Decrease In COD Research Articles

Fast hydrothermal co-liquefaction of high-ash sludge and Chlorella for biocrude production

Fast hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) shows great potential for producing biocrude. This research examined the influences of mixing ratios of sludge and Chlorella during both isothermal (300 °C, 1800 s) and fast (500 °C, 20 s) co-HTL. Adding Chlorella could efficiently retard repolymerization reaction and increase the biocrude production. The highest co-liquefaction effect was achieved from a sludge to Chlorella ratio of 2:6 by fast HTL, producing a biocrude yield of 29.65 wt%, closely approaching the calculated yield of 29.39 wt% and demonstrating an additive effect. However, for the high ash content of sludge, all isothermal and other fast HTL conditions presented an antagonistic effect on biocrude production. Meanwhile, co-liquefaction also exhibited a slight antagonistic effect on the heating value and energy recovery of biocrude, with experimental values reaching 32.73 MJ·kg−1 and 52.74 %, respectively. FT-IR and maturity analyses indicated that compared to isothermal co-HTL, fast co-HTL biocrude was more favorable for the conversion into gasoline/diesel due to its lower paleo-temperature. GC–MS analysis identified amides (isothermal co-HTL) and nitrogen heterocycles (fast co-HTL) as the dominant components, suggesting that the holding time significantly influenced the competition of Maillard and amidation reactions. Besides biocrude, the major composition of aqueous phase products (APs) was also nitrogen heterocycles. Notably, fast co-HTL induced a substantial decrease in COD, NH3-N, and TN contents of APs, reducing the discharge challenge of the by-products.

Keratin hydrolysate as a chrome exhaust aid and keratin filler in leather processing: A cleaner technology approach for tannery solid waste management and leather manufacturing

Hair burning unhairing and dampening of tannery wastes during the hair-saving unhairing process are becoming significant problems in the tanning industry. Therefore, this research article focuses on the extraction of keratin hydrolysate (KH) and its application as a chrome exhaust aid and keratin filler in leather manufacturing process. The structure, morphology and functional groups of the extract were examined using X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), respectively. To study and contrast the degree of improvement in chromium uptake, the KH solution was applied both before tanning on the pickled pelt and after tanning during basification. The thermal stability, physical strength characteristics and organoleptic properties of the leathers obtained were characterized. Furthermore, the environmental impact of the tanning system was assessed through a comparative analysis of the spent liquors. Finally, experimental retanning process was conducted to replace the commercial protein filler (Celatan F: 50, 75, and 100 %) with KH solution, with concurrent processing of control leather using conventional chrome tanning agent at 6 % dosage of chromium. The FTIR analysis of the extract confirmed the presence of alkyl side chains of amino acids as well as carboxylic, amide, carboxyl group and aldehyde functional groups at 1400-1700 cm−1,3,303.46 cm−1,3270 cm−1 and 2752 cm−1, respectively. XRD spectrum showed two diffraction peaks at 2 theta values of 9.36° and 21.16°, respectively. Leathers with improved mechanical strength, organoleptic properties and thermal stability were obtained with 100 % substitution of Celatan F at pH 6 and 10 % chromium dosage. It was also discovered that the shrinkage temperature of the experimental leather was enhanced to more than 105 °C. Environmental impact evaluation on the spent liquor showed that the complete replacement of Celatan F with KH solution brought about a notable decrease in COD and TDS in the spent liquor. The extraction and application of tannery hair waste-based keratin hydrolysate as an efficient, environmentally friendly chrome exhaust aid and keratin filler has been attempted and established in this research article.

MANFAAT AKTIVASI FLY ASH BATU BARA DENGAN VARIASI KONSENTRASI NAOH SEBAGAI ADSORBEN

Water is one of the most important natural resources for human life. However, there are some problems that cause water to get polluted and not be used properly, one of which is the liquid waste of the hydrocarbon industry. Fly ash is a residue from coal combustion. Fly ash can be used as an adsorbent to reduce the content of hazardous fluid waste that could threaten human life. The study aims to find out the best NaOH concentration ratio between 1 M and 3 M added to activate fly ash against COD decrease, BOD, TSS, pH, and color change in Kutawaru Cilacap battery waste. The study passes through several stages, namely the first phase of activation of fly ash with NaOH at concentration ratios of 1M and 3M with a ratio of 1:5 for 3 hours. Then, in the adsorption process, the activated fly ash is mixed with battery liquid waste. The final phase is the testing of batik waste at the DLH Cilacap. The results obtained are at the concentration of 1M NaOH because it can reduce COD, BOD, and TSS up to 76%. With the result of COD of 3286 mg/L, BOD of 4921 mg/L, and TSS of 115 mg/L, whereas the results of concentration 3M, with COD of 3615 mg/L, COD 5397 mg/L, and TSS of 36 mg/L, PH for both these concentrations of 8 and the change in color of waste batik that remains black concentrated.

Ultrasonically Assisted Electrocoagulation Combined with Zeolite in Compost Wastewater Treatment

In this paper, the possibility of combining electrocoagulation (EC), ultrasound, and the addition of zeolite for wastewater treatment was investigated for the first time. The following combinations of hybrid processes were tested: electrocoagulation with zeolite (ECZ), simultaneous electrocoagulation with zeolite and ultrasound (ECZ+US), and two-stage electrocoagulation with zeolite and ultrasound (US+Z - EC), carried out with three different electrode materials. The results show that the simultaneous assistance of ultrasound in the ECZ leads to a lower increase in pH, while the temperature increase is higher. Regarding the COD, the assistance of ultrasound is only useful for Zn electrodes in the two-stage US+Z - EC, while the reduction in voltage consumption occurs for Fe and Al electrodes. Ultrasonic assistance caused more damage to the anodes, but anode consumption was reduced for Al and Zn electrodes. The total amount of zeolite that can be recovered is between 55–97%, and recovery is higher in systems with higher turbidity reduction. Good settling ability is only achieved with Al and Fe electrodes in simultaneous performance. Taguchi’s orthogonal L9 array design was applied to analyze the effects of electrode material, process type, mixing speed, and time duration on COD decrease, settling velocity, electrode, and voltage consumption. The results show that the use of ultrasound does not contribute to the desired result and generally only has a favorable effect on voltage and electrode consumption, while it has no positive effect on settling ability or COD decrease. Furthermore, although longer times and higher mixing speeds negatively impact cost due to voltage and electrode consumption, it is advisable not to choose the shortest duration and lowest speed to obtain adequate wastewater treatment quality.

Potential Use of Andean Tuber Waste for the Generation of Environmentally Sustainable Bioelectricity.

The growing demand for agricultural products has increased exponentially, causing their waste to increase and become a problem for society. Searching for sustainable solutions for organic waste management is increasingly urgent. This research focuses on considering the waste of an Andean tuber, such as Olluco, as a fuel source for generating electricity and becoming a potential sustainable energy source for companies dedicated to this area. This research used Olluco waste as fuel in single-chamber microbial fuel cells using carbon and zinc electrodes. An electric current and electric potential of 6.4 ± 0.4 mA and 0.99 ± 0.09 V were generated, operating with an electrical conductivity of 142.3 ± 6.1 mS/cm and a pH of 7.1 ± 0.2. It was possible to obtain a 94% decrease in COD and an internal resistance of 24.9 ± 2.8 Ω. The power density found was 373.8 ± 28.8 mW/cm2 and the current density was 4.96 A/cm2. On day 14, the cells were connected in earnest, achieving a power of 2.92 V and generating enough current to light an LED light bulb, thus demonstrating the potential that Olluco waste has to be used as fuel in microbial fuel cells.

Autochthonous bioaugmentation strategies for the successful bioremediation of high-salt petrochemical wastewater using a biosurfactant-producing Enterobacter cloacae Z11

Petrochemical wastewater contains a high concentration of refractory aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Bioremediation of these hazardous materials using autochthonous bioaugmentation (ABA) strategy is attracting increasing interest. Herein, an indigenous biosurfactant-producing bacteria Z11 was isolated and identified as Enterobacter sp. The reintroduction of Z11 into petrochemical wastewater led to a substantial reduction (P < 0.01) in TPHs, decreasing from 8099 to 1723 mg/L, as well as a significant decrease in COD, decreasing from 8064.2 to 1689.2 mg/L. At a critical micelle concentration of 200 mg/L, the biosurfactant synthesized by Z11 exhibited an extraordinary decrease in surface tension from 67.5 to 29 mN/m. The biosurfactant demonstrated favorable surface activity over a wide pH, temperature, and salinity range. Based on a series of chemical analyses, the biosurfactant was classified as phospholipid. The autochthonous bioaugmentation technique developed by Z11 indicated a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the degradation of n-alkanes of varying chain lengths and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The analysis of the microbial composition demonstrated that the addition of Z11 caused a rise in bacterial populations capable of hydrocarbon decomposition, such as Pseudomonas sp. and Stenotrophomonas sp. The activities of two enzymes involved in degradation, alkane hydroxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase, increased dramatically and showed a significant (P < 0.05) correlation with Enterobacter sp. Z11. The proposed mechanism could be elucidated that functional genes regulate the secretion of biodegradation enzymes and biosurfactants to promote the deep degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. This study provides technical support for the reintroduction of autochthonous microorganisms capable of producing biosurfactants in implementing in situ ABA strategies.

Optimization of MgCl2-assisted neutral protease system for sustainable beamhouse processing

The beamhouse plays a pivotal role in leather manufacturing. However, the conventional lime-sulfide system (LSS) used in the beamhouse causes significant environmental pollution due to the extensive use of chemical agents. In recent years, most research has focused on biological treatments, with enzymes emerging as a promising environmentally friendly alternative. In this study, we employed the salt-enzyme system (SES) to utilize MgCl2-assisted neutral protease to streamline processes and reduce pollution in the beamhouse. Additionally, response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to optimize the experimental conditions for enhancing unhairing, fiber opening, and bating efficiency. In terms of environmental benefits, compared to LSS, SES exhibits a significant decrease in COD, NH3-N, and TS by 9.59 %, 26.27 %, and 76.94 %, respectively, highlighting its efficacy as an environmentally sustainable alternative. The environmental impacts of the beamhouse stage(LCA) approach by comparing two scenarios. The results showed that all the environmental bnificantly lower than those linked to LSS. The utilization of MgCl2-assisted neutral protease in a one-step beamhouse aligns with the trend of environmentally friendly and green production for the leather industry.

Design and Modelling of Urban Stormwater Management and Treatment Infrastructure for Communities in Wuse, Abuja

Effective stormwater management can be used to regulate water quantity and quality for environmental sustainability, flood control, pollution reduction and other advantages of civil engineering infrastructures. Pollution of the environment and contamination of water sources can emanate from improper stormwater management. This study used a small-scale model of rainwater harvesting to analyze the design and model of urban stormwater management and treatment infrastructure for the neighborhoods in Abuja. The water quality of the treated stormwater retrieved has improved as a result of the usage of memory foam, alum, and chlorine to filter out contaminants and pathogens. With the fictitious stormwater treatment model created for this study, average values of the physicochemical parameters were collected from the stormwater discharge after it had been filtered and treated. The use of potash alum has had a variety of effects on the water’s quality. From 697 mg.L-1 to 635 mg.L-1, the total dissolved solids dropped. The DO dropped from 5.87 mg.L-1 to 3.92 mg.L-1 as well. Additionally, the turbidity rose from 4.42 FNU to 4.58 FNU, and the salinity rose from 0.7 PSU to 1.44 PSU, respectively. pH decreases from 19.78 to 15.17 mg.L-1, BOD decreases from 8.35 to 6.51, and COD decreases from 2.55 to 1.9. Calcium hardness has decreased from 287 mg.L-1 to 265.83 mg.L-1. The conductivity increases marginally from 3.24 ms.cm-1 to 3.82 ms.cm-1. The Fe2+ and Zn2+ ions exhibit a little decrease from 0.143 mg.L-1 to 0.055 mg.L-1 and from 0.092 mg.L-1 to 0.045 mg.L-1, respectively. Due to inadequate or nonexistent drainage systems in the many states and villages throughout the country, stormwater run-off management and treatment in Nigeria have been a colossal failure. Effective stormwater management can be sustained by using legal and environmental laws.

Synthesis, characterization of Gd-doped ZnO nanocrystals and their photocatalytic activity in the degradation of C.I. Acid Red 18

In this study, ZnO and Gd doped ZnO with various weight percentages (1, 2, 3, and 4 wt% Gd calcined at 450 °C and 2 wt% Gd doped ZnO calcined at 450, 550, 650, and 750 °C) have been prepared. XRD, TEM, DRS, PL measurements, EDX, and FTIR were used for the characterization of the as-prepared photocatalysts. The photocatalytic activity of the as-synthesized ZnO and Gd-doped ZnO products was assessed by AR18 as a model of textile contaminants degraded in water under UV radiation. The effect of operating parameters such as pH, contact time, the initial dye concentration, and the influence of different contents of gadolinium doping and analysis were estimated. We use some active species such as ethanol, K2Cr2O7, KI, and Oxalate to find the photocatalyst and the formation of the electron-hole mechanism of Gd-doped ZnO. After 40 min, the catalyst calcined at 450°C (at pH = 5.0, [AR18] = 1.0 × 10−5M)showed the highest efficiency (98.28 %). The amount of COD decrease after 40 min of irradiation is 98.6 %.

Solar irradiation driven catalytic dye degradation by novel biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO–NPs) from Barleria mysorensis: Kinetics, reusability and mineralization studies

During the study, Barleria mysorensis B.Heyne ex Roth was selected for biosynthesizing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and evaluating its photocatalytic properties. The structural and morphological characterization of the synthesized particles were performed by UV–Vis diffusion reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis DRS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Braunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) studies. The results indicate high-quality ZnONPs of 34.36 nm crystallite size with 92.32 % elemental purity (ZnO) and an energy band gap of 3.18 eV. According to the BET study, the synthesized particles had a surface area of 21.626 m2 g–1 with 0.001354 cm3g−1 (p/po=0.908) total pore volume of 0.001354 cm3g−1 (p/po=0.908) and 7.34 nm of mean pore diameter. The electron resonance spectroscopy (ESR) revealed that upon interaction of ZnONPs revealed the formation superoxide radical ions. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye using the synthesized nanoparticles revealed a degradation efficiency of approximately 91.32 % within 120 min of exposure at a rate constant of 18.34 × 10−3 min−1 and it was also noted that the dye degradation process followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. Besides, reusability and structural stability studies of ZnONPs as photocatalysts revealed a stable performance up to five cycles. In addition, mineralization studies revealed a steady decrease in COD and TOC content with an increase in reaction time, indicating an improvement in mineralization. In conclusion, biosynthesized ZnONPs get rid of the dye and lower the solution's COD and TOC, ensuring that the dye in question breaks down and non-toxic end products are made.

Preparation and characterization of biomaterial for phosphate ion removal: Kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics studies

Phosphate ions are among the pollutants that pose a major risk to the environment and human health at high concentrations. The aim of this article is to evaluate the elimination capacity of these ions of the Carpobrotus edulis plant in its raw state and treated with (HCl, 0.5 M). Both biomaterials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy coupled to an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Retention power depends on several parameters, such as adsorbent mass, contact time, initial concentration, pH, and temperature. The acid treatment allows a reduction in soluble organic matter characterized by a decrease in BOD5 and COD of 30% and 70% respectively. For a fixed ratio of the order of 3.75 g.L−1 and an initial concentration of 1000 mg.L−1, phosphate ion removal percentages exceed 90%. The kinetics fit well with the pseudo-second-order model, and the results show strong agreement with the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum adsorption capacity of phosphate ions is 380.95 mg.g−1 for the plant native and 888.89 mg.g−1 in the modified state. The thermodynamics of adsorption are spontaneous and exothermic for plant native and endothermic for plant treated.

Study of Different Biomaterials for Reducing Textile Industry Waste Water Pollution

Textile industry is distributed throughout the country. The manufacturing process of textile industry involve the use of various chemicals and after these processing textile effluent is mix in natural water bodies like river, lakes etc, which shows the impact on water quality changes i.e. cause of water pollution. In this research focus on to change the effluent quality using different biomaterials like saw dust, parthenium, Typha, Maize cob. In textile effluent high content of TSS, COD, Chloride and heavy metals are present. By using these biomaterials the contents of TSS, COD, and Chloride decreases. After treatment of biomaterials change the quality of textile effluent than the before treatment and it becomes pollutant free effluent which does not harm the environment.

Enhancing The Quality of Irrigation Wastewater for Mung Bean Cultivation Using IoT Technology

Farmers use irrigation channels to irrigate agricultural fields for mung bean cultivation in Indonesia. However, irrigation water in some areas is heavily contaminated and foul-smelling, which can hinder the growth of mung bean plants. Treating irrigation wastewater with methods tailored to the plants’ needs can reduce the levels of contaminants present in the waste-laden irrigation water. This research uses three samples of water wastewater before, after, and PDAM water. This research aims to process polluted irrigation water to produce clean water that meets the quality standards required for plant irrigation. This study employs anaerobic filter technology and IoT-based phytoremediation processes. The results obtained from the wastewater treatment research include adjusting the water pH to 7, reducing COD levels by 41.55%, BOD by 54.6%, phosphates by 23.13%, and nitrates by 90.22%. The comparison obtained from the experiment of watering the green bean plants using three water samples, namely irrigation wastewater before and after being treated, and PDAM water, showed that irrigation wastewater grew faster with a percentage of 65.33%, sewage irrigation water before being treated reached 49.33%, and PDAM water reached 53.33%. The treated water is then supplied to mung bean plants, promoting faster and healthier growth because the water nitrate, BOD, COD, and Phosphate decrease.

Effective remediation of leachate concentrate by peroxymonosulfate in a catalytic ceramic membrane filtration process: Performance and mechanism

Membrane concentrated landfill leachate has been characterized by complex component and degradation resistant. In this work, a new catalytic ceramic membrane (CuCM) was developed by in-situ integrating copper oxide in the membrane and used in combination with peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for leachate concentrate treatment. The performance and key factors of the CuCM/PMS system were systematically studied. Results showed that the CuCM/PMS system experienced promising efficiency in the pH range of 3 ∼ 11. The highest COD, TOC, UV254 and Color removal efficiency achieved by the CuCM-3/PMS system under the conditions of pH = 7.0 and CPMS = 10 mM, which reached up to 63.4%, 50.5%, 75.1% and 90.2%, respectively. The possible mechanism of leachate remediation was proposed and non-free radicals (Cu(Ⅲ), 1O2) played an important role in the CuCM/PMS system for leachate remediation. The fluorescence spectrum and GC–MS analysis showed that the refractory organics with a high molecular weight in the leachate concentrate were mostly oxidized into small molecules, which also alleviated the membrane fouling. In addition, the slight decrease in COD (7.4%) and TOC (9.7%) after 6 cycles revealed the good catalytic stability and reusability of CuCM-3/PMS. This work provides a feasible strategy for leachate concentrate remediation via a nonradical oxidation process.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Faba (Fly Ash Bottom Ash) Pltu Karangkandri Sebagai Adsorben Pengolahan Limbah Batik Di Desa Kutawaru Cilacap

In this modern era, many technologies are increasingly advanced and industrial developments are increasing, resulting in waste that can contaminate water. The purpose of this study was to determine the best adsorbents from fly ash and bottom ash and to determine the effect of filtration time on the decrease in content, color, BOD5, COD, TSS and pH in the Cilacap batik fabric industrial wastewater treatment process. The steps taken in this study were to find the best filtration time from variations of 60, 120, 180 minutes on fly ash and bottom ash adsorbents and to determine the best adsorbents from fly ash and bottom ash. The results of the color, BOD5, COD, TSS and pH tests showed that the most optimum adsorbent was fly ash, which produced the highest percentage reduction in color content at 60 minutes filtration time of 34.1%, the highest percentage reduction in BOD5 levels at 180 minutes of 69, 5%, the highest percent reduction in COD levels at 120 minutes was 71.5%, the highest percent reduction in TSS levels at 180 minutes was 69.1% and a neutral pH was produced. Analysis of the results of the most optimum time is the filtration time of 180 minutes where the results of filtration using bottom ash adsorbents show the highest percentage reduction in BOD5, COD, TSS levels of 55.4%, 55.3%, 20.4%.

Bioenergy Production from Tannery Waste via a Single-Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell with Fly Ash Cathodic Electrodes

Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are attracting attention for their application in simultaneous energy production and waste treatment, as innovative biochemical reactors. They usually operate under adiabatic conditions, utilizing microorganisms to treat wastewater compositions using mainly carbon-based electrodes as anodes and cathodes. During the past years, various anodic and cathodic electrodes with plenty of variations were used in MFC configurations. On the anode side metal-based electrodes are used while on the cathode, ceramic electrodes are currently introduced. In this study, a stainless steel anode is used in a single chamber MFC. Ceramic cathodic electrodes are used, coated with Fly Ash (FA). The mixed transition oxides of FA are tested as potential cathodic catalysts in the operation of the MFC. The FA powder was deposited by two methods: an ultrasound-assisted method and a conventional brush coating. Tannery liquid waste is used as the waste/substrate to be treated in the single-chamber MFC. The configuration with ultrasound-assisted Fly-Ash produced cathodic electrodes, led to the highest power output in batch operation modes and a high degree of simultaneous COD decrease of the tannery waste reaching the values of 0.44 mW/gcat and 85.6% COD removal respectively.

Effect of organic loading rates on the performance of membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment behaviours, fouling, and economic cost

Although submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR) are widely used in treating municipal wastewater and recovery of potential resources, membrane operational parameters and membrane fouling control remain debated issues. In this study, the treatment of municipal wastewater by MBR at high-biomass sludge (MLSS (g/L) ranging from 5.4 g/L to 16.1 g/L) was assessed at an organic loading rates (OLRs) ranging from 0.86 to 3.7 kg COD/m3d. The correlation between trans-membrane pressure and total fouling resistance was thoroughly investigated in this study. According to the findings, greater OLRs of 0.86 to 3.7 kg COD/m3d caused a decrease in COD, BOD, and NH4–N removal efficiency, and higher OLRs of 3.7 kg COD/m3d resulted in a higher increase in total fouling resistance (Rt). The economic study of using the MBR system proved that for a designed flow rate of 20 m3/d, the payback period from using the treated wastewater will be 7.98 years, which confirms the economic benefits of using this MBR for treating municipal wastewater. In general, understanding the challenges facing the efficiency of MBR would improve its performance and, consequently, the sustainability of wastewater reclamation.

Feasibility study of utilization of palm oil mill effluent (POME) as a source for microalgae nutrients

As palm oil productivity increases, the waste produced will increase. Every palm oil industry produces liquid waste known as palm oil mill effluent (POME). POME contains very high BOD and COD so that it can inhibit microalgae growth. Therefore, comprehensive research is needed to find pre-treatment steps to reduce the COD and BOD content in POME before it is used as a medium for the growth and development of microalgae. The experimental mixture procedure carried out POME and microalgae according to the specified ratio. Research shows that Pond IV POME waste can be used as wild microalgae to grow, thereby reducing the BOD and COD levels of POME waste. Variable modifiers were applied to the volume of POME to the ratio of microalgae volume and the amount of nutrients provided. Microalgae growth with a ratio of 1:4 resulted in a decrease in BOD and COD to 61.66 ppm and 173.33 ppm from 110.6 ppm and 496.67 ppm. On the effect of providing C nutrition (120 ppm), resulted in lower BOD and COD at 65.33 ppm and 186.67 ppm, while the effect of providing N (40 ppm) nutrition resulted in lower BOD and reached 55.41 ppm and 158.33 ppm.

PENGOLAHAN LINDI (LEACHEATE) DENGAN METODE MOVING BED BIOFILM REACTOR (MBBR) DENGAN PROSES AEROBIK-ANOKSIK UNTUK MENURUNKAN KONSENTRASI COD, TSS, DAN AMONIA

Lindi mempunyai kandungan bahan organik, TSS, dan ammonia yang tinggi. Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) merupakan salah satu pengolahan biologi yang dapat menurunkan konsentrasi yang terkandung di air lindi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kemampuan MBBR dalam menurunkan kandungan bahan organik, TSS, dan ammonia, dengan menggunakan variasi waktu detensi proses aerobik-anoksik dan media lekat. Reaktor di operasikan secara batch. Variasi media yang digunakan adalah kaldness K1 dan K3, sedangkan waktu detensi aerobik 14,5 jam - anoksik 10 jam dan aerobik 10 jam - anoksik 7 jam. Hasil yang didapatkan menunujukkan bahwa MBBR dapat digunakan untuk mengolah lindi. Penurunan konsentrasi COD, TSS, dan Ammonia paling baik terjadi pada media K1 waktu detensi aerobik 14,5- anoksik 10 jam dengan penyisihan mencapai 74,8%, 93,14%, dan 83,72%.

Green Synthesis of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Based on Natural Sand as Methylene Blue Degradation by Electrocoagulation Method

The green synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles based on natural sand as a liquid waste degrader has been conducted. Fe3O4 powder was obtained by separating natural sand using a permanent magnet through the electrocoagulation method with Mn doping and AC composite. The 5 variations of Mn doping aimed to induce ferromagnetic properties and stabilize MnxFe3-xO4 particles as methylene blue degraders, while the AC composite aimed to enhance pollutant absorption. Characterization using Fourier Transform Infrared and X-Ray Diffraction analyzed the functional groups, nanostructure, and crystal size of MnxFe3-xO4 powder, showing that increasing the molarity of Mn doping strengthened functional group bonds and stabilized particle size up to 8.389 Å. The magnetic nanocomposite powder was applied to a methylene blue solution as a model for textile liquid waste. Ultraviolet Visible Light testing revealed decreased light absorbance in the surface state region and an energy bandgap widening of 5.25 eV. The larger energy bandgap indicated a lower refractive index, indicating the clarity of the resulting liquid. COD and BOD testing supported these findings, as samples with 0.3M and 0.7M doping showed a decrease in COD from 299.82 mg/L to 287.27 mg/L and a decrease in BOD from 127.08 mg/L to 115.16 mg/L. The characterization results demonstrated that the magnetic nanocomposite powder MnxFe3-xO4/AC effectively served as a methylene blue degrader. It transformed the sample colour into a clearer state and reduced pollutant levels, complying with the wastewater quality standard. This research offers an environmentally friendly solution for a cost-effective and efficient methylene blue degrader.