Current Decreases Research Articles

ZCCHC17 knockdown phenocopies Alzheimer's disease-related loss of synaptic proteins and hyperexcitability.

ZCCHC17 is a master regulator of synaptic gene expression and has recently been shown to play a role in splicing of neuronal mRNA. We previously showed that ZCCHC17 protein declines in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain tissue before there is significant gliosis and neuronal loss, that ZCCHC17 loss partially replicates observed splicing abnormalities in AD brain tissue, and that maintenance of ZCCHC17 levels is predicted to support cognitive resilience in AD. Here, we assessed the functional consequences of reduced ZCCHC17 expression in primary cortical neuronal cultures using siRNA knockdown. Consistent with its previously identified role in synaptic gene expression, loss of ZCCHC17 led to loss of synaptic protein expression. Patch recording of neurons shows that ZCCHC17 loss significantly disrupted the excitation/inhibition balance of neurotransmission, and favored excitatory-dominant synaptic activity as measured by an increase in spontaneous excitatory post synaptic currents and action potential firing rate, and a decrease in spontaneous inhibitory post synaptic currents. These findings are consistent with the hyperexcitable phenotype seen in AD animal models and in patients. We are the first to assess the functional consequences of ZCCHC17 knockdown in neurons and conclude that ZCCHC17 loss partially phenocopies AD-related loss of synaptic proteins and hyperexcitability.

A novel dual-signal output strategy for POCT of CEA based on asmartphone electrochemical aptasensing platform.

A smartphone-based electrochemical aptasensing platform was developed for the point-of-care testing (POCT) of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) based on the ferrocene (Fc) and PdPt@PCN-224 dual-signal labeled strategy. The prepared PdPt@PCN-224 nanocomposite showed a strong catalytic property for the reduction of H2O2. Phosphate group-labeled aptamer could capture PdPt@PCN-224 by Zr-O-P bonds to form PdPt@PCN-224-P-Apt. Therefore, a dual signal labeled probe was formed by the hybridization between Fc-DNA and PdPt@PCN-224-P-Apt. The presence of CEA forced PdPt@PCN-224-P-Apt to leave the electrode surface due to the specific affinity, leading to the decrease of the reduction current of H2O2. At the same time, the Fc-DNA strand changed to hairpin structure, which made Fc closer to the electrode and resulted in the increase of the oxidation current of Fc. Thus, CEA can be accurately determined through both signals: the decrease of H2O2 reduction current and the increase of Fc oxidation current, which could avoid the false positive signal. Under the optimal conditions, the prepared aptasensor exhibited a wide linear range from 1pg·mL-1 to 100ng·mL-1 and low detection limits of 0.98pg·mL-1 and 0.27pg·mL-1 with Fc and PdPt@PCN-224 as signal labels, respectively. The aptasensor developed in this study has successfully demonstrated its capability to detect CEA in real human serum samples. These findings suggest that the proposed sensing platform will hold great potential for clinical tumor diagnosis and monitoring.

Studying effect of temperature on the efficiency of solar cells through the interpolation method

The objective of this paper is to present a comparative study between the traditional least squares method 'LSM' and the new method of "Polynomial Interpolation at Different Orders" for extracting the electrical parameters of a silicon solar cell. The focus is on the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. The results indicate that fourth-order interpolation yields the best results, but it is challenging to implement because the J-V function is neither linear nor transcendental. Therefore, we opted for the first-order Piecewise Linear Interpolation 'PLI' in the range where the J-V characteristic is nearly flat, i.e., the interval where the voltage varies from 0 to Vmax. By utilizing the first-order derivative of the function f(J, V) with two variables and MATLAB fzero function, we were able to determine the five critical parameters for our solar cell: the series resistance RS, the shunt resistance RSh, the light-generated current density Jph, the reverse saturation current density J0, and the ideality factor n. We used the Bland-Altman technique to evaluate the comparability between the two methods. The results obtained using this technique show that all the data points lie within the confidence interval. This indicates that the piecewise interpolation method provides J-V characteristic values very similar to those found by the LSM method. The strength of the new method lies in its speed, practicality, and the fact that it does not require initial values for the solar cell parameters. Additionally, it avoids the need to determine the variation intervals for each parameter and the use of complex functions such as the Lambert W function, which is necessary in the LSM method. By applying this method, we examined how the electrical parameters behave when the temperature varies from a cold region (0 °C) to a hot region (50 °C). The analysis of the results obtained by both scientific methods, namely the LSM method and polynomial interpolation, reveals a decrease in cell efficiency from 19.63 to 13.73 %. Similarly, the open-circuit voltage decreases from 0.62 to 0.524 V, and the ideality factor also decreases from 2.2 to 1.54. The current decreases from 39.50 to 34.30 mA/cm2 as the temperature increases from 0 °C to 30 °C, then stabilizes at 34.30 mA/cm2 for temperatures ranging from 30 °C to 50 °C.

High-Frequency Quartz Crystal Microbalance and Dual-Signaling Electrochemical Ratiometric Assays of PTP1B Activity Based on COF@Au@Fc Hybrids.

The abnormal expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is highly related to several serious human diseases. Therefore, an accurate PTP1B activity assay is beneficial to the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. In this study, a dual-mode biosensing platform that enabled the sensitive and accurate assay of PTP1B activity was constructed based on the high-frequency (100 MHz) quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and dual-signaling electrochemical (EC) ratiometric strategy. Covalent-organic framework@gold nanoparticles@ferrocene@single-strand DNA (COF@Au@Fc-S0) was introduced onto the QCM Au chip via the chelation between Zr4+ and phosphate groups (phosphate group of the phosphopeptide (P-peptide) on the QCM Au chip and the phosphate group of thiol-labeled single-stranded DNA (S0) on COF@Au@Fc-S0) and used as a signal reporter. When PTP1B was present, the dephosphorylation of the P-peptide led to the release of COF@Au@Fc-S0 from the QCM Au chip, resulting in an increase in the frequency of the QCM. Meanwhile, the released COF@Au@Fc-S0 hybridized with thiol/methylene blue (MB)-labeled hairpin DNA (S1-MB) on the Au NPs-modified indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrode. This caused MB to be far away from the electrode surface and Fc to be close to the electrode, leading to a decrease in the oxidation peak current of MB and an increase in the oxidation peak current of Fc. Thus, PTP1B-induced dephosphorylation of the P-peptide was monitored in real time by QCM, and PTP1B activity was detected sensitively and reliably using this innovative QCM-EC dual-mode sensing platform with an ultralow detection limit. This platform is anticipated to serve as a robust tool for the analysis of protein phosphatase activity and the discovery of drugs targeting protein phosphatase.

Performance enhancement of nanotube junctionless FETs with low doping concentration rings

To reduce the static power consumption of the NT JLFET and the effect of SCEs on the NT JLFET, A nanotube junctionless field effect transistor with cyclic low doping concentration regions (C NT JLFET) is proposed. Based on Sentaurus TCAD numerical simulations, the electrical properties of the C NT JLFET and the NT JLFET were comparatively investigated, and the effects of the length (L CD) and radius (R CD) of cyclic low doping concentration regions on the electrical properties of the C NT JLFETs were studied. The C NT JLFET reduces the gate-induced drain leakage (GIDL) due to lateral band-to-band-tunneling (L-BTBT) as compared to the NT JLFET. As the L CD or R CD increases, the off-state current decreases. In addition, the C NT JLFET suffers from fewer short channel effects (SCEs), such as threshold voltage roll-off, drain-induced barrier lowering and subthreshold swing deterioration, compared to the NT JLFET. The inhibition of L-BTBT and attenuation of SCEs by cyclic low doping concentration regions remains when the channel length of the C NT JLFET is shortened to 10 nm. The C NT JLFET are suitable for low power applications as they exhibit reduced L-BTBT and suffer from fewer SCEs.

Comparative evaluation of uranium isotope ratios by peak-jumping and static multi-collector measurements in thermal ionization mass spectrometry

The 235U/238U isotope ratios of uranium standard reference materials and an environmental uranium sample recovered from seawater were measured by thermal ionization mass spectrometry using the single-collector peak-jumping and static multi-collection modes. All the 235U/238U isotope ratios measured in the peak-jumping mode were systematically lower than the values obtained in the static measurements. The lowering of the measured isotope ratios became more remarkable with the decrease in the 235U isotopic abundance, resulting in the maximum 2.2‰-lower value comparable to isotope mass fractionation. The lowering of isotope ratios is not due to the apparent loss of 235U ion currents caused by the time constant of the Faraday amplifier used but attributable to the actual decrease of ion currents by ion-beam changes in the mass switching step of peak-jumping mode. Furthermore, the proper collection of ion beams to the Faraday cup was achieved by allowing sufficient delay time for eliminating the effect of ion-beam changes, which was significantly longer than the time needed for the response of the amplifiers.

A novel joint-less second-generation high-temperature superconducting toroidal coil: Promise for fabricating compact toroidal magnetic fields

This paper presents a novel joint-less toroidal magnet made of second-generation high-temperature superconducting (2G-HTS) tapes. This approach effectively resolves the closed-loop issue for 2G-HTS magnets and has the potential to provide higher and more stable magnetic fields. Compared with traditional 2G-HTS toroidal magnets, while the current loops of the joint-less magnets have no resistance, a decrease in magnetic field still occurs, especially in coils with insulation. Therefore, this work focuses on the decrease of the magnetic field of this novel magnet using experimental and microanalytical methods. For the first time, it was verified that, by winding two coil groups, insulated and no-insulated, parallel charging does not cause interference between them. Furthermore, the magnetic field area was expanded by finite element analysis, and simulations showed that the magnetic field converged with increasing number of coils. Besides, we found that the decrease of the magnetic field was related to the damage of the tape during slitting and winding, where insulated coils were more susceptible to damage during winding. The damage usually occurred at the starting point of the tape slitting, because the copper layer was separated due to adhesion during the winding of insulated coils, which further caused the superconducting layer to detach, resulting in a decrease in the critical current. From our perspective, benefiting from the high critical field of the 2G-HTS tapes, this novel toroidal coil structure has significant implications for the construction of compact toroidal magnets.

Impact of string connection and contact defects on electrical current distribution in solar cells and modules: A model validated by magnetic field imaging

AbstractModeling of solar modules and their components is essential to quantify geometrical, optical, and electrical losses and to improve the designs and technologies in terms of performance. In most loss analysis models, the current share among the busbars of the solar cell is assumed to be equal since a symmetrical distribution of the metallization is given. The impact of string terminal connection on the current distribution among the ribbons and the resulting changes in ohmic losses has not been studied yet. In this study, a MATLAB model is developed to consider the impact of the string connector terminal position on the current distribution and the ohmic losses in the ribbons and in string connector. The model allows for the analysis of the impact of contact defects scenarios in ribbons and string connectors on the current distribution. Results show that the highest current flows at the closest busbar to the string connector terminal while the current decreases at the busbars farther away from the terminal due to higher ohmic resistance of the current path. The higher the ohmic resistance of the string connector, the more inhomogeneous the current share at busbars. Simulating a 9 busbar M6 half‐cell with 1 × 0.08 mm2 string connector, positioning the string connector terminal at the leftmost or rightmost ribbon results in 0.4 W less power compared to center connection configuration, where the string connector terminal is positioned at the center ribbon. Furthermore, simulation results show that inhomogeneity of current causes about 2.1% reduction in module power compared to the case of evenly distributed cell current, considering a 120‐haf‐cell module with the same string connector. Regarding contact defect analysis, exemplary simulations show the impact of the position of detached ribbons on the power or efficiency loss. Considering left or right connection configuration, detaching the leftmost or rightmost ribbon results in higher power loss compared to other ribbons. Detaching one cell ribbon completely from the string connector results in about 0.2%abs decrease in cell efficiency, while detaching the outer ribbon along all strings of a 120‐half‐cell module results in power loss of about 0.8%. The developed model is validated by performing magnetic field imaging (MFI) measurements, in which the magnetic flux density induced by the current carried by the ribbons is measured.

Quantitative study on a simple electrochemical dsDNA-pregabalin biosensor; multi-spectroscopic, molecular docking and modelling studies

Pregabalin (PGB) is a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) alkylated analog prescribed to treat neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, and postherpetic neuralgia. Using analytical, spectroscopic methods and molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, a detailed experimental and theoretical investigation was conducted into the binding process and interactions between PGB and double-stranded fish sperm deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA). It was evident from the collected experimental results that PGB binds with ds-DNA. PGB attaches to dsDNA via minor groove binding, as demonstrated by the results of electrochemical studies, UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, and replacement study with ethidium bromide and Hoechst-32588. PGB's binding constant (Kb) with dsDNA, as determined by the Benesi-Hildebrand plot, is 2.41×104 ± 0.30 at 298 K. The fluorescence investigation indicates that PGB and dsDNA have a binding stoichiometry (n) of 1.21 ± 0.09. Molecular docking simulations were used in the research to computational determination of the interactions between PGB and dsDNA. The findings demonstrated that minor groove binding was the mechanism by which PGB interacted with dsDNA. Based on the electrochemically responsive PGB-dsDNA biosensor, we developed a technique for low-concentration detection of PGB utilizing differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The voltammetric analysis of the peak current decrease in the deoxyadenosine oxidation signals resulting from the association between PGB and dsDNA enabled a sensitive estimation of PGB in pH 4.80 acetate buffer. The deoxyguanosine oxidation signals exhibited a linear relationship between 2 and 16 μM PGB. The values for the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.57 μM and 1.91 μM, respectively.

ESRRG-controlled downregulation of KCNN1 in primary sensory neurons is required for neuropathic pain.

Peripheral nerve injury-induced neuronal hyperactivity in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) participates in neuropathic pain. The calcium-activated potassium channel subfamily N member 1 (KCNN1) mediates action potential afterhyperpolarization (AHP) and gates neuronal excitability. However, the specific contribution of DRG KCNN1 to neuropathic pain is not yet clear. We report that chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the unilateral sciatic nerve or unilateral ligation of the fourth lumbar nerve produced the downregulation of Kcnn1 mRNA and KCNN1 protein in the injured DRG. This downregulation was partially attributed to a decrease in DRG estrogen-related receptor gamma (ESRRG), a transcription factor, which led to reduced binding to the Kcnn1 promoter. Rescuing this downregulation prevented CCI-induced decreases in total potassium voltage currents and AHP currents, reduced excitability in the injured DRG neurons, and alleviated CCI-induced development and maintenance of nociceptive hypersensitivities, without affecting locomotor function and acute pain. Mimicking the CCI-induced DRG KCNN1 downregulation resulted in augmented responses to mechanical, heat, and cold stimuli in naive mice. Our findings indicate that ESRRG-controlled downregulation of DRG KCNN1 is likely essential for the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Thus, KCNN1 may serve as a potential target for managing this disorder.

Digital twin-based tig welding quality prediction using electrode tip angle degradation influencing Industry 5.0 in manufacturing sector

Automation in tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding is important to achieve high production rates and quality in manufacturing industries. To improve the welding process and quality inspection methodologies, the intelligent welding robot and vision-based inspection system have been researched and deployed in many engineering fields. Hence to enhance the performance and production, a digital twin-based welding system with the prediction of weld quality based on the consideration of electrode tip angle degradation. The proposed system will capture real-time electrode tip angle and weld pool temperature using a forward looking infrared (FLIR) camera along with welding current and speed correlated with tensile strength as the output parameter. To validate the analysis, support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF) algorithms were implemented in which the RF model performs well on the prediction of welding quality by mapping with tensile strength. RF model confirms maximum accuracy of 90% with 0.29 seconds computation time to perform prediction on the next execution of welding operation. It is inferred that if the tip angle degradation increases consecutively welding current decreases drastically impacting the weld quality from good to poor. To forecast the need for immediate or scheduled maintenance to reduce the tip angle degradation, a linear regression algorithm is implemented to enable the inspection engineer to perform maintenance without delay in production.

Study the Effect of “Di-dodecyl amine” as a Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in HCl Medium

Numerous organic compounds have been investigated for their potential to reduce corrosion under various circumstances. This study investigated the effects of di-dodecyl amine, an organic chemical, on carbon steel metal corrosion at different temperatures while HCl acid was present. The examination was carried out using accepted methods for polarization, weight loss, and corrosion process testing. The obtained findings demonstrated that the corrosion rate reduces with increasing inhibitor concentration, leading to increased inhibition efficiency. Furthermore, as shown in the weight loss technique, the corrosion rate lowers with increasing surface coverage with organic inhibitor at 313 °C. In the anodic and cathodic polarization methods, as well as in the inhibition efficiency, it is observed to see the cathodic and anodic curves through which the occurrence of the potential and corrosion current is known. The current and corrosion potential decreases with increasing inhibitor concentration. The amines and methyl motiveless in this inhibitor's composition give it their efficacy since they may coat the metal surface and stop corrosion

Field Induced Off‐State Instability in InGaZnO Thin‐Film Transistor and its Impact on Synaptic Circuits

AbstractCharge storage synaptic circuits employing InGaZnO thin‐film transistors (IGZO TFTs) and capacitors are a promising candidate for on‐chip trainable neural network hardware accelerators. However, IGZO TFTs often exhibit bias instability. For synaptic memory applications, the programming transistors are predominantly exposed to asymmetric off‐state biases, and a unique field‐dependent on‐current reduction under off‐scenario is observed which may result in programming current variation. Further examination of the phenomenon is conducted with transmission line‐like method and degradation recovery tests, and current reduction can be attributed to contact resistance increase by charge trapping in the source and drain electrode and the channel region. The current decrease is subsequently formulated with a stretched exponential model with bias‐dependent parameters for quantitative circuit analysis under off‐state degradation. A neural network hardware acceleration simulator is utilized to assess the complicated impact the off‐state current degradation could instigate on on‐chip trainable IGZO TFT‐based synapse arrays. The simulation results generally demonstrate deteriorated training accuracy with aggravated off‐state instability, and the accuracy trend is elucidated from the perspective of weight symmetry point.

On-state electrical stress-induced degradation of NiO/β-Ga2O3 heterojunction pn diodes

Degradation and trap evolution in NiO/β-Ga2O3 heterojunction pn diodes under on-state electrical stress were investigated in this work using deep-level transient spectroscopy measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The decrease in turn-on voltage and forward current appears to correlate with an increase in the concentration of the compensating acceptor-like traps. From the energy level of EV + 1.3 eV, the corresponding acceptor-like traps can be attributed to the Ga vacancy complex with hydrogen (VGa-H). Interestingly, accompanied by the increase in VGa-H concentration, the self-trapped holes (STH) originally passivated by H may gradually recover. DFT calculations show a monotonous decrease in energy, suggesting the spontaneous diffusion of hydrogen from STH passivated sites to the adjacent VGa, which are generated under stress. This phenomenon leads to the recovery of STH and the generation of VGa-H. This investigation offers new insights into the degradation mechanisms of β-Ga2O3-based devices under electrical stress.

An investigation into the thermal surface contact resistance, fin width and temperature on negative bias temperature instability during self-heating

This work investigates the impacts of the thermal surface contact resistance (SR), fin width and temperature on the negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) during self-heating based on 14 nm p-FinFET through technology computer-aided design (TCAD) tool. In order to promote the accuracy of simulation, the experimental data are used to calibrate the TCAD results. The simulation results reveal that as SR increases, the lattice temperature rises by 20.07 %, which leads to a 15.84 % decrease of the carrier mobility and finally a reduction of the saturation current by 5.07 %. Moreover, as WFin decreases from 8 nm to 2 nm, the device threshold voltage increases by 15.41 %, resulting in that the saturation current reduces by 19.06 %. Besides, with an increase of the ambient temperature from 300 K to 500 K, the lattice temperature and trapped charge rise by 60.48 % and 12.53 %, respectively, which eventually leads to an 18.13 % decrease of the saturation current.

B1AR regulation of the Cav1.2 via the SAP97 complex

Beta adrenergic (BAR) signaling is stimulated by the catecholamines norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) to control cardiac contractility. The beta-1-AR (B1AR) is the major cardiac subtype. B1AR signals canonically through the Gas subunit, leading to increases in cAMP and PKA; however, it can also signal via the Gai subunit, leading to increased NOS1, cGMP, and PKG levels. B1AR-NOS1 signaling leads to increased contractility and calcium cycling in cardiomyocytes. We found a novel complex within cardiomyocytes in which the B1AR, Cav1.2, and NOS1 proteins are held in proximity by the membrane scaffolding protein SAP97. In heart failure, there is a decrease in SAP97 expression and impaired B1AR signaling. Cardiac-specific deletion of SAP97 disrupts this complex. In the SAP97-cKO mice, there are minimal changes in B1AR-Gas; however, B1AR-Gai signaling is decreased, with a loss of B1AR-NOS1 signaling. Furthermore, we see a decrease in whole cell calcium currents and cardiac contractility. In mice lacking the NOS1, we see the same decrease in calcium currents. We hypothesize SAP97 is necessary to maintain B1AR modulation of Cav1.2 in cardiomyocytes. Using electrophysiology and biochemical techniques, we aim to elucidate the role of SAP97 in B1AR modulation of Cav1.2 and how this is impacted by the impairment of B1AR-Gai signaling. T32HL086350 RO1-HL147263. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Surface activation of n-type AlGaN with cesium and oxygen to enhance thermionic emission

The aim of this study is to enhance the characteristics of thermionic emission of AlGaN surface through surface control employing cesium (Cs) and oxygen. Cs-deposited AlGaN has significant applications in thermionic energy converters. However, as the emitter temperature increases, the thermal desorption of Cs from AlGaN surface increases, resulting in a decrease in the thermionic emission current. Therefore, focusing on the high affinity between Cs and oxygen, we investigated the possibility of suppressing thermal desorption by depositing Cs and oxygen on AlGaN surface. The thermionic emission current measured when Cs and oxygen were alternately deposited on AlGaN surface was 1.9 × 10−3 A cm−2 at 500 °C. The thermionic emission current was significantly higher than that obtained with Cs-only deposition (2.0 × 10−5 A cm−2). In addition, we attempted to reproduce the effect of dynamic surface changes on thermionic emission employing a new thermionic emission model (modified Richardson–Dushman model) that considers the correlation between a specific surface reconstruction phase and its thermionic emission component. The results suggest that the adsorbed component of Cs-deposited AlGaN exhibits three Cs adsorption sites with different desorption energies, while the adsorbed component of Cs/O2 co-deposited AlGaN exhibits at least four Cs adsorption sites with different desorption energies. It is suggested that the increase in adsorption components with higher desorption energies, caused by the deposition of oxygen, may have reduced the thermal desorption and improved Cs coverage and stability.

Influence of cashew nut shell liquid on corrosion and tribocorrosion behavior of metallic alloys

Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) has been explored in several applications within the sustainability principles and circular economy of agro-industrial product waste. To understand the anticorrosive and lubricant properties of CNSL solutions, a multi-faceted approach, incorporating electrochemical analyses, immersion test, tribological measurements, and tribochemical characterization was carried out for mild steel AISI 1012, stainless steel AISI 420 and Aluminium Alloy 6061. Electrochemical analyses reveal a positive impact of CNSL, inducing a shift in corrosion potential to more positive values and a decrease in corrosion current, indicating effective corrosion inhibition for stainless steel and aluminium alloy. In mild steel, CNSL exhibits a mixed-type inhibition with efficiency increasing in correlation with oil concentration. The lubricating properties of CNSL are evident according to the coefficients of friction (COF) obtained and the elastohydrodynamic lubrication regime observed during tribological tests. Tribochemical tests demonstrate a reduction in wear and an improvement in tribocorrosion behavior under sliding conditions. CNSL emerges as a promising tribocorrosion mitigator, demonstrating multifaceted benefits. The concentration-dependent effects highlight the need for optimization in specific applications, particularly for passive materials. CNSL not only inhibits corrosion through film formation but also provides effective lubrication, reducing friction, wear, and chemical-mechanical degradation. This research contributes valuable insights to corrosion science. It proposes practical applications for CNSL in diverse industrial contexts, showcasing its potential as an environmentally friendly and sustainable solution for tribocorrosion challenges.

2.5‐D Local Hybrid Simulations of Discontinuity‐Driven Compressional Boundaries Under Various Magnetic Field Geometries

AbstractIn the ion foreshock, there are many foreshock transients driven by back streaming foreshock ions. When the foreshock ions interact with tangential discontinuities (TDs), hot flow anomalies form if the foreshock ion‐driven current decreases field strength at TDs, but the opposite situation has been paid little attention. Using 2.5‐D local hybrid simulations, we show that a compressional boundary with enhanced field strength and density can form. We examine how the foreshock ions interact with TDs under various magnetic field geometries to drive currents that lead to compressional boundaries. The current driven by the foreshock ions should peak on its initial side of a TD so that the enhanced field strength at the TD in turn increases this current by keeping more foreshock ions on their initial side. Which side the current peaks can be determined by whether the foreshock ions initially cross the TD and/or how their velocity is projected into the local perpendicular direction. Additionally, the foreshock ion‐driven currents from two sides could compete, and whether a compressional boundary forms is determined by the net current profile. Because such compressive structures in the foreshock can drive magneto sheath jets and cause many geoeffects, it is necessary to fully understand their formation.

Simulation study of electromagnetic protection of ignition chip

The purpose of this paper is to study the adaptability and enhancement methods of ignition chips in complex electromagnetic environments. In this paper, combined with simulation and calculation technology, we first establish the electromagnetic–electrical–thermal coupling simulation model of ignition chips and analyze the influence of two electromagnetic environments, continuous electromagnetic wave and nuclear electromagnetic pulse, on the electrical–thermal coupling in the bridge area of the ignition chip. The results show that a continuous electromagnetic wave field strength of 1200 V/m, irradiated for 5 s, a nuclear electromagnetic pulse with a rise time of 5 ns, a half-height width of 24 ns, and a leg wire length of 350 mm will cause the ignition chip to fire accidently. In order to suppress its accidental firing, the electromagnetic protection is enhanced by using parallel Transient Voltage Suppressor (TVS) diodes. It has been shown that parallel TVS diodes provide good protection against both continuous electromagnetic waves and nuclear electromagnetic pulses. In particular, the peak induced current decreases by more than 64.7% during the action of continuous electromagnetic waves, and the maximum temperature in the bridge area decreases by 54.34% during the action of nuclear electromagnetic pulses.