6%]) of patients ( n = 67) received a targeted e-consult. The percentage of patients with sHTG decreased by 47%. Average triglyceride level decreased from 651 to 483 mg/dl (25.8% decrease). A multipronged QI project consisting of provider education, patient education, and targeted e-consults resulted in decreased triglyceride levels and improved access to specialist expertise. Clinical implications include decreased prevalence of sHTG and risk of acute pancreatitis among patients in the project.

Effects of age and diet on triglyceride metabolism in mice

Both age and diet can contribute to alterations in triglyceride metabolism and subsequent metabolic disease. In humans, plasma triglyceride levels increase with age. Diets high in saturated fats can increase triglyceride levels while diets high in omega-3 fatty acids decrease triglyceride levels. Here we asked how age and long-term diet altered triglyceride metabolism in mice. We fed male and female C57Bl/6 mice a low-fat diet, a western diet (WD), or a diet high in polyunsaturated and omega-3 fatty acids (n3D) for up to 2 years. We measured survival, body composition, plasma triglyceride levels, chylomicron clearance, and oral fat, glucose, and insulin tolerance. Triglyceride levels in mice did not increase with age, regardless of diet. Oral fat tolerance increased with age, while chylomicron clearance remained unchanged. Decreased survival was observed in WD-fed mice. Interestingly, n3D-fed mice diet gained more lean mass and had lower insulin levels than WD-fed or LFD-fed mice. Moreover, triglyceride uptake into the hearts of n3D-fed mice was strikingly higher than in other groups. Our data indicate that in C57Bl/6 mice, age-induced changes in triglyceride metabolism differ from those observed in humans. Mice, like humans, appeared to have decreased fat absorption with age, but in mice plasma triglyceride clearance did not decrease with age, resulting in lower plasma triglyceride levels and improved fat tolerance with age. Although a chronic diet high in omega-3 fatty acids increased insulin sensitivity and triglyceride uptake specifically into the heart, how these observations are connected is unclear.

Surgical versus non-surgical management of hyperfunctional thyroid metastasis: a case report

BackgroundHyperthyroidism, caused by metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer, is a rare condition that can be difficult to diagnose. Thyrotoxicosis and metastatic disease regarding functional metastasis increase morbidity and mortality in patients with functional metastasis and need to be treated. This study aims to present a case of hyper-functional metastasis of thyroid cancer to analyze its pathological features, diagnostic procedures, and treatment options and to gather and examine recent cases of hyper-functional metastasis of thyroid cancer.Case presentationA 26-year-old Iranian woman presenting with hyperthyroidism and a solid cystic nodule measuring 14.5 × 15.7 × 19.6 mm in the left thyroid lobe underwent thyroid surgery revealing papillary thyroid carcinoma. Despite lymph node metastasis, she refused further surgery and opted for lymph node radiofrequency ablation and radioactive iodine therapy. Subsequent follow-ups showed no recurrence of lymphadenopathy, normalized thyroid function, and decreasing triglyceride levels, with the patient under surveillance.ConclusionRadioactive iodine is a first-line treatment option for patients with hyperactive thyroid cancer presenting with metastatic disease. Another therapeutic option is surgery, which is performed to maximize the reduction of thyroid tissue, lymph nodes, and distant metastasis.

8443 Incretin-Mimetic Therapy In Hypertriglyceridemia-Induced Pancreatitis - A Case Report

Abstract Disclosure: A. Iqbal: None. U. Alwahab: None. Introduction The use of incretin-mimetic therapy (IMT), which includes human glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists, in patients with a history of pancreatitis is controversial. While clinical trials have demonstrated a slightly increased incidence of acute pancreatitis (AP) in patients on IMT, it is unclear if patients with hypertriglyceridemia (HTG)-induced pancreatitis areat similar risk. In patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and HTG, control of diabetes and improvement of metabolic profile using IMT could decrease the risk of HTG-induced pancreatitis. Case Description We report a case of a patient with diabetes and a history of HTG-induced pancreatitis where IMT was successfully used without precipitation of AP. Patient A is a 44-year-old male with obesity (BMI 38.25 kg/m2 ), T2D, and severe HTG associated with recurrent episodes of AP. His triglyceride (TG) level has ranged from 983 to >4,000 mg/dL. He is on fenofibrate, icosapent ethyl, and rosuvastatin. His last hospitalization for acute pancreatitis was 3months prior. His most recent hemoglobin A1c is 7.4%, TG is 302mg/dL, and he is being treated with glipizide, metformin, empagliflozin, and multiple daily injections of insulin. For management of his obesity and T2D, he is then started on tirzepatide, in conjunction with diet and lifestyle modification, which is slowly up-titrated to 7.5 mg weekly. After 12 months of tirzepatide treatment, he has lost 10 lbs, his A1C is now 5.9%, triglycerides have improved to 172 mg/dL, and he has had no precipitation of AP. Discussion While a history of pancreatitis is a relative contraindication to the use of IMT, attention should be paid to the cause of pancreatitis. Obesity and uncontrolled diabetes are frequent triggers of AP. IMT helps improve metabolic profile in patients with obesity, uncontrolled diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia, thus decreasing triglyceride levels and preventing further episodes of AP as seen in our patient. The use of IMT in patients with a history of AP should be done on an individualized basis. Controlling the trigger for the AP (such as hypertriglyceridemia) should be prioritized and shared medical decision-making with the patient should be done regarding the benefits and risks of IMT. Presentation: 6/3/2024

Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Intestinal Microbiota and Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4 in Overweight and Obese Individuals.

Intermittent fasting is a nutritional strategy that focuses on when to eat, rather than what to eat. Although the effectiveness of intermittent fasting practices in many metabolic diseases is known, its effect on microbiota and its underlying mechanism has not yet been clarified. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Ramadan fasting, one of the intermittent fasting practices, on gut microbiota and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4). The study involved 10 male volunteers, 6 of whom were overweight and 4 were obese. They fasted for an average of 14-15 hours daily from dawn to sunset during the 29-day Ramadan month between 23 March - 20 April 2023 and met the inclusion criteria. The participants' nutritional and physical activity status before and during Ramadan, as well as their anthropometric measurements before and after Ramadan, intestinal microbiota, transaminases, gamma-glutamyl transferase, C reactive protein, total cholesterol (C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) C, low-density lipoprotein C, triglycerides (TG), and FABP4 levels, were evaluated within the scope of the study. The study found a statistically significant increase in both alpha and beta diversity in the intestinal microbiota following Ramadan fasting (p<0.05). The F/B ratio, Firmicutes phylum, Clostridia class, Clostridiales order, and Ruminococcaceae family exhibited statistically significant decreases, while the Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria phyla, Bacteroidia, Alphaproteobacteria, and Erysipelotrichi classes, Bacteroidales, Erysipelotrichales, and Actinomycetales orders, Erysipelotrichaceae family and Prevotella genus, demonstrated statistically significant increases (p<0.05). Participants who achieved an average weight loss of 2.3±0.99 kg at the end of Ramadan showed a significant increase in HDL-C and a significant decrease in TG levels (p<0.05). Although FABP4 levels decreased after fasting, this difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Ramadan fasting induces weight loss, modifies gut microbiota, and improves blood lipid profile and FABP4 levels, suggesting the need for more extensive studies.

La dieta sin gluten cambia el perfil lipídico de los niños y adolescentes celíacos

Introduction: the gluten-free diet is the only treatment for coeliac disease. Gluten-free products contain a higher percentage of carbohydrates and saturated lipids, which can lead to long-term metabolic problems. The aim of this study was to analyse the lipid profile of children and adolescents aged less than 18 years after receiving the diagnosis of coeliac disease and its changes after starting treatment. Material and methods: to this end, we carried out a retrospective observational study of children diagnosed with coeliac disease without other comorbidity and following a strict gluten-free diet. Lipid profiles were collected at disease onset and 1 year and 6 years after initiation of the gluten-free diet and subsequently compared. Results: the sample included 24 paediatric patients, and we observed an increase in total cholesterol levels and a decrease in triglyceride levels, both of which were statistically significant (p&lt;0.05). Conclusions: we believe it is important to analyse the nutritional profile of paediatric coeliac patients at the time of diagnosis and during the followup of the gluten-free diet to detect metabolic and/or nutritional problems at an early stage, with the purpose of preventing the development of complications that may manifest as early as childhood.

Hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant potential of Myrcia pubipetala in an animal model of type 1 diabetes

Myrcia genus plants, like Myrcia pubipetala, traditionally used as hypoglycemic agents, hold promise for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM1) research but need more comprehensive chemical and pharmacological investigation. This is an experimental study involving controlled administration of treatments to a group of rats to assess their effects compared with a control group, investigating the effects of M. pubipetala on alloxan-induced Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in rats. After the induction of diabetes, the rats received the hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) or aqueous fraction (AF) (25, 50, 100, or 150 mg kg-1) of M. pubipetala, or water. The results showed that diabetic rats presented cell damage in kidneys, oxidative stress, and high levels of glucose and triglycerides in their plasma and erythrocytes. The HAE (150 mg kg-1), per se, reduced lipid and protein oxidation, and the AF (150 mg kg-1) decreased lipoperoxidation. AF (150 mg kg-1), per se, decreased triglyceride levels. Conclusion: treatment with HAE and AF reduced oxidative damage, positively modulated antioxidant defenses, and exerted hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects, representing a potential adjuvant treatment for diabetes.

Effect of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius Leaf Extract in Lowering Triglyceride Levels and Body Weight of Wistar Rats with Metabolic Syndrome

Background: Cnidoscolus aconitifolius has the potential to be antidyslipidemic which has the effect of lowering triglyceride levels. This study aimed to explore the effect of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius leaf extract on triglyceride levels and body weight of Wistar rats with metabolic syndrome. Methods: This randomized controlled trial with a pre- and posttest design was conducted in 2021 at the Center for Food and Nutrition Studies, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Male Wistar rats were subjected into metabolic syndrome state with a high-fat and high-fructose diet (HFHFD) for 21 days, then injected with Streptozotocin (STZ, 45 mg/kg) and Nicotinamide (NA, 110 mg/kg), and designated as positive control group. The intervention group was given 150 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and 450 mg/kg dose of leaf extract for 28 days. Triglyceride, glucose, high-density lipoprotein or HDL, and cholesterol were measured before and after intervention, using serum samples taken from the retro-orbital vein and analyzed using an enzymatic colorimetric method. The Wistar weight was measured every week. Data was analyzed by paired T-test and One-way ANOVA with Post-hoc Bonferroni and Games-Howell. Results: There was a significant decrease in triglyceride levels after the intervention (p&lt; 0.005). Interestingly, there was also a significant increase in weight gain in all groups after the intervention (p=0.000), both were dose dependent. Conclusion: Cnidoscolus aconitifolius leaf extract is significantly lowering triglyceride levels in the Wistar rats model. In addition, weight gain has also been observed after intervention. Clinical studies are needed to further explore the potential of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius leaves as anti-dyslipidemia.

The Effect of Vitamin D Deficiency Treatment on Lipid Profile and C-reactive Protein in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease: Double-blind Randomized Clinical Trial.

Atherosclerosis is the main process in coronary artery stenosis, which is exacerbated by vitamin D deficiency. This study aims to investigate the relationship between vitamin D deficiency treatment, lipid profile, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in ischemic heart disease (IHD). This is a double-blind, randomized clinical trial involving 44 IHD patients with hypovitaminosis, aged 40-65 years, who were referred to Chamran Specialty Heart Hospital, Isfahan, Iran. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: The intervention group received weekly doses of 50,000 units of vitamin D3 for 5 weeks, while the placebo group received a control substance. CRP and serum lipid profiles, including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), were assessed before and after the intervention. Trial registration number: IRCT20200905048622N1. The mean age of the IHD patients was 57.84 ± 9.66 years, and among all 44 patients, 40 patients (91%) were male In the intervention group receiving vitamin D3, serum levels of HDL (P = 0.048) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) (P < 0.001) increased, while serum level of TG (P = 0.008) decreased significantly. In the placebo group, HDL level (P = 0.007) was increased and alanine transaminase (ALT) (P = 0.05) was significantly decreased. The results showed that the correlation between serum 25(OH)D treatment and CRP level was not significant. Vitamin D supplementation in IHD patients led to notable improvements in lipid profiles, including increased HDL-C levels and decreased TG levels. These findings hold potential clinical implications for healthcare professionals in managing risk factors in IHD patients.

Effects of Age and Diet on Triglyceride Metabolism in Mice.

Both age and diet can contribute to alterations in triglyceride metabolism and subsequent metabolic disease. In humans, plasma triglyceride levels increase with age. Diets high in saturated fats can increase triglyceride levels while diets high in omega-3 fatty acids decrease triglyceride levels. Here we asked how age and long-term diet effected triglyceride metabolism in mice. We fed male and female mice a low-fat diet, a western diet, or a diet high in polyunsaturated and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids for up to 2 years. We measured survival, body composition, plasma triglyceride levels, chylomicron clearance, and oral fat, glucose, and insulin tolerance. Triglyceride levels in mice did not increase with age, regardless of diet. Oral fat tolerance increased with age, while chylomicron clearance remained unchanged. Mice fed western diet had decreased survival. Interestingly, mice fed the n-3 diet gained more lean mass, and had lower insulin levels than mice fed either low-fat or western diet. Moreover, triglyceride uptake into the hearts of mice fed the n-3 diet was strikingly higher than in other groups. In mice, age-induced changes in triglyceride metabolism did not match those in humans. Our data suggested that mice, like humans, had decreased fat absorption with age, but plasma triglyceride clearance did not decrease with age in mice, resulting in lower plasma triglyceride levels and improved oral fat tolerance with age. A chronic diet high in n-3 fatty acids increased insulin sensitivity and uptake of triglycerides specifically into the heart but how these observations are connected is unclear.

Inhibitors of apolipoprotein C3, triglyceride levels, and risk of pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

In recent years, novel apoC3 inhibitor therapies for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia have been developed and assessed through phase II and III clinical trials. The objective of this study was to perform an updated meta-analysis on the impact of new apoC3 inhibitor drugs on triglyceride and apoC3 levels, as well as on the incidence of pancreatitis. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled studies assessing the effects of apoC3 inhibitors therapy (antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNA) on triglyceride levels, apoC3 levels, and the occurrence of acute pancreatitis. This meta-analysis was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. The random-effects model was performed. Nine randomized clinical trials (n = 717 patients) were considered eligible for this systematic review. ApoC3 inhibitor drugs were consistently associated with decreased triglyceride levels (MD -57.0%; 95% CI -61.9 to -52.1, I2 82%) and lowered apoC3 values (MD -76; 95% CI -80.1 to -71.8, I2 77%) when compared to placebo. Furthermore, the use of apoC3 inhibitor drugs demonstrated a reduction in the risk of acute pancreatitis (OR 0.11; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.27, I2 0%). The present updated meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials demonstrated that the utilization of apoC3 inhibitors in patients with hypertriglyceridemia correlated with reduced apoC3 and triglyceride levels, along with a decreased risk of acute pancreatitis compared to the placebo.

Lactate promotes fatty acid oxidation by the tricarboxylic acid cycle and mitochondrial respiration in muscles of obese mice.

Lower oxidative capacity in skeletal muscles (SKMs) is a prevailing cause of metabolic diseases. Exercise not only enhances the fatty acid oxidation (FAO) capacity of SKMs but also increases lactate levels. Given that lactate may contribute to tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) flux and impact monocarboxylate transporter 1 in the SKMs, we hypothesize that lactate can influence glucose and fatty acid (FA) metabolism. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the mechanism underlying lactate-driven FAO regulation in the SKM of mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO). Lactate was administered to DIO mice immediately after exercise for over 3 wk. We found that increased lactate levels enhanced energy expenditure mediated by fat metabolism during exercise recovery and decreased triglyceride levels in DIO mice SKMs. To determine the lactate-specific effects without exercise, we administered lactate to mice on a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 wk. Similar to our exercise conditions, lactate increased FAO, TCA cycle activity, and mitochondrial respiration in the SKMs of HFD-fed mice. In addition, under sufficient FA conditions, lactate increased uncoupling protein-3 abundance via the NADH-NAD+ shuttle. Conversely, ATP synthase abundance decreased in the SKMs of HFD mice. Taken together, our results suggest that lactate amplifies the adaptive increase in FAO capacity mediated by the TCA cycle and mitochondrial respiration in SKMs under sufficient FA abundance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Lactate administration post-exercise promotes triglyceride content loss in skeletal muscles (SKMs) and reduced body weight. Lactate enhances fatty acid oxidation in the SKMs of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice due to enhanced mitochondrial oxygen consumption. In addition, lactate restores the malate-aspartate shuttle, which is reduced by a HFD, and activates the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle in SKMs. Interestingly, supraphysiological lactate facilitates uncoupling protein-3 expression through NADH/NAD+, which is enhanced under high-fat levels in SKMs.

Study of some physiological changes in patients with kidney failure in the city of Sirte

This study was conducted at Ibn Sina Teaching Hospital during the period from (27/1/2024) to (3/7/2024). This study aims to evaluate some physiological variables of renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis. This study included following up 25 patients with chronic renal failure, and the different variables were compared with the same variables in 25 healthy people (not suffering from any disease). The blood variables were examined during this study, which included a study of the level of hemoglobin concentration, platelets, white and red blood cells, hematocrit, and biochemical variables in the blood serum such as triglycerides and cholesterol. The statistical results showed a significant decrease in all blood variables in renal failure patients compared to the healthy group, except for the number of platelets, which showed a very slight decrease. This decrease indicates the effect of renal failure on kidney function in producing red blood cells and regulating hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. This decrease is one of the main indicators of anemia, which is a common complication of renal failure. The results of biochemical tests showed a decrease in the average level of triglycerides and cholesterol. These results indicate a defect in the metabolism of fats due to renal failure, which increases the risk of heart disease. The current study concluded that there is a negative effect of patients with chronic renal failure in most of the physiological and biochemical variables studied compared to healthy people. Keywords: chronic renal failure, blood variables, physiological variables, biochemical variables.

Evaluation of Complementary Cupping Therapy in the Management of Hypertension and Triglyceride Levels in Coastal Fishermen Communities

Background: Fishermen are community groups requiring special attention. The characteristics of a stressful job, unhealthy diet, and environmental and weather conditions are risk factors for hypertension and increased triglycerides. Wet cupping therapy is expected to improve imbalance in triglyceride levels, blood pressure, and pulse rate in fishermen living in coastal areas. Methods: Sixty people from fishing communities participated in this study through random sampling by creating a serial number list. The hypertensive group (n= 30) received cupping therapy combined with Al-Quran therapy, whereas the normotensive group (n= 30) only received cupping therapy. Blood pressure, pulse, and triglyceride levels were measured in both groups before and one week after cupping therapy. Results: In the hypertension group who were administered cupping therapy combined with Al-Quran therapy, there were changes in blood pressure, mean systolic blood pressure value (from 155.4 ± 21.8 to 141.3 ± 19.9), diastolic blood pressure (from 92.9 ± 10.6 to 85.3 ± 11.3), and triglyceride levels (from 259.4 ± 154.6 to 173 ± 74.5), which showed a statistically significant decrease in P value &lt;0.05, while the normotensive group was statistically significant, but there was an increase within normal limits in systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, as well as a decrease in triglyceride levels. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that wet cupping combined with Al-Quran therapy is a promising complementary therapy for controlling blood pressure and triglyceride levels in hypertensive patients. Therefore, it could be an alternative therapy for fishing communities in coastal areas.

Gckr depletion leads to growth retardation and diet-dependent visceral obesity in red crucian carp (Carassius auratus red var.)

There exists a notable contrast in the carbohydrate utilization capacity between fish and mammals. In mammals, the glucokinase regulatory protein (GCKR) is known to exert inhibitory effects on glycolysis by binding to glucokinase (GCK), but its role in fish remains unexplored. In this study, the function of gckr in red crucian carp (Carassius auratus red var.), hereafter referred to as RCC, was investigated through its knockout. Under normal dietary conditions, the growth rate of gckr knockout RCC was significantly lower compared to wild-type (WT) RCC reared in the same environment. Subsequent analysis found that gckr knockout RCC exhibited significantly higher serum glucose levels at 1 h post-feeding or glucose injection (hpi), while the difference was abolished at 3 h. Therefore, the metabolic characteristics at 1 and 3 hpi were evaluated between WT and gckr knockout RCC. The results revealed that gckr knockout led to impaired insulin signaling and glycolysis, as evidenced by a reduction in serum insulin level, hepatic insulin receptor a and pyruvate kinase expression, GCK contents, and pyruvate levels at 1 hpi. Additionally, gckr knockout resulted in compromised gluconeogenesis, as indicated by a significant decrease in hepatic expression of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 and glucose-6-phosphatase at 1 hpi, while it did not affect glycogen accumulation after glucose injection. Regarding lipid metabolism, gckr knockout caused a transient decrease in triglyceride level and reduced expression of fatty acid synthase after glucose injection. Moreover, decreased hepatic peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (ppara) transcripts and proteins were observed in gckr knockout RCC at 1 dpi, indicating a reduced capacity for β-oxidation due to Gckr deficiency. Interestingly, when fed a high-lipid diet, gckr knockout resulted in a significant increase in visceral mass with higher triglyceride level, accompanied by attenuated PPARα signaling. Taken together, this study provides evidence that Gckr-mediated maintenance of Gck contributes to the facilitation of postprandial glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and fatty acid β-oxidation in RCC. This study further suggests that enhancing glycolysis may promote growth and liver health in fish under high lipid dietary conditions.