Decrease Environmental Pollution Research Articles

Empirical Modeling of the Drying Kinetics of Red Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.; Chenopodiaceae) with Peel, and Flour Stability in Laminated and Plastic Flexible Packaging.

Despite the high global production of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.), its peel is often discarded. Transforming beetroot into flour can reduce waste, improve food security, and decrease environmental pollution. However, large-scale feasibility depends on understanding drying kinetics and optimal storage conditions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different temperatures in the convective drying of whole beetroot and evaluate the influence of laminated flexible and plastic packaging on flour stability over two months. Drying kinetics were analyzed using five models, with the Page and Logarithm models showing the best fit (R2 > 0.99). Def values (1.27 × 10-9 to 2.04 × 10-9 m2 s-1) increased with rising temperatures while drying time was reduced (from 820 to 400 min), indicating efficient diffusion. The activation energy was 29.34 KJ mol-1, comparable to other plant matrices. Drying reduced moisture and increased ash concentration in the flour. The flour showed a good water adsorption capacity and low cohesiveness, making it marketable. Laminated packaging was more effective in controlling physicochemical parameters, reducing hygroscopicity, and maintaining quality over 60 days. In summary, the Page model can predict beetroot drying kinetics effectively, and laminated packaging can control flour stability.

Robotic irrigation complex for crop cultivation in irrigated areas

Intelligent technologies used in digital agriculture, such as remote sensing, serve as a necessary tool for collecting bio-object data. It has been established that data collected through remote sensing and the Internet of Things (IoT), including comprehensive imaging of agricultural bio-objects, and their subsequent analysis will help solve numerous challenges in agricultural production. (Research purpose) The research aims to develop and validate a robotic irrigation complex for crop cultivation. This system will optimize irrigation processes by considering various environmental factors such as soil moisture, air temperature, wind speed, and other relevant conditions. (Materials and methods) The paper evaluates the signifi cance of developing a design that can optimize the process of crop cultivation and details the applications and databases integrated within the central computing center. The central computing hub monitors the current state of the irrigation area, performs calculations and develops management decisions. Utilizing mobile communications, this hub receives, processes, and transmits commands to the control panels of sprinklers, the pumping station, and the dispatcher for the machine-tractor team. (Results and discussion) The research has validated the design and main components of a robotic irrigation system for crop cultivation. Furthermore, an algorithm has been established to orchestrate the processes of data collection, calculation, and the control and management of operations. It was found that such a complex would optimize the irrigation process, reduce costs and resource consumption in the irrigated area, and decrease environmental pollution. (Conclusions) The implementation of a robotic irrigation complex will reduce water consumption, as well as material and energy costs associated with irrigation. By maintaining soil moisture within optimal ranges, this complex will enable the consistent production of high-quality crops under various weather conditions.

Multiple Soil Health Assessment Methods for Evaluating Effects of Organic Fertilization in Farmland Soil of Agro-Pastoral Ecotone

The incorporation of organic fertilizer is an important practice to improve the sustainability and productivity of crop production and decrease environmental pollution from crop-livestock systems in global agriculture. However, establishing an evaluation dataset is still the main challenge for quickly and effectively assessing the effect of management measures on farmland soil health. Hereby, we developed a minimum dataset (MDS) using three methods (network analysis (NA), random forest analysis (RF), and principal component analysis (PCA)). Based on MDS and two scoring functions (nonlinear (NL) and linear scoring curve (L)), the SHI (soil health index framework) was constructed to assess soil health conditions under four fertilization treatments (no fertilization, CK; only chemical fertilizer, NPK; only cow manure, MF; 50% chemical fertilizer + 50% cow manure, NPKM) in the northern ecotone of China. The results showed that the MDS-based on SHIs were positively correlated with each other and SHI-TDS (total dataset), verifying the consistency of soil health assessment models. Higher R2 was observed in the fitting of SHIs based on NA and TDS, which suggested that nMDS (minimum dataset based on network analysis) could represent most of the information in the TDS. The SHI-NL-nMDS (based on network analysis and nonlinear scoring curve) has the highest ability of sensitivity and accuracy, which indicates that compared with PCA and RF, the SHI based on NA can better embody farmland sol ecosystem functions. In addition, crop yield was significantly positive relative to SHI (soil health index). The incorporation of cow manure and chemical fertilizer improved soil health and increased crop yield. These results indicate that network analysis was a reliable technology for determining the minimum dataset in the evaluation of farmland soil health, and incorporating livestock manure could improve soil health and crop yield in this study area.

Nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture: A double-edged sword.

Nanotechnology is a rapidly developing discipline that has the potential to transform the way we approach problems in a variety of fields, including agriculture. The use of nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture has gained popularity in recent years. It has various applications in agriculture, such as the development of nanoscale materials and devices to boost agricultural productivity, enhance food quality and safety, improve the efficiency of water and nutrient usage, and reduce environmental pollution. Nanotechnology has proven to be very beneficial in this field, particularly in the development of nanoscale delivery systems for agrochemicals such as pesticides, fertilizers, and growth regulators. These nanoscale delivery technologies offer various benefits over conventional delivery systems, including better penetration and distribution, enhanced efficacy, and lower environmental impact. Encapsulating agrochemicals in nanoscale particles enables direct delivery to the targeted site in the plant, thereby reducing waste and minimizing off-target effects. Plants are fundamental building blocks of all ecosystems and evaluating the interaction between nanoparticles (NPs) and plants is a crucial aspect of risk assessment. This critical review therefore aims to provide an overview of the latest advances regarding the positive and negative effects of nanotechnology in agriculture. It also explores potential future research directions focused on ensuring the safe utilization of NPs in this field, which could lead to sustainable development. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Review about the Applications of Nanoparticles in Batteries

Nanoparticles are defined as an organic or non-organic structure of matter in at least one of its dimensions less than 100 nm. Nanoparticles proved their effectiveness in different fields because of their unique physicochemical properties. Using nanoparticles in the power field contributes to cleaning and decreasing environmental pollution, which means it is an environmentally friendly material. It could be used in many different parts of batteries, including an anode, cathode, and electrolyte. This study reviews different types of nanoparticles used in Lithium-ion batteries by collecting the advanced techniques for applying nanotechnology in batteries. In addition, this review presents an idea about the advantages and disadvantages of using nanoparticles in batteries to harness energy without harming the environment. This review showed that applying nanotechnology and using nanoparticles in the production technique of batteries open the field for developing energy storage in Nano sized batteries. This, in turn, is important in the new era of technology in the industries of electronic devices and precision electrical appliances such as mobile phones, digital cameras, etc.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Dynamics of wetland tourism in China: studying wetland tourism park service quality with post-trip tourist intention and tourism value co-creation.

The research intends to assess the dynamics of wetland tourism in China using nexus between tourism service quality, post-trip tourist intention and tourism value co-creation. The study taken the visitors of wetland parks of China as study sample and applied the fuzzy AHP analysis technique and Delphi analysis method. The results of study confirmed reliability and validity of the constructs. It is found that there is significant connection between tourism service quality and value co-creation of Chinese wetland park tourists with the mediating role of tourists' re-visit intention. The findings also lend credence to the "wetland tourism dynamics" which postulates that an increase in capital investment in wetland tourism parks increases tourism service quality and value co-creation and decrease environmental pollution in larger extent. Moreover, findings state that sustainable tourism policy and practice for wetland tourism parks of China has also a significant role in enhancing the stability in wetland tourisms dynamics. The research recommends that administrations obligation urgencies in enhancing scope of wetland tourism in a manner to enhance tourism service quality, which is essential for tourists' re-visit intention after a trip and tourism value co-creation.

Elements of the core area transport system oriented to station–city integration

Currently, China's urban rail transit construction projects are faced with several challenges including inconsistent planning and execution, lack of alignment with urban development, overly protracted timelines for some projects, sub-optimal land utilization rates, and significant wastage of precious urban resources. To mitigate these issues, it is essential to enhance land utilization around stations, implement scientific planning, and adopt intelligent management for underground space development. Moreover, all parties involved in construction must adhere strictly to planning guidelines during project execution. This study investigates the integrated development strategy of urban rail transit stations and their correlating cities, with the primary objective of enhancing the land utilization of stations and their surrounding areas. This involves fortifying the functionality of transportation, commerce, offices, residences, entertainment, and leisure in these areas, thereby catering to the varying needs of residents for travel, work, or entertainment activities. This type of an approach is anticipated to ease the pressure on urban road traffic, stimulate the economic growth of the stations and the areas along the routes, decrease environmental pollution, conserve urban space resources, and address issues associated with urban rail transit development. The insights gained from this research offer a valuable reference for future rail transit construction endeavors, carrying substantial practical significance.

Land Resources in Organic Agriculture: Trends and Challenges in the Twenty-First Century from Global to Croatian Contexts

Organic agriculture (OA) is a continuously growing global concept that emphasizes the use of sustainable and environmentally-friendly practices. By adopting OA, it is possible to improve ecosystems services, increase biodiversity, decrease environmental pollution, reduce carbon footprints and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, generating food that is free from harmful residues of agrochemicals, thereby enhancing food safety and security. This study provides a comprehensive review of the latest insights on the global utilization of land resources in OA, focusing particularly on some EU countries that experienced a notable and rapid progress in organic farming during the past two decades. With negligible 1.6% (75 Mha) of global cropland is currently dedicated to OA, there is ample opportunity to expand the adoption of OA and realize its multi-beneficial potential for farmers (by premium prices), and consumers (by healthier and nutritious food). The importance of OA has been recognized by the most recent EU agro-environmental policies and green strategies, with an ambitious goal to have at least 25% of agroecosystems under organic management by 2030. Despite numerous financial supports and a multifold increase in OA land area, many member states are unlikely to achieve this goal, including Croatia, which currently has a share of only 8% (~109,000 ha) of lands in OA. Furthermore, converting conventional land to organic farming has not always led to an increase in value-added final OA products. EU policies related to OA have been focused on the area of land cultivated organically, rather than overall production performance, and financial subsidies have been essential to achieve this policy. Therefore, some of critical obstacles and challenges for OA under rising pressures due to global climate change, public health and geopolitical crises need to be managed by specifically designed policies and regulations, which would contribute to more sustainable OA, i.e., food safety and security.

Flexural behavior of green RC beams with disposable glasses fibers in a marine environment

Using supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in concrete improves mechanical behavior and decreases the environmental pollution resulting from cement as a generator of greenhouse gases. On the other hand, the addition of disposable glasses as fibers to concrete can reduce cracking, increase ductility, and decrease environmental pollution too. Therefore, it seems that by the simultaneous use of SCM and plastic waste fiber in producing green concrete structures can reduce environmental pollution, improve mechanical behavior, and delay the cracking process, especially in marine. To achieve this objective, in the current research program, the effects of adding 0.5 % and1 % disposable glass fibers in form of ring or strip on the flexural behavior of ordinary green reinforced concrete (GRC) beams containing 10 % metakaolin/zeolite as SCMs were investigated at 28 and 180 days in the tidal environment of the Oman sea. According to the results, the cracking load (Pcr) of GRC beams was decreased up to 25 % and 32 % by adding ring and strip fibers, respectively. Moreover, adding fibers to GRC beams increased the maximum load capacity (Pmax) and flexural toughness (T) up to 28 % and 48 %, respectively. Also, green fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) beams containing strip fibers had greater Pmax and T than ring fibers. Furthermore, metakaolin GFRC beams had higher Pcr, Pmax, and T than zeolite by 7 %, 9 %, and 7 %, respectively. Considerating the results, addition of ring fibers to the GRC beams increased the pre-cracking stiffness (SFpr) more than the strip fibers and decreased the post-cracking stiffness (SFpo).

Effects of pH and Crosslinking Agent in the Evaluation of Hydrogels as Potential Nitrate-Controlled Release Systems.

Water scarcity and the loss of fertilizer from agricultural soils through runoff, which also leads to contamination of other areas, are increasingly common problems in agriculture. To mitigate nitrate water pollution, the technology of controlled release formulations (CRFs) provides a promising alternative for improving the management of nutrient supply and decreasing environmental pollution while maintaining good quality and high crop yields. This study describes the influence of pH and crosslinking agent, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) or N,N'-methylenebis (acrylamide) (NMBA), on the behavior of polymeric materials in swelling and nitrate release kinetics. The characterization of hydrogels and CRFs was performed by FTIR, SEM, and swelling properties. Kinetic results were adjusted to Fick, Schott, and a novel equation proposed by the authors. Fixed-bed experiments were carried out by using the NMBA systems, coconut fiber, and commercial KNO3. Results showed that on the one hand, no significant differences were observed in nitrate release kinetics for any system in the selected pH range, this fact allowing to apply these hydrogels to any type of soil. On the other hand, nitrate release from SLC-NMBA was found to be a slower and longer process versus commercial potassium nitrate. These features indicate that the NMBA polymeric system could potentially be applied as a controlled release fertilizer suitable for a wide variety of soil typologies.

The friction mechanics model within chip-tool-workpiece dual interfaces for cutting nickel-based superalloy at the cooling and lubrication conditions of the three forms oil-on-water mist in wide temperature range

Nickel-Based superalloy has been extensively applied in the critical mechanical bearing components, such as aeroengine owing to its excellent performance at high temperature, but its machinability has always been dissatisfied. In order to improve processing efficiency, reduce cost, and decrease environmental pollution, in this paper, the friction mechanics model within chip-tool-workpiece dual interfaces was established in turning of S-type difficult-to-machine nickel-based superalloy Inconel 718 utilizing the PVD TiAlN coated carbide tool under the cooling and lubrication conditions of three forms oil-on-water mist in wide temperature range (− 30 ~ 150 ℃) (high temperature oil-on-water mist (150 ℃), normal temperature oil-on-water mist (20 ℃), and low temperature oil-on-water mist (− 30 ℃)). Meanwhile, the influence law and mechanism of the cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed on the three-way cutting forces, friction coefficient between chip-tool-workpiece dual interfaces, and normal stress and tangential stress in chip-tool interface have been studied. The results showed that the lowest and highest friction coefficient within chip-tool interface was obtained at the conditions of the high temperature oil-on-water mist (HTOoW) and the normal temperature oil-on-water mist (NTOoW), respectively. The most notable influence of the low temperature oil-on-water mist (LTOoW) on the strain hardening, strain rate hardening, and thermal softening of the materials occurred.

Wheat bran fermented by Lactobacillus regulated the bacteria–fungi composition and reduced fecal heavy metals concentrations in growing pigs

Lactobacillus fermentation can increase the value of wheat bran, but the benefits of fermented wheat bran for pig production are poorly understood. We evaluated the phenolic acid content of wheat bran fermented with Lactobacillus. The bacterial and fungal compositions, short-chain fatty acids, and heavy metals concentrations in the feces of growing pigs were determined, and the correlations between the bacterial and fungal compositions and short-chain fatty acid and heavy metals concentrations were also assessed. The concentrations of phenolic acids (caffeic acid, catechinic acid, and gallic acid) were higher in fermented bran than in control wheat bran. The diversity of feces bacterial species was significantly higher, whereas the diversity of fungi was lower in fermented wheat bran treatment than those in the control group, and pigs consuming fermented and control wheat bran with different bacterial and fungal compositions had different growth rates. The abundance of genera in fungi that were less abundant in the fermented group samples than in the control samples (including Wallemia, Trichosporon, Candida, Aspergillus, and unclassified_f__Microascaceae) was positively correlated with heavy metals concentrations in pig feces, and the abundances of these fungi were negatively correlated with caffeic acid, catechinic acid, and gallic acid concentrations. Metagenomic function predictions indicated that larger amounts of secondary metabolites were synthesized in the fermented group than in the control group. The results provide new insights into the roles of bacterial-fungal interactions in the growth and decreasing environmental pollution of pigs consuming fermented wheat bran.

An insight to potential application of synbiotic edible films and coatings in food products.

Edible films and coatings have gained significant consideration in recent years due to their low cost and decreasing environmental pollution. Several bioactive compounds can be incorporated into films and coatings, including antioxidants, antimicrobials, flavoring agents, colors, probiotics and prebiotics. The addition of probiotics to edible films and coatings is an alternative approach for direct application in food matrices that enhances their stability and functional properties. Also, it has been noted that the influence of probiotics on the film properties was dependent on the composition, biopolymer structure, and intermolecular interactions. Recently, the incorporation of probiotics along with prebiotic compounds such as inulin, starch, fructooligosaccharide, polydextrose and wheat dextrin has emerged as new bioactive packaging. The simultaneous application of probiotics and prebiotics improved the viability of probiotic strains and elevated their colonization in the intestinal tract and provided health benefits to humans. Moreover, prebiotics created a uniform and compact structure by filling the spaces within the polymer matrix and increased opacity of edible films. The effects of prebiotics on mechanical and barrier properties of edible films was dependent on the nature of prebiotic compounds. This review aims to discuss the concept of edible films and coatings, synbiotic, recent research on synbiotic edible films and coatings as well as their application in food products.

PEMBANGUNAN DAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP : DILEMA ETIS MANUSIA

Various facts and experiences show that the negative impacts of development cause development goals to improve people's welfare to be delayed or not achieved. In preparing development policies with an environmental perspective, environmental considerations become a subsystem that is included in economic development and human resource development. Apart from conquering and fighting for the environment, there is still one more thing that can be done to save the environment, namely designing a sustainable life. The assumption is that if development does not pay attention to the quality of the environment, then the depreciation of natural resources will become increasingly evident. Therefore, the balance between the social environment, the built environment and the natural environment needs to be known and taken into account empirically and objectively in environmentally sound development. This research contains studies related to the Application of Environmental Ethics that must be developed by humans. Humans need to see and understand that a damaged environment is not only part of human moral and ethical responsibility for nature and God's creation that is not damaged, but has become the responsibility of the Christian faith. God the Great Creator. Ecosystem crisis, especially regarding the exploitation of natural resources and pollution, has ethical implications, especially regarding human attitudes and behavior towards nature. This is covered in what is called environmental ethics (eco-ethics).This environmental ethics arises because it is driven by social issues that arise as a result of excessive exploitation of natural resources which has an impact on decreasing environmental quality and pollution. Where environmental ethics is a reflection of humans and nature (environment) which understands that humans and the environment have a close relationship.

Cobalt-doped g-C3N4/MOF heterojunction composite with tunable band structures for photocatalysis aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol

Due to decrease environmental pollution and energy crisis, it is necessary to find an excellent solution to utilize visible light with photocatalyst technology. Therefore, it can be argued that the use of photocatalysts as well as clean and natural solar energy can be considered as an efficient and promising solution. Constructing heterostructure photocatalysts with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4-Co) is a powerful viewpoint to obtain high performance in visible-light photocatalysis. In this work, we prepared a heterostructure photocatalyst using Zn-based MOF and cobalt-doped graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4-Co) termed TMU-22/g-C3N4-Co. Characterization of TMU-22/g-C3N4-Co composite was performed by PXRD, FT-IR, TGA, SEM, EDS, UV-vis DRS, and BET. This composite showed a high performance in aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde under visible-light irradiation in mild conditions (at atmospheric pressure and room temperature) which comes from the cooperative performance of g-C3N4-Co and TMU-22(Zn) components. Additionally, studies performed using radical scavengers indicated that electrons and holes serve as the main reactive species. The superior photocatalytic activity of the composite is attributed to the enhanced separation of the photogenerated electron-hole pairs, as well as increased visible-light absorption.

POLLUTION TAXATION FOR CLEAN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS: A CASE OF IRAQ

Environmental pollution tax is one of the most significant ecological levies to combat environmental pollution caused by fossil fuel burning. Ecological impacts and corruption are so severe that several nations have adopted an ecological pollution tax to combat climate change, contributing to global warming. Additionally, the environmental pollution tax on fossil fuels includes two components: the imposition of a tax on combusted fuels, dubbed the energy tax, and a tariff on carbon emissions produced by fuel combustion, dubbed the carbon tax. The purpose of this research was to develop a suggested model for an environmental pollution tax in Iraq that would be levied on industrial firms that are environmentally sensitive or polluters. In addition, growing proposed gasoline tax rates. The study's findings indicated that accounting information plays a role in the formulation and application of environmental pollution taxes by providing the information required to determine the extent to which a business makes efforts to mitigate the ecological effects of its activities. Tax deductions were suggested in the proposed model to incentivize individuals tasked with decreasing environmental pollution caused by their operations. These deductions include solid waste expenses (which are the costs incurred by taxpayers to dispose of trash generated by their functions), environmental protection costs (which include waste, salaries, wages, and commodity materials), and activity costs. Maintenance (expenses spent by taxpayers to maintain precipitators and steam boilers) and quality management costs (costs incurred by taxpayers to minimize defective goods and hazardous manufacturing residues) are all results of the company's accounting system

Pt@SAPO-11 bifunctional catalysts with spatial architecture constructed via a seed-directed solvent-free strategy for n-dodecane hydroisomerization

Inferior sintering-resistance of metal nanoparticles is an obstacle restricting the development of bifunctional catalysts in chemical industry. The construction of spatial architecture in zeolitic framework can enhance the stability of metal nanoparticles and prolong the service life of catalysts. A seed-directed solvent-free strategy was proposed here to prepare a metal-confined catalyst along the zeolitic framework to sterically encapsulate metal nanoparticles. The use of raw materials without extra solvents could improve synthetic efficiency of each kettle, reduce economic cost and decrease environmental pollution caused by organic solvents. The status of metal species was observed by aberration-corrected TEM images and XPS spectra, and the intracrystalline Pt species were speculated to isomorphically substitute the framework Al and P or occupy tens of micropore to form structural defect sites, leading to a decrease in the support acidity and a better balanced bifunctionality. While enhancing the metal stability, the maximum yield of isomer products was increased to 75% versus 63% for the conventional specimen synthesized by hydrothermal and post-impregnated method on n-dodecane hydroisomerization. The results provide an efficient route to the synthesis of alternative bifunctional catalysts for n-alkanes hydroisomerization, and promote the high value-added conversion of downstream products in coal/natural gas chemical industry.

Isolation and Identification of Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria from Polychaete Marphysa moribidii

Marine contamination caused by anthropogenic activities has side effects and causes severe contamination to the environment. Polychaetes are benthic organisms that live in the sediment and can be a good indicator of sediment contamination by organic compounds. In this study, bacterial strains were isolated and identified from the gut of polychaete worm Marphysa moribidii and the potential of the bacteria was evaluated to degrade hydrocarbon compounds. The isolated bacteria were primary and secondary screened on Minimal Salt Media (MSM) agar supplemented with 1% v/v of diesel oil. Diesel degradation analysis was performed by inoculating potential bacterium into MSM broth with 1% v/v diesel oil and incubated at 37 oC for 20 days. Diesel degradation percentage was analyzed using the gravimetric method, while the bacteria cell densities were measured using the standard plate count method. Then, the selected isolates were identified based on their morphological characteristics and 16S rDNA sequences. As a result, two bacteria isolates coded as Isolate 6 and Isolate 8 were able to degrade diesel oil up to 52.29% and 39.24% after 20 days of incubation. The 16S rDNA sequence analysis revealed that it was identified as Bacillus sp. strain UMTFA1 (RB) and Staphylococcus kloosii strain UMTFA2 (RS). Our result showed that these strains have the potential in oil-degrading processes, which will provide new insight into bioremediation process and decrease environmental pollution in soil and water contaminated with hydrocarbons.

Can the Diffusion Modes of Green Technology Affect the Enterprise’s Technology Diffusion Network towards Sustainable Development of Hospitality and Tourism Industry in China?

In the post-epidemic era, encouraging enterprises to implement green technology innovation in the hospitality and tourism industry is important, which can reduce resource consumption, decrease environmental pollution and promote sustainable industrial development. Based on evolutionary game theory and Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGM), this paper develops an evolutionary game model between focal and marginal enterprises and analyzes the dynamic evolutionary process and the steady state of the evolutionary strategy of the major stakeholders. The impact of different technology diffusion modes on the enterprise’s technology diffusion network is quantitatively verified using ERGM and MPNet software. The results show that the neighborhood effect has a positive impact on the technology diffusion network of enterprises in the hospitality and tourism industry, the partner effect has a negative impact on the technology diffusion network of enterprises, and the social circle effect has a significant positive effect on the technology diffusion network of enterprises in the hospitality and tourism industry. This study can help governments to develop more targeted policies that can serve as a basis for enterprises to develop dynamic strategies and can further facilitate the implementation and diffusion of green technology innovations in the hospitality and tourism industry.

Fermentation of sugarcane baggase for the production and characterization of exoglucanase by Phaeolus spadiceus

The current study is designed having aims i.e., to check cellulase production potential of P. spadiceus, optimization of different culture conditions for the production of exoglucanase using sugarcane bagasse as substrate and characterization of exoglucanase. P. spadiceus, a mushroom was used to enhance the production of exoglucanase enzyme by Solid State Fermentation (SSF). Effect of different conditions was observed including, fermentation period, temperature, pH, moisture level and different carbon and nitrogen sources to obtain maximum yield of exoglucanase. Crude-enzyme was then centrifuged and characterized for temperature, pH, effect of metal ions and effect of different substrate concentration for the determination of Km and Vmax. Maximum activity of exoglucanase was observed after day 4 (57.64 IU/mL/min), at 25-30oC and 50% moisture level (31.5 IU/mL/min), at pH 4.5 (47.03 IU/mL/min) and also with carbon source (5% sucrose) and nitrogen source (2.5% urea) which was 39.2 IU/mL/min. The enzyme was subjected to characterization to find out its optimum temperature, pH, effect of different metal ions and finding Km and Vmax. Exoglucanase activity at different conditions of each parameter showed that the optimum temperature was 30oC and pH 4.5. The Km and Vmax were determined by the Line-weaver-Burk-plot between 1/[VO] on the Y-axis and 1/[S] on the X-axis that results 66.66 mM and 48.73 µM/mL/min respectively The study of exoglucanase enzyme production from this fungus and to optimize different conditions will aid in more enzyme production, decrease environmental pollution and produce valued things from the resulting fermentable-sugars.