Decrease In Crime Rates Research Articles

The Impact of The Application of The Death Penalty on Reducing Crime Rates: Legal and Criminological Perspectives

The application of the death penalty as a punishment for severe crimes has long been a controversial topic in legal and criminological discourse. This article explores the impact of the death penalty's application on reducing crime rates from two main perspectives: law and criminology. This study uses a qualitative approach with in-depth literature analysis of death penalty policies in various countries, as well as empirical data on crime trends before and after the implementation of the death penalty. From a legal perspective, this article examines how the death penalty is justified as the most extreme tool of law enforcement and how it is integrated within the existing legal framework in several jurisdictions. From a criminological point of view, this article examines theories and research that evaluate the effectiveness of the death penalty as a determinant against crime. The analysis includes a study of the psychological effects of the death penalty on potential offenders, as well as a statistical evaluation of the correlation between the death penalty and a decrease in crime rates. The results of the analysis show that although there is some evidence to support the effectiveness of the death penalty as a crime deterrent, this evidence is often inconclusive and influenced by many contextual factors. In addition, we found that the application of the death penalty usually carries significant ethical and social implications, which can limit its effectiveness and acceptance in society. This article concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of these findings. It provides recommendations for law enforcement and policymakers in balancing crime prevention goals with the principles of justice and human rights. We also call for the need for more holistic research to fully understand the impact of the death penalty on crime levels.

범죄예방환경디자인이 부동산 거래 결정에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

The following research has been conducted in order to analyze the effectiveness in the aspect of real estate of the previously implemented policy under the notion that the Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design(CPTED) could secure the self-perpetuation of a region and maintain a sustainable crime prevention environment. Thus we examined the current status of “Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Project” that has been proceeded for 5 years by the city of Seoul, analyzed the impact of application of CPTED to real estate transactions and the results are as follows.
 First, the operation and maintenance for the CPTED projects seems to be well functioning according to the site investigation. Surveillance cameras and emergency bells are widely placed so that it can be recognized by the local citizens easily, and the signs that notifies the project is in progress were seemed to be handled very well. However, it was hard to find any other elements for crime prevention other than the surveillance & report system, and Safety Maru, the only facility was being used in wrong ways such as gardening and private gathering purposes for the local residents. For this a variety of plan elements are ought to be utilized apart from the monotonous surveillance & report system, and it is believed that the Safety Maru should serve its original purpose.
 Second, the analysis of the effects of CPTED Project in Seoul shows that it affects the city in a positive way. The criminal rate of the regions with the implementation of the project was relatively diminished, therefore, it was obvious that the project is reducing the number of crimes. Also on the real estate transactions on the following region, every 12 examples showed increase in the amount of transactions which makes the plans to draw the effect by the CPTED region following this particular trend necessary.
 Third, despite the decrease in the crime rate the residents responded that the area is not safe according to the survey. This seems that the project could effect the decrease in crime rate due to the active application of wide Surveillance & Report system, but its influences fall short to the extent where the residents actually feel safe in their area, which requires us to improve the project in the aspect of the urban regeneration which ultimately leads to active real estate transaction in order to implement the recognition of safe residential environment. To achieve this we believe a multilateral approach in terms of architecture/urban/real estate is necessary, with the ultimate goal of realization of self-sustainable urban space.
 Fourth, the local residents responded that the residential area does not feel safe even after the institution of CPTED project in seoul, but it is investigated that they still wish to move to the region with the implement of following project in case of making decisions on moving in the future. This result is thought to be the reflection of people's expectations that the project could be improved with trial and errors over time, along with the actual decrease in crime rate.
 Fifth, it is shown that the actual impact of the CPTED project to the decisions on real estate transaction is rather minimal, therefore, a variety of attempts to realize the sustainable crime prevention project other than just the surveillance & report system seems necessary, which is going to realize the construction of self-sustainable and safe environment if the region is vitalized and when it affects the decisions on real estate transactions.

Проблема цифрового распознавания поведения личности в условиях современных вызовов: социально-философский и теологический анализ

Introduction. The article examines the problem of digital personality recognition as one of the dimensions of artificial intelligence from the perspective of socio-philosophical and theological analysis. Theoretical analysis. One of the distinctive features of the scientific and technological development of modern society is that various artificial intelligence (AI) systems have moved from the category of science fiction, utopian projects, innovative developments, prototypes and market innovations to the category of familiar and little-noticed elements of everyday life. This technology, also known as the Internet of Behavior, involves identifying and assessing an individual’s behavior both from the point of view of compliance with requirements and from the point of view of identifying patterns of individual behavior that can become the basis for his identification. The prerequisites and conditions for the emergence of the phenomenon of “golemization” of the individual are analyzed, i.e. its reduction to a set of external physical actions and manifestations without taking into account internal motives as one of the risks that require social philosophical and theological reflection. Conclusion. Within the framework of socio-philosophical and theological discourse, digital recognition of personal behavior can have a positive meaning, because increases attention to responsibility for one’s actions and potentially leads to a decrease in crime rates, as well as a negative value due to the possibility of creating virtual identities that differ from a person’s true identity.

Lifestyle and behavioral changes during nationwide lockdown in India-A cross-sectional analysis.

Introduction:After almost two months of reporting the first case of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in the country, the nationwide lockdown in India was initiated on 24th of March 2020, to curtail the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 infection in the country. While this lockdown had been in place for almost 3 months, the people of the nation have experienced changes in their routine lives in a wide range of activities, including personal behaviours. This study was conducted to identify the impacts that the lockdown had on the lifestyle and behavioural aspects of Indians during the lockdown.Methods:It was a cross sectional study, conducted by online survey. Data collection was done for the period of 3 months.Results:The study found that a huge number of participants had significant changes in their diet, sleep, bowel habits and also their personal traits. Also, the lockdown had improved interpersonal relationships and helped people explore their hobbies or even acquire a new skill (about 25% of the participants). More than 90% of the participants perceived decrease in air pollution and a majority reported increase in personal hygiene (74.2%), perceived decrease in crime rates (67.3%) as benefits of lockdown.Conclusions:It would be recommended to include variables to screen for mental health issues among the general population.

Detecting the Relationship between the Stress Levels and Perceived Burnout in Law-enforcement Officers during the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-sectional Study

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to determine the effect of burnout and stress levels on law enforcement officers’ perceptions and behaviors to emphasize the need for adequate attention and care in these individuals during the COVID-19 outbreak. The research group of this cross-sectional study conducted in July-August 2020 was formed by the law enforcement officers. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Burnout Measure-Short Version (BM-SV) and a personal data form prepared by the researchers were used in the study. Data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 16.0 software package program. The PSS scores were higher and significant in the group whose working hours were not increased due to the COVID-19 pandemic and they thought that there was a decrease in crime rates and did not need psychological support (p ≤ .05). The PSS scores were higher and significant in the group who took the warnings about COVID-19 into consideration, were afraid of contracting the virus, did not care about the progress of the epidemic and used the mask correctly. Additionally, the BM-SV scores were higher and significant in the group who stated that they were not afraid of contracting the virus (p ≤.05). A comprehensive crisis prevention and intervention system including epidemiological monitoring/observing, screening, referral and targeted interventions should be established to reduce the perceived level of stress and burnout in law enforcement and prevent further mental health problems.

Dynamics of crimes committed in 1960–2018 per 10,000 population

Regardless of the type of state, crime was, is, and will be. Crime is generally explored by analyzing the number of crimes and the number of convicts. In general, the criminal situation in Ukraine in the period 1960-2018 is characterized by a stable tendency to increase the number of reported crimes. However, this trend was not uniform and in some years there was a decrease in crime rates. The overall crime rate can be traced to the tables that supplemented the submissions. This study was prepared based on statistics from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, which reflects the level of crimes committed in 1960–2018 with a population of ten thousand. The focus is on the dynamics of reported crimes during this period. The purpose of the article is to investigate, evaluate and publish statistics that show the dynamics of crimes perpetrated in Ukraine by ten thousand people in the 1960-2018 period. Elements of the scientific novelty of this study are the information base, as the work is based on the results of the reporting data of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. The information provided covers a range of issues pertaining to crimes perpetrated in Ukraine by ten thousand people per year. The materials can be useful for officials and officials of state bodies, local self-government bodies, public activists, journalists, scientists, etc., who deal with the problems of legal statistics, as well as in the research sphere, in the educational process, etc. The study is based on the official statistics of the Interior Ministry of Ukraine 1960-2018. Materials are supplemented by primary statistics. The study, which is based on the results of the study of the reporting data of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine and reflects the level of crimes committed in 19602018 with the rate per ten thousand population, allows to judge the work of its individual services and units for crime detection, etc. during this period and will useful in predicting the dynamics of crime and developing evidence-based measures to prevent these types of crime.

MUSIC AND RELAXATION AS AN EFFECTIVE TOOL TO REDUCE AGGRESSION OF FEMALE OFFENDERS

Although since 2015, there is a decrease in crime rate in India yet crime is one of the major issues which keeps catching the attention of mass. There are many causes of committing crime but aggression is one of the most significant reasons among them. Aggression, however, refers to a range of behaviours that can result in both physical and psychological harm to one self, others or objects in the environment. The expression of aggression can occur in a number of ways that include physical, verbal, mental and emotional. There are many ways to reduce aggression, like, meditation, yoga and different psychotherapies. Among these one is music and relaxation. Hence, the present research was attempted to find out the effect of music and relaxation on aggression of female offenders. For this, total 60 female prisoners (30 experimental group and 30 control group) were taken from central jail of Vadodara. Pre – post design was used and paired sample t – test was calculated. From the result, it has been found that there was no significant difference between pre and post test scores of experimental group (t = 0.475, df = 29). On the contradiction, there was significant difference in pre and post test scores of control group (t = 2.160, df =29). Hence, from the result it has been concluded that there is no significant effect of music and relaxation on female offenders

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ADMINISTRATIVE OFFENCES IN THE FIELD OF DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES’ TRAFFICKING

Drug addiction is an extremely acute social problem and it attracts the attention of both legal scholars and practitioners. This is due to the fact that the improvement of the measures’ system aimed at preventing and stopping the spread of the drugs and psychotropic substances requires the joint efforts of specialists in various fields.Despite a slight decrease in crime rates, a study of the current state of the administrative and legal measures’ application aimed at preventing and stopping the unauthorized distribution of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances shows that these measures do not yet sufficiently provide solutions for increasing the activity and effectiveness of the struggle against drug addiction, prevention and elimination of this phenomenon’s socially dangerous consequences.The struggle against drug abuse by administrative and legal measures needs to be improved and must correspond to the prevailing socio-economic conditions. In this regard, the application of administrative and legal measures aimed at preventing and stopping the spread of drugs and psychotropic substances in our country requires further theoretical study of issues related to their concept, purpose and implementation.

The Implementation of Marijuana Legalization in New York.

In 2018, Governor Cuomo tasked the Department of Health (DOH) with studying the anticipated impact of legalizing recreational marijuana use in New York State. DOH concluded that the positive effects of a regulated marijuana market outweighed the potential negative impact but that implementation required close monitoring of usage, education of specific populations, and regular and rigorous evaluation. In states where cannabis is legal, studies have shown associated decreases in crime rates and increases in financial resources. Conversely, accidental ingestion in children and accidents following ingestion had increased. The road ahead is fraught with challenges, especially because of the nonuniformity in federal and state laws.

Neighborhood Social Capital, Juvenile Delinquency, and Victimization: Results from the International Self-Report Delinquency Study - 3 in 23 Countries

Since the beginning of the twentieth century, criminology has attempted to identify ecological factors affecting the rise or the decrease in crime rates. In this framework, concepts of “social disorganization”, “collective efficacy”, and “social capital” have been coined. Particularly in recent years, the perspective of “social capital” has attracted the interest of criminologists, but, despite the numerous studies conducted in this field, some issues remain open. Firstly, studies conducted outside the US context are few. Secondly, even in North American studies, there is a disagreement over the impact of social capital on crime, in particular on violent crimes. The results of this study, conducted on data obtained by the ISRD3 survey in 23 countries around the world, and addressed to 7th, 8th, and 9th grade students (N = 55,201), try to address such issue: they show a negative correlation between social capital and self-reported crime also outside North America, both for violent crimes and general delinquency. The preventive role played by social capital on crime is also confirmed considering the self-reported data on victimization.

Economics and Crime Rates in Indonesia

The Indonesian economy indicates good performance but it is not followed by the decrease in crime rates. The aim of research is to find out and analyze the effects of unemployment, education, wages, and case completion rates on the crime rates in Indonesia in 2012 – 2016. This research uses the panel data using the Fixed Effect Model (FEM) with Generalized Least Square (GLS) method. The data used in this research is the secondary data collected from the Central Bureau of Statistics and the Indonesian National Police since 2012 until 2016. The data includes the open unemployment rate, the school enrollment rates, the provincial minimum wages, the crime rates, and the case completion rates. The result of this research indicates that the variables of unemployment, education and case completion rates insignificantly affect on the criminal crime in Indonesia. The wages have negative and significant effect on the crime rates in Indonesia.

No Need for Draco’s Code: Evidence from China’s “Strike Hard” Campaigns

The occasional “strike hard” campaigns against crime launched by the Chinese government provide an opportunity to isolate the separate effects of severity and certainty of punishment on the crime rate. The “strike hard” campaigns increase the severity of the punishment but keep the certainty of the punishment unchanged. We use provincial panel data from 1988 to 2015 to examine the impacts of the two strategies on the crime rate with pooled mean group models. The empirical results show that a significant decrease in crime rates is associated with greater certainty of detection, but greater severity has no significant effect. A 1% increase in the detection rate (a measurement of certainty) predicts about 2.7% lower crime rate. The results are robust even after considering the endogenous nature of punishment policies and controlling for the measurement error in the officially reported data.

Fungsi Hukum Pidana Dalam Penanggulangan Tindak Pidana Narkotika ( Studi Pada Kasus Pengadilan Negeri Medan)

Narcotics crime in Indonesia is still something urgent and complex. From the disclosure of narcotics crime cases which increasingly have various patterns and distribution networks, narcotics abuse also increases significantly both in terms of quantity and quality. Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics is a criminal law policy which regulates acts and criminal sanctions that can be imposed on the perpetrators. The many cases of narcotics crimes whose perpetrators were sentenced, did not affect the decrease in crime rates. Even what happens to narcotics prisoners who are undergoing prison sentences are still able to control the circulation of narcotics from prison. This research focuses on judicial study, to find out how the implementation of judicial policies in deciding cases of Narcotics Crimes in the Medan District Court. This type of research is normative juridical research in a judicial policy order with a descriptive approach. The application of criminal sanctions with imprisonment and fines for narcotics crimes have not yet reached the goal of criminal prosecution, this can be seen from the lightness of court decisions and the existence of criminal disparities from court decisions against narcotics offenders.

Justice Reform: Who's Got the Power

As the US prison population continues to rise despite the significant decrease in crime rates, scholars and social activists are demanding comprehensive reforms to the penal system that disproportionately affects minorities and the poor and has become a significant burden on the taxpayers. This paper examines some of the processes that contributed to the rise of the modern day carceral state, such as the determinate sentencing reform and the proliferation of mandatory minimum sentencing. It also explores the unintended consequences of these penal developments and traces the reaction and subsequent resistance to these sentencing schemes from the judiciary, as well as other sources. Finally, this paper examines the dynamics of power between various actors in the struggle for meaningful reforms in the penal system and argues for a concerted action aimed at stimulating meaningful action from the legislature that has so far largely abstained from major efforts at reforming the criminal justice system.

Evaluating Mental Health Court by Impact on Jurisdictional Crime Rates

Mental health courts are relatively new to the scenes of therapeutic jurisprudence and problem-solving courts. Research is necessary to determine how to evaluate this unique subset of courts and their clients. This research uses a mixed methodology to develop grounded theories explaining the differences found in more successful courts whose jurisdiction saw a statistically significant decrease in crime rate after the mental health court was established and less successful courts that did not. Eleven Oklahoma-based mental health courts were researched. More successful courts prioritized intensive monitoring methods, multiple specially tailored treatment options, and additional program supports. More successful courts also used a diverse court team, emphasized proper program assessment, visibly divided compliant and noncompliant participants in court, and gave “tangible symbolic incentives.” The found successful theories were compared with the published Essential Elements of a Mental Health Court and Cesare Beccaria’s Essay on Crimes and Punishment for possible future validation efforts.

The impact of a natural disaster on altruistic behaviour and crime.

Institutional altruism in the form of a public-sector intervention and support for victims and social altruism generated by mutual aid and solidarity among citizens constitute a coming together in a crisis. This coming together and mutual support precipitate a decrease in crime rates during such an event. This paper presents an analysis of daily fluctuations in crime during the prolonged ice storms in Quebec, Canada, in January 1998 that provoked an electrical blackout. Of particular interest are the principal crisis-related influences on daily crime patterns. A first series of analyses examines the impact of altruistic public-sector mobilisation on crime. A significant decline in property crime rates was noticed when cheques were distributed to crisis victims in financial need in Montérégie, and hence they were attributable to public intervention (institutional altruism). Moreover, the rate of social altruism (financial donations), which was more substantial in adjoining rather than distant regions, was inversely proportional to crime rates.

Cultura e Segurança cidadã: em busca do controle da violência na Colômbia

This review aims at a critical approach of public policies and district programs developed by Bogota, Colombia, administrations between 1995 and 2003, which allowed a decrease in crime rates, as presented by Gerard Martin and Miguel Ceballos on their book Bogota: anatomia de una transformacion. In this text, I examine the social and cultural conditions that structured the political decisions immanent to the change in strategy for controlling crime and violence in Colombia. I elaborate on the programs of citizen culture, security, and prevention implemented by the Bogota administrations, whose experience is a reference to other cities in Colombia. That is to say, I address the scenario that favored breaking away from strategies used until the 1990s to control violence, as well as new strategies and values in which those policies and programs are based. Finally, I consider facts underlying the design and execution of those policies that are not explicit in the work and which reveal some inconsistencies in the proposals and in the working of the State apparatus for security and prevention

THE CRIMINOGENIC EFFECTS OF IMPRISONMENT: EVIDENCE FROM STATE PANEL DATA, 1974–2002

Research Summary:The heavy reliance on the use of incarceration in an attempt to address the crime problem has resulted in a dramatic growth in the number of state prisoners over the past 30 years. In recent years, however, a growing concern has developed about the impact that large numbers of offenders released from prison will have on crime rates. Using a state panel data set for 46 states from 1974 to 2002, this study demonstrates that although prison population growth seems to be associated with statistically significant decreases in crime rates, increases in the number of prisoners released from prison seem to be significantly associated with increases in crime. Because we control for changes in prison population levels, we attribute the apparent positive influences on crime that seem to follow prison releases to the criminogenic effects of prison.Policy Implications:Policy makers should continue to serve the public interest by carefully considering policies that are designed to reduce incarceration rates and thus assuage the criminogenic effects of prison. These policies may include changes in sentencing, changes in probation and/or parole practices, or better funding of reentry services prerelease and postrelease.

Fluoxetine and Suicide Rates: Suicide and the Economy

Fluoxetine and Suicide Rates: Suicide and the Economy

THE EFFECT OF COUNTY-LEVEL PRISON POPULATION GROWTH ON CRIME RATES*

Research Summary: Prior macro-level studies examining the impact of prison population growth on crime rates have produced widely varying results. Studies using national-level time series data find large impacts of prison growth on crime, whereas those using state panel data find more modest ones. Critics of the former studies maintain that the estimates are implausibly large, arguing that the effects are instead due to analysts' inability to control for potential confounding factors. Conversely, critics of the latter studies argue that they underestimate the total impacts of imprisonment by failing to account for potential free-riding effects. This study uses panel data for 58 Florida counties for 1980 to 2000 to reexamine the link between prison population growth and crime. Unlike previous studies, we find no evidence that increases in prison population growth covary with decreases in crime rates. Policy Implications: Our findings suggest that Florida policymakers carefully weigh the costs and benefits of their continued reliance on mass incarceration against the potential costs and benefits of alternatives. If the costs of mass incarceration do not return appreciable benefits, i.e., a reduction in crime, it is time to reconsider our approach to crime and punishment. Other research offers evidence of crime prevention programs operating inside the criminal justice system and in communities that hold promise for reducing crime; our findings indicate that policymakers carefully consider these options as a way to achieve their goals.