Decreased HDL Levels Research Articles

CLINICAL, DIETARY, AND REDOX PROFILE IN A SAMPLE OF INDIVIDUALS FROM SINOP/MT

Clinical and experimental evidence show that there is a relationship between obesity, dietary profile, and redox status. This study aimed to assess the clinical and dietary profile, and redox status of a sample of individuals from Sinop/MT. Thus, we designed a descriptive cross-sectional study involving a convenience sample of Brazilian adult participants of both genders. The study was conducted at a Basic Health Unit in the city of Sinop/MT. Participants were divided according to the body mass index (BMI) into eutrophic (n=5) and overweight (n=12) groups. Clinical parameters, metabolic and inflammatory indicators in the blood, redox status markers and food intake were analyzed. Seventy percent of participants were overweight and 82% presented an elevated waist circumference. Regarding metabolic data, there was a trend of increased fasting glucose and triglycerides levels and decreased HDL levels as body weight increases, with a positive correlation between these variables. It was not possible to demonstrate difference for redox status markers, and there was no significant linear correlation between BMI and these markers. The overweight group reported a lower industrialized beverages and sweets intake, but there was no difference to the other food variables. We conclude that most individuals were overweight, which was associated to comorbidities, regardless dietary intake, but age being an associated factor. Furthermore, overweight did not modulate redox status.

Correlations between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Occurance of Metabolic Syndrome on Patients in Hospital Internal Medicine Clinic

Body Mass Index (BMI) is the index used to classify and score overweight and obesity. An imbalance between energy intake and expenditure may cause the accumulation of fat in the body, which affects the BMI value. BMI is used to detect metabolic syndrome, which is a collection of symptoms that can increase the risk of non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease. This study aims to determine the correlations between BMI and the incidence of metabolic syndrome at the internal medicine clinic Anutapura Hospital, Palu. This research was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional approach. The samples were 96 patients and ATP III criteria was used in the assessment of metabolic syndrome. Individuals were declared metabolic syndrome if they met 3 out of 5 criteria, namely increased waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), triglyceride levels, and decreased HDL levels. Data analysis used a chi-square test. It obtained a p-value = 0.001 with the results that showed a correlation between BMI and the incidence of metabolic syndrome at the internal medicine clinic, Anutapura General Hospital, Palu. There were correlations between BMI and waist circumference (p = 0.000), blood pressure (p = 0.003), triglycerides (p = 0.000), and HDL (p = 0.000). There were no correlations between BMI and FPG levels (p = 0.531). There is a correlation between BMI and the incidence of metabolic syndrome in the internal medicine clinic Anutapura Hospital, Palu.

MiRNA-122 as a biomarker for insulin resistance and risk of cardiovascular diseases in obese children

BackgroundObesity in children is a major worldwide concern that has several negative health consequences in both the short and long term. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression level of microRNA-122 in obese Egyptian children and investigate its potential associations with insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases. MethodsThe study included 70 obese and 30 age-matched normal-weight control children. Anthropometric measurements, systolic, and diastolic blood pressures were assessed, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the expression of circulating microRNA-122. Pancreatic beta cell function (HOMA2-%B), insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR), and insulin sensitivity (HOMA2-%S) was assessed by the homeostasis model assessment version 2 (HOMA2). McAuley index and single-point insulin sensitivity estimator (SPISE) was used to further evaluate insulin sensitivity. Levels of serum biochemical parameters were measured. ResultsThe obese group showed significantly higher levels of microRNA-122, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, non-HDL cholesterol, cardiac risk ratios, atherogenic coefficient, atherosclerotic index, insulin levels, HOMA2-%B, and HOMA2-IR compared to the control group. In obese children, microRNA-122 exhibited a significant negative correlation with HDL while a significant positive correlation with the cardiac risk ratio 1 and the atherogenic coefficient. MicroRNA-122 had predictive ability for insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases risk in obese children. However, a significant decrease in HDL levels, HOMA2-%S, McAuley, and SPISE insulin sensitivity indices was found in obese children. ConclusionsModifications in blood levels of microRNA-122 in obese children may indicate a possible role in the etiology of childhood obesity and its associated consequences. As a result, it could function as a preliminary biomarker and potential indicator of further metabolic diseases.

Ameliorative effect of ferulic acid on thyroid dysfunction against propyl-thiouracil induced hypothyroid rats.

Hypothyroidism is an endocrine disorder characterised by decreased T3, T4 and increased TSH levels. This study aims to examine the potential effects of Ferulic acid (FA) on rats with hypothyroidism induced by propylthiouracil through the estimation of biochemical parameters and histopathological studies. Twenty-five female wistar rats were allocated into five groups: Control group [1% CMC, p.o.], Disease group [PTU-50 mg/kg, p.o.], [Levothyroxine (LT4) group - 20 µg/kg, p.o. + PTU-50 mg/kg, p.o.], [FA -25 mg/kg, p.o. + PTU-50 mg/kg, p.o.] and [FA 50 mg/kg, p.o. + PTU-50 mg/kg, p.o.]. On 15th day blood was collected and serum was separated for estimation of biochemical parameters, liver and kidney homogenate was utilised for the estimation of oxidative stress markers and the thyroid gland was dissected to examine histological features. PTU administration for 14 days showed a substantial decline in T3 and T4 and increases in TSH levels. PTU-administered rats significantly increased TC, TG and LDL levels, and decreased HDL levels. AST, ALT, urea, creatinine, and IL-6 were determined and these levels were significantly altered in PTU-induced hypothyroid group. In hypothyroid rats MDA, NO, GSH and SOD levels were significantly altered. However, treatment with FA for 14 days attenuated PTU-induced alterations. Furthermore, FA improves the histological changes of the thyroid gland. In conclusion, FA treatment showed a protective effect against hypothyroidism by stimulating the thyroid hormones through the activation of thyroid peroxidase enzyme and improving thyroid function. In addition, FA diminished the increase in lipids, liver and kidney markers, oxidative stress and inflammation.

Relationship Between HDL and Urine pH in Patients with Urinary Tract Stones

Decreased HDL levels are one of diagnosis component of dyslipidemia which is part of the metabolic syndrome. when HDL levels decrease, its role as an anti-atherosclerotic can affect insulin resistance and it can eventually lower urine pH and potentially can cause urinary tract stones formation. The objective of this study is to determine the correlation between HDL Levels and Urine pH in Patients with Urinary Stones. A hospital based cross-sectional study included 52 patients with Urinary Stone who attended urology outpatient clinic in dr. M. Soewandhie General Hospital Surabaya during April-June 2022. HDL levels and Urine pH were recorded. The correlation between HDL levels and urine pH were tested using Spearman’s test. Mean of HDL levels were 44,96±9,109 mg/dL, and urine pH was 5,7692±0,70336. HDL levels was positively correlated with urine pH (r=0,336, p=0,015). There is a significant correlation between HDL levels and urine pH in patients with urinary stones. This is line with the fact that if HDL levels decrease, the urine pH will also decrease due to the influence of insulin resistance on the metabolic syndrome in patients with urinary tract stones.

Premature Menopause and its Association with Dyslipidemia

Introduction: Premature Menopause is defined as premature ovarian failure before the age of 40 years with a consecutive 12 months of amenorrhea. Menopause affects 1% of women under the age of 40 years. It is seen in 10‑28% of primary amenorrhea and 4‑18% of secondary amenorrhea. Estrogen deficiency occurring during premature menopause causes decrease in HDL level and increase in LDL, cholesterol and triglycerides levels thus causing dyslipidemia. Regardless of cause, women who experience estrogen deficiency at an early age before the natural menopause are now considered to be at increased risk for premature morbidity and mortality. The current study is aimed to find out the impact of premature menopause on the blood lipid level in the current population. Materials and Methods: Ninety-six cases of premature menopause women were enrolled retrospectively for the study. Complete Lipid profile – Serum Total Cholesterol, Serum Triglyceride, Serum HDL, were measured in fully automated biochemistry analyzer and Serum VLDL and Serum LDL were estimated by Friedewald's Formula. Results: The current study revealed the lipid profile status of premenopausal women. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was observed in 57 cases (59.4%) and remaining 39 cases (40.6%) were having normal lipid levels. On comparing the serum lipid levels statistical significance were observed in Total cholesterol (P value: 0.00), Triglyceride (P value: 0.00), LDL-C (P value: 0.00), and VLDL-C (P value: 0.00). However, no statistically significant difference was observed in HDL cholesterol (P value: 0.15). Conclusions: Serum Lipid levels is deranged in the women with premature menopause (Age < 40 years) and thus dyslipidemia, particularly noticed with the Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The path-physiology lying behind dyslipidemia can be correlated to the premature ovarian failure and estrogen deficiency.

Adapalene Gel Therapy in Patients with Moderate to Severe Acne Vulgaris

Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of pilosebaceous units. Topical Adapalene is the most effective despite the availability of various treatments. Abnormalities in plasma lipids are recognized side effects of Adapalene therapy. Minimal reports compare the lipid changes in intermittent and continuous Adapalene treatment. To evaluate the alteration in lipid profile before, during, and after constant/ intermittent topical Adapalene therapy. One hundred patients with moderate to severe acne were randomly assigned to two treatment regimens. Serum levels of lipids were measured at baseline, 4wk, 8wk, 12wk, 16wk, and at the end of the treatment. A significant increase in cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL concentration and a decrease in HDL levels in a continuous regimen beyond the normal range but not requiring any treatment interruption compared to intermittent therapy. In intermittent therapy, the cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL concentration increase was within the normal range. Intermittent Adapalene therapy was clinically equally effective, with lesser effects on serum lipid levels and cost than continuous Adapalene therapy.

The Nephroprotective Potential of Brassica nigra Sprout Hydroalcoholic Extract against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Renal Toxicity in Rats.

The nephroprotective potential of the Brassica nigra sprout (BNS) hydroalcoholic extract against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced renal toxicity in rats was the object of this study. B. nigra sprouts were prepared in the lab to monitor the bio-changes in bioactive compounds during the sprouting for up to 7 days at 17 ± 1 °C and 90% relative humidity. Subsequently, 6-day sprouts of B. nigra were selected according to their phenolics and antioxidant activity, extracted, and examined for their nephroprotective and antioxidative stress potential at 250 and 500 mg sprout extracts kg-1 bw, in vivo. Weight gain, organ weight, lipid profile, atherogenic index, kidney functions, and oxidative stress biomarkers were assessed. The results indicated that the most proficient treatment for weight gain improvement was BNS extract at 500 mg kg-1. BNS at 250 mg kg-1 was remarked as the lowest weight gain enhancer compared to the NR group. A significant increase in TG, TC, LDL-c, and VLDL-c levels in the rats with CCl4-induced renal toxicity, and a significant decrease in HDL level, was noted. The administration of the BNS extract at 250 and 500 mg kg-1 considerably attenuated TG, TC, LDL-c, and VLDL-c levels, compared to the NR group. The most efficient treatment for improving the lipid profile was the BNS extract at 500 mg kg-1, even better than 250 mg kg-1. Administrating the BNS extract substantially attenuated the alterations in the creatinine, urea, and BUN caused by the CCl4 injection. The most efficient improvement was markedly recorded with the BNS extract at 500 mg kg-1, compared to the NR group. The rats treated with the BNS extract showed significant enhancement in GSH, CAT, and SOD activities and a considerable reduction in MDA levels. Administering the BNS extract at 250 and 500 mg kg-1 can efficiently reverse CCl4 inhibition of antioxidant enzyme activities, significantly increase GSH, CAT, and SOD, and decrease the MDA levels dose-dependently. The BNS extract at 250 and 500 mg kg-1 exhibits nephroprotection and antioxidative stress in a dose-dependent matter. The total nephroprotection % was recorded at 65.18% and 99.21% for rats treated with 250 and 500 mg kg-1, respectively. These findings could prove and potentiate the nephroprotective activities of the BNS extract in the range of the given doses. Further clinical studies are highly recommended for confirming the nephroprotection efficiency of the B. nigra sprout.

The potential of plant extracts containing flavonoids as anti-hyperlipidemia: A literature review

One of the risk factors that cause cardiovascular disease is hyperlipidemia. Hyperlipidemia is a condition of increased plasma fat levels consisting of increased cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL levels and decreased HDL levels. The existence of side effects on the body from antihyperlipidemic drug treatment makes herbal medicine one of the alternatives chosen as a treatment for hyperlipidemic patients. Antihyperlipidemic activity testing was carried out on various herbal plants that contain antioxidants. There are 6 types of plant extracts with activity test results that have potential as antihyperlipidemic. The literature study used a search method on the internet related to the keyword "Plants that contain flavonoid compounds and have the potential as antihyperlipidemic" on the Google Scholar page. Primary data is obtained with sources of research results that have been published in national and international journals. The result of our literature review shows that plants that have flavonoids have the potential for antihyperlipidemic. More investigation is required to determine what kind of plants, dose and side effects can improve the herb plants as a substitute for anti-hyperlipidemia treatment

Inflammation and oxidative stress markers in type 2 diabetes patients with Advanced Carotid atherosclerosis

BackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major global health issue and a significant risk factor for atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis in T2DM patients has been associated with inflammation, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress. Identifying molecular features of atherosclerotic plaques in T2DM patients could provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis of the disease.MethodsThe MASCADI (Arachidonic Acid Metabolism in Carotid Stenosis Plaque in Diabetic Patients) study aimed to investigate the increase of 2-arachidonoyl-lysophatidylcholine (2-AA-LPC) in carotid plaques from T2DM and control patients and to explore its association with plaque vulnerability as well as with blood and intra-plaque biomarkers altered during diabetes.ResultsIn a population of elderly, polymedicated patients with advanced stage of atherosclerosis, we found that T2DM patients had higher systemic inflammation markers, such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and IL-1β, higher levels of oxysterols, increased triglyceride levels, and decreased HDL levels as compared to control patients. Furthermore, 2-AA-LPC was significantly enriched in plaques from diabetic patients, suggesting its potential role in diabetic atherosclerosis. Interestingly, 2-AA-LPC was not associated with systemic markers related to diabetes, such as hsCRP, triglycerides, or HDL cholesterol. However, it was significantly correlated with the levels of inflammatory markers within the plaques such as lysophospholipids and 25-hydroxycholesterol, strengthening the link between local inflammation, arachidonic acid metabolism and diabetes.ConclusionOur study is in line with a key role for inflammation in the pathogenesis of diabetic atherosclerosis and highlights the involvement of 2-AA-LPC. Further research is needed to better understand the local processes involved in the alteration of plaque composition in T2DM and to identify potential therapeutic targets.Trial registrationThe MASCADI was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (clinical registration number: NCT03202823).

The Effect of Coconut Water on Decreasing MDA and IL-6 Levels in Male Wistar Rats Induced with High-Fat Diet

Dyslipidemia is a condition in which there are abnormal levels of lipids in the blood, including increased levels of cholesterol, LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein), and triglyceride levels, as well as decreased HDL levels (High-Density Lipoprotein) which causes oxidative stress. Oxidative stress results in tissue damage which triggers an inflammatory reaction that releases proinflammatory cytokines such asInterleukin-6 (IL-6) which increases in blood endothelial cells and triggers Malondialdehyde (MDA) which increases as a result presence of lipid oxidation in tissues. This condition can be neutralized by consuming antioxidants from outside the body such as young coconut water. This research aims to know the effect of giving young coconut water on the rate of MDA and IL-6 in male Wistar rats who are given a high-fat diet. The research method is a posttest-only control group design. The subjects of the study were 24 male Wistar rats which were randomly divided into 4 groups. Group K1 was given standard feed and distilled water. Group K2 was given a high-fat diet without coconut water. Groups K3 and K4 were given a highfat diet and young coconut water at doses of 4mL/200gBW/day and 8mL/200gBW/day, respectively. The study was conducted for 29 days by taking blood to check MDA levels using the TBARS and IL-6 methods using the ELISA method. The lowest average of MDA level was in the K3 group (0.071 ng/L) and the lowest average of IL-6 level was in the K4 group (4.377 ppm). Kruskal Wallis test result showed the p-value of MDA was 0.004 ppm and at IL-6 levels was 0.020 ng/L. Differences in MDA levels between groups K1-K2 (0.004), K2-K3 (0.004), and -K4 (0.004). Differences in IL-6 levels between groups K2-K3 (0.016), K2-K4 (0.004). The administration of coconut water can significantly reduce the levels of MDA and IL-6 in male Wistar rats induced with a high-fat diet.

Correlation of HbA1C and Lipid Profile Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at M Yunus Hospital

The lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients is highly dependent on the HbA1c value. Poor HbA1c values accompanied by insulin resistance are associated with hypertriglyceridemia, decreased HDL levels, and sometimes followed by increased LDL levels. The aims of this study was to determine the correlation between HbA1c and lipid profile of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. This research was an analytic observational study with a cross sectional design with prospective method. The total sample of 35 patients seeking treatment at the Polyclinic Internal M Yunus hospital. There were lower levels of total cholesterol (158,83 ± 23,96; 201,51 ± 44,95; p=0,032), triglyceride (111,16 ± 48,06; 156,69 ± 76,07; p=0,169), LDL (80,83 ± 22,69; 121,96 ± 42,82; p=0,030) in type 2 DM patients with controlled glycemic control compared to those without control. There was no significant difference in triglyceride levels between on two groups (111,16 ± 48,06; 156,69 ± 76,07; p=0,169). There was a significant correlation between total cholesterol levels r=0,364; p=0,032), HDL (r=-0,377; p=0,026); LDL (r=0,367; p=0,030) with HbA1c levels. Type 2 DM patients with good glycemic control had significantly lower total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL levels compared to type 2 DM patients with poor glycemic control.
 Keywords: hba1c, lipid profile, type 2 diabetes mellitus

PENERAPAN LATIHAN FISIK DAN DZIKIR UNTUK MENURUNKAN NYERI PADA LANSIA DENGAN HIPERCOLESTEROLEMIA

Hypercholesterolemia occurs due to high blood fat traction, namely in the form of increased total and LDL cholesterol levels and decreased HDL levels. If let for a long time, cholesterol will stick to the walls of blood vessels and cause the walls of blood vessels to become stiff. Purpose of the study to determine the effectiveness before and afteer thee application of phycal exercise and dzikir in reducing pain with hypercholesterolemia in the elderly. Researce using describes a particular process or problem situation observed. Based on the research in the table obtained cholesterol in the elderly after the application of physical eexercise is that on client 1 there is decrease in cholesterol pain from 5 to4. Client 2 there is a decrease in cholesterol pain from 5 to 4 and client 3 there is decreasee in cholesterol pain and 6 to 5. So in these three cases the client experienced reduction of cholesterol levels the conclusion of the application of physical exercise and dzikir to reduce pain in the elderly with hiypercholesterolemia at the Griya Lansia Jannati Hame in 2022 cholesterol pain in the elderly before the application of physical exercise and dzikir men 2 has a decline from 5 men to 4, and lan 3 has decline from 6 men to 5
 

Clinical and biological correlates of optical coherence tomography findings in schizophrenia.

There is a growing body of evidence indicating retinal layer thinning in schizophrenia. However, neuropathological processes underlying these retinal structural changes and its clinical correlates are yet to be known. Here, we aim to investigate the clinical and biological correlates of OCT findings in schizophrenia. 50 schizophrenia patients and 40 healthy controls were recruited. Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), and macular and choroidal thicknesses were recorded. A comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests was applied. Fasting glucose, triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol levels, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 levels were measured. Right IPL was significantly thinner in patients than the controls after controlling for various confounders (F = 5.42, p = .02). Higher IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels were associated with decreased left macular thickness (r = - 0.26, p = .027, r = - 0.30, p = 0.012, and r = - 0.24, p = .046, respectively) and higher IL-6 was associated with thinning of right IPL (r = - 0.27, p = 0.023) and left choroid (r = - 0.23, p = .044) in the overall sample. Thinning of right IPL and left macula were also associated with worse executive functioning (r = 0.37, p = 0.004 and r = 0.33, p = 0.009) and attention (r = 0.31, p = 0.018 and r = 0.30, p = 0.025). In patients with schizophrenia, IPL thinning was associated with increased BMI (r = - 0.44, p = 0.009) and decreased HDL levels (r = 0.43, p = 0.021). Decreased TNF-α level was related to IPL thinning, especially in the left eye (r = 0.40, p = 0.022). These findings support the hypothesis that OCT might provide the opportunity to establish an accessible and non-invasive probe of brain pathology in schizophrenia and related disorders. However, future studies investigating retinal structural changes as a biological marker for schizophrenia should also consider the metabolic state of the subjects.

Study of Lipid Profile and it’s Risk Factor AIP with BMI Division for CVD Patients Compared to Healthy Control

This study was conducted in Ibn- Albetar specialized Hospital for
 Cardiovascular Disease / Baghdad from December 2011 to April 2012.
 Sera of 71 person of both sex aged (33-67) years, include 51 patients
 diagnosed with Cardiovascular disease (CVD), and 20 healthy volunteers,
 were used to estimate some biochemical parameters which include lipid
 profile (TCh,TG,HDL,LDL,VLDL) and CRP. The risk factor Atherogenic
 Index of Plasma (AIP) was calculated.
 None of the control were atherosclerotic vascular disease, diabetic,
 renal disease, history of allergy, alcoholic consumption and heavy smoker.
 Sera of the samples were divided into:
 1-Control group: includes (20) healthy (both sex), ages range (25-63) years,
 with no previous diseases which may interfere with the parameters
 analyzed in this study.
 2-Patients with ages ranged (33-67) years were divided into three groups
 according to Body Mass Index (BMI):
 a- Group (1): includes (11) patients (both sex) with BMI (20-24.9) Kg/m?.
 b- Group (2): includes (28) patients (both sex) with BMI (2-29.9) Kg/m?.
 c- Group (3): includes (12) patients (both sex) with BMI (30 to over) Kg/m?.
 The data of this study reveled a significant increase in the levels of TCh,
 TG, LDL, VLDL and AIP value, while a significant decrease in HDL level
 in sera of CVD patients compared to control. Also CRP showed significant
 increase in CVD patients groups as compared to control group. For BMI
 the results showed a significant increase in CVD for G2 and G3 while G1
 showed a significant decrease as compared to control group.
 These results showed a significant correlation between the risk factor
 AIP and the parameters studied in CVD.

Effect of Bajakah Tea Extract (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) on High Density Lipoprotein, Triglyceride and Total Cholesterol Levels in Male Wistar Rats

Hyperlipidemia is the high concentrations of low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol, and triglycerides in the blood. Furthermore, hyperlipidemia has a risk factor for cardiovascular complications through atherosclerosis that triggers coronary heart disease (CHD). Spatholobus littoralis Hassk known as Bajakah tea is a plant with high antioxidant content and acts as an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor to suppress lipid metabolism disorders, increase HDL levels, and reduce triglycerides and total cholesterol. Experimental and posttest control group design methods were used to obtain 24 male Wistar rats. Furthermore, the experimental animals were randomly divided into 4 groups, namely K1 (normal rats), K2 (hyperlipidemia rats), K3 (hyperlipidemic rats + pirated tea extract dose 9 mg/200gramBW/day), and K4 (hyperlipidemic rats + simvastatin dose 0.18 mg/200 gBW/day). The study was conducted at the Center for Food and Nutrition Studies Laboratory, Gajah Mada University, Yogyakarta. Data levels of HDL, triglycerides, and total cholesterol were analyzed using the One Way Anova test and LSD post hoc to determine between groups. The results showed that an increase in triglyceride and total cholesterol and a decrease in HDL levels in the K2 group compared to the K1. Triglyceride and total cholesterol decreased in groups K3 and K4 compared to K2, and HDL levels increased in groups K3 and K4 compared to K2. Meanwhile, the results of the analysis obtained p value <0.05. This study concluded that the administration of Bajakah tea extract at a dose of 9 mg/200gram BW/day for 14 days increase HDL, reduce triglyceride and total cholesterol levels (p<0,05).

Green Tea Extract has a Protective Effect on Leptin and Lipid Profile Levels Due to the Induction of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate.

Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is a progesterone derivative synthesized in the laboratory. This substance has the ability to suppress ovulation, induce endometrial shrinkage, and even affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in the reproductive system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of administration of green tea extract on reducing visceral fat, increasing leptin levels, and improving the lipid profile in female rats injected with depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). This study was to look into the effects of green tea extract administration on visceral fat reduction, leptin levels, and lipid profile improvement as a result of DMPA administration. Analysis of HDL and LDL levels was performed by spectrophotometry. DMPA induced a significant increase in leptin levels compared with the control group (p 0.05). All doses of green tea extract can reduce this increase, with the highest doses reaching levels comparable to the control group (p > 0.05). DMPA significantly increased LDL levels compared to the control group (p < 0.05), and the highest green tea extract dose restored levels similar to the control group. DMPA triggered a decrease in HDL level that was significantly different from the control group (p < 0.05). The first dose of green tea extract can achieve HDL levels comparable to the control group (p > 0.05). It was concluded that green tea extract can protect the metabolic status through decreased leptin and an improvement of the lipid profile induced by DMPA.

Can Alzheimer's Disease Be Secondary to Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus?

Alzheimer's disease and insulin resistance are prevalent in older adults.Insulin's ability to effectively affect target tissues is diminished by IR. Hyperglycemia, higher blood pressure, elevated triglyceride levels, decreased HDL levels and central obesity are the outcomes of a condition, namely metabolic syndrome. Cognitive impairment and abnormalities of the brain have been linked to metabolic syndrome (MetS), a grouping of risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type-2 diabetes mellitus and its relationship to other conditions have been investigated on the assorted extent in the pair of, human and animal subjects. First, it was shown that insulin receptors are present in the brain, namely the hippocampus. Most insulin is delivered to the brain by crossing the blood-brain barrier. Second, numerous research revealed that insulin impacts various neurotransmitters in a way that enhances memory and cognition. Thirdly, several pathological research has also shown that beta-amyloid plaques, hyperphosphorylated tau protein, and brain shrinkage, particularly in the hippocampus, are shared brain lesions between insulin and Alzheimer's disease.In light of this, type 2 diabetes mellitus may be viewed as a liability for dementia and Alzheimer's disease.

Hepatoprotective effects of walnut oil and Caralluma tuberculata against paracetamol in experimentally induced liver toxicity in mice.

Walnut Oil and Caralluma are edible and form part of the traditional medicine system in many countries. These are frequently used in traditional medicine as remedies to relieve a wide range of illnesses and health problems. Walnut Oil and Caralluma species have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, antidiabetics, hepatoprotective, gastric mucosa protecting, antimalarial, antioxidant, anti-trypanosomal, appetite suppressant and cytotoxic activities. The current study was planned to study the impacts of 21 days' oral administration of walnut oil and methanolic extract of Caralluma tuberculata on the levels of some liver-associated parameters and hematological parameters in paracetamol intoxicated mice. It was observed that paracetamol intoxication resulted in a considerable rise in serum ALT, cholesterol, triglycerides, Creatinine, and urea levels while a decrease in HDL level in comparison to mice normal control group (P<0.05). Serum ALT, cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, and urea levels of mice that were administered with walnut oil and methanolic extract of C. tuberculata at the doses of (1 ml/kg, 2 ml/kg and 3 ml/kg body weight) were significantly lower when compared to toxic control mice group (P<0.05), While HDL level was significantly increased. The significant reduction had also been observed in the levels of serum parameters of mice group, which received standard hepato-protective drug i.e., vitamin C, at the dose of 8 mg/kg body weight (P<0.05). Based on these results, it was evident that liver toxicity caused by the paracetamol administration has recovered toward the normal range by the walnut oil and C. tuberculata extract. Therefore, the present study revealed that (walnut oil and C. tuberculata) exhibit hepatoprotective activities in paracetamol intoxicated mice.

Comparison of Lipid Profile in Insulin Dependent Diabetic Patients and Control Groups

Background: Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is a worldwide health problem. In diabetic patients’ high levels of cholesterol leads to atherosclerosis and coronary heart diseases. Aim and Objective: Our objective was to investigate the comparison of dyslipidemia in insulin dependent diabetic patients and control group. Methods: A cross sectional study was done on 48 people in which 24 were insulin dependent diabetic patients and 24 were normal people, sample were taken from Gulab Devi hospital, Lahore. Blood samples were collected from both the patients and the control group after an overnight fasting for lipid profile and serum was separated from the whole blood by centrifugation. Samples were analyzed and the data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Results: In this study increased triglycerides levels 21(87.5%), cholesterol levels 10(41.66%), LDL levels 8(33%), VLDL 21(87.5%) levels and decreased HDL levels 6(25%) were found in insulin dependent diabetic patients. Conclusion: We concluded that the levels of Cholesterol, Triglyceride, LDL and VLDL were increased in insulin dependent diabetic patients while HDL levels were low. Keywords: Lipid profile, Insulin dependent diabetes.