Decrease In Caloric Intake Research Articles

Body fluid and hematologic adjustments during resting heat acclimation in rhesus monkey.

The purpose of this study was to examine body fluid adjustments during prolonged resting heat exposure in primates. Rhesus monkeys were acclimated for 35 days at 35 degrees C and 30% rh. Red cell mass, extracellular fluid volume (ECF), and total body water (TBW) were determined with 51Cr, 35SO4, and 3H2O, respectively, prior to and at intervals during heat exposure. Heat acclimation was characterized by a fluid shift from the interstitial compartment. In relation to TBW, interstitial fluid volume and ECF decreased 10.3 and 8.3%, respectively, while plasma volume (PV) and intracellular fluid were increased an average of 5.8 and 3.8%. TBW increased 4.8% during heat exposure. Hematocrit and hemoglobin decreased significantly on day 3 (7.9 and 6.5%) followed by a return toward control values. PV in relation to TBW remained elevated throughout the exposure. An increased drinking (25.0%) was associated with a decrease in caloric intake (30.7%) during heat acclimation. This study has provided a complete body fluid compartment analysis during resting heat acclimation in the rhesus monkey. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that heat acclimation in primates is characterized by a protein and fluid shift from the interstitial fluid compartment to the cardiovascular system and to the intracellular compartment.

Sulphate, acid-base, and mineral balances of obese women during weight loss

Four obese women, each at least 50% above their expected weight for height were maintained in the metabolic unit for 63 days on liquid formula diets of differing protein and calorie content. We made the following findings: 1) When 12 g protein nitrogen was consumed, 1 mEq of acid was excreted in the urine for every 2 mEq of urinary sulphate. 2) On a protein-free diet more acid was excreted in the urine than could be accounted for by oxidation of sulphur to the sulphate which was excreted in the urine. 3) Both increased consumption of protein and a restriction of dietary calories was associated with an increase of urinary acid. 4) Urinary sulphur excretion was closely correlated with nitrogen intake and urinary urea nitrogen excretion. However, on a protein-free diet the ratio of total nitrogen to sulphur in the urine was greater than when 12 g protein nitrogen was consumed. 5) There is some evidence that when total calorie intake was reduced at a level of 12 g protein nitrogen intake, the ratio of urinary urea nitrogen to urinary sulfur decreased. This suggests selective retention of some nonsulphur containing amino acids and/or selective oxidation of sulphur-containing amino acids. 6) In general, urinary calcium and magnesium excretions were depressed both with a decrease in protein consumption and a decrease in caloric intake. 7) The urinary excretions of calcium and magnesium showed a tendency to fall during the 63 days of the experiment. 8) The urinary and fecal phosphorus excretion remained constant during the various metabolic periods of the experiment.

A nutritionally based school program for control of eating in obese children

The effects of procedures designed to regulate food intake were evaluated for six low socioeconomic level obese black children in a Head Start Center during breakfast and lunch meals. Techniques to change food intake involved increasing prelunch activity level implemented in a withdrawal design and improved food selection according to broad nutritional standards implemented across breakfast and lunch in a multiple baseline fashion. The eating treatment was then withdrawn and reimplemented across the settings. During the eating treatment, foods available to the children were placed in three categories (red, yellow, and green) according to whether the children should decrease, maintain, or increase intake of these foods. Children were given red, yellow, or green stars after each meal if they ate amounts of food appropriate to the nutritional criteria. The stars could be exchanged for inexpensive toys. Results indicated a decrease in caloric intake as a function of either increasing activity or eating regulation procedures. However, changes in food selection were only observed during the eating regulation procedures.

Role of caloric intake in the weight loss after jejunoileal bypass for obesity

Sixty-five patients were studied prospectively after jejunoileal bypass for obesity. Dietary intake pre- and postoperatively was measured either directly by weighing food or by a research dietary history. Of 65 measurements, 59 were made at least 6 months after operation, when over 75% of weight loss had been achieved. Fat absorption was measured in 42 of the patients. The entire group ate fewer calories (mean ± se = 2595 ± 135) postoperatively than preoperatively (mean ± se = 3261 ± 138). This difference was highly significant (P < 0.001). Forty-eight patients ate less after their operation. The caloric deficit calculated from the observed weight loss could be accounted for entirely by the estimated decrease in intake in 22 of the 48 patients who ate less postoperatively. Moreover, measured fat malabsorption accounted for only 31% of the observed weight loss in those who ate more postoperatively and 21% in those who ate less. We conclude that a decrease in caloric intake, along with malabsorption, is an important factor in the long term postoperative weight loss (1–9 months) after jejunoileal bypass for obesity.

Personal reaction to weight loss

Psychological maladjustments often account for both the start and preservation of obesity. Although this concept is generally accepted, its obverse has received little attention. What happens to a person attempting successful and permanent weight loss? As he sheds excess weight by dieting, does he also change his selfimage? Will he experience psychological changes in self-image, which afford him the opportunity to work through his feelings, and thereby support the weight-reduction program? Is successful coping with weight loss similar to the coping with other losses, such as loss of a leg? Silverstone categorizes obese persons into three psychological groups: maturity onset obesity, reactive obesity, and early onset neurotic obesity (). Silverstone defines maturity onset as obesity that begins in adult years -about age 30-from decreasing, activity associated with aging without a compensatory decrease in caloric intake. Silverstone estimates that two thirds of the obese are in this category and two thirds of his study sample of 187 obese people apparently belonged in this group. These people keep their former eating patterns despite the reduced physiological need for food and seem to have little psychological dis-

Inhibition by streptovaricins of Rauscher leukemia virus splenomegaly.

Streptovaricins (Sv), ansa macrolide antibiotics, inhibited Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) splenomegaly by 25-50%. All streptovaricins tested were effective when administered orally either by diet ad lib or by intubation from infection to time of killing. When delivered by intubation, Sv was measurable in plasma for up to 6 h. SvC, at 300 mg/kg/day, reduced mean spleen weight of infected mice from 478 plus or minus 51 (SE) mg to 300 plus or minus 55 (SE) mg. Rifampicin, at 250 mg/kg/day, had no similar activity. Decrease in caloric intake and in body-weight gain also resulted in an inhibition of RLV splenomegaly; although Sv-treated mice gained weight, the increase was usually slightly less than controls. However, mice treated with a Sv diet for a week prior to infection, after an initial period of weight loss, gained at a rate equivalent to control group, and when killed had a marked reduction in splenomegaly. The selectivity of streptovaricins and specificity for viral events was suggested by several observations: (1) Splenomegaly and mortality, induced by L1210 or a non-infective transplantable tumor of RLV origin, was not inhibited. (2) No inhibition of normal hematopoietic spleen colonies was observed. (3) Host immune responses, including cellular and humoral immunity and interferon production and action, were not inhibited. Thus, although the effect of slightly decreased weight and intake could not be unequivocally established, the findings were most compatible with a selective inhibition of RLV splenomegaly by Sv.

A Study Of English Diets By The Individual Method: Part I. Men

SUMMARY1. A study of the freely chosen diets of sixty-three men of the English middle class has been made by the “individual” method. All food was weighed for the period of a week, and the amounts of protein, animal protein, fat, carbohydrate, calories, calcium, total and available phosphorus and total and available iron in the individual diets have been calculated. Detailed and averaged results for the diets are given.2. The average calorie intake was 3067 per day, but a very wide variation was observed (1772–4955 calories), and it is suggested that the adoption of 3000 calories as the requirement of an individual man may be most misleading.3. There was a definite, but mathematically insignificant, decrease in calorie intake with increasing age. The individual variation at each age was so great, however, that no rules for the guidance of individuals as to their dietary requirements at different ages can possibly be formulated.4. No significant correlation existed between calorie intake and body weight.5. The proportion of calories derived from fat was higher than any figures previously recorded in this country. The proportion of calories derived from carbohydrate was correspondingly lower.6. The total calcium, phosphorus and iron intakes were 0·87 g., 1·61 g. and 16·8 mg. per day respectively. 98 per cent, of the total phosphorus eaten was in an “available” form, while only 66 per cent, of the iron could be considered to be physiologically available.7. A similar study has been carried out on six unemployed men, and the chemical composition of these diets is compared with that of employed, middle-class individuals.Acknowledgments. The author wishes to thank Dr R. A. McCance for his enthusiastic encouragement and help, Miss M. Verdon-Roe for her assistance with the calculations, and all the subjects of the investigation for their willing co-operation. Part of the expense of this investigation were defrayed by a personal grant from the Medical Research Council.