Multiplier Decomposition Research Articles

IMPLAN's Induced Effects Identified Through Multiplier Decomposition

An analysis of regional multipliers is developed to reveal a structural flaw in how IMPLAN computes induced effects. This analysis reveals a fixed ratio across sectors between total and Type I employment multipliers, and that IMPLAN's “Type III” income multipliers are inversely related to the average wages in the direct and indirect sectors, and that “Type III” output multipliers are not affected by wages. A multiplier decomposition is developed that separates direct and indirect effects from the induced and further separates the induced impact into relative wage and regional income retention effects. The decomposition is useful in making comparisons among impact models.

DESIGN AND FPGA IMPLEMENTATION OF DIGIT-SERIAL MODIFIED BOOTH MULTIPLIERS

This paper presents a comprehensive approach to the ASIC design of general digit-size digit-serial modified Booth multipliers, together with corresponding hardware implementations employing the Actel 1.2 µ FPGA technology. The proposed design is based on a decomposition of the N-bit multiplier and the M-bit multiplicand each into a unique set of D radix-2D components. The decomposed multiplicand components are then combined with the modified Booth encoded multiplier components to form the desired product. Analytical expressions are derived for the total number of gate-equivalents in the corresponding FPGA implementations in terms of D and N. Similarly, by using a critical path analysis, analytical expressions are derived for the maximum possible bit-clock rate in terms of D. These results are then combined to arrive at the efficiency of the implementation quantified by the throughput per unit area as a function of the digit-size D (with the wordlength L being taken as a parameter). It is shown that for wordlengths in the range 16≤L≤22, the digit-size falls somewhere in the range 3≤D≤8 for optimal throughput per unit area, where L=min{M, N}. Viewlogic simulation results are presented to verify the proposed digit-serial modified Booth multipliers.

A multiplier decomposition method to analyze poverty alleviation

The objective of this paper is to present a multiplier decomposition method focusing on poverty alleviation. The decomposition captures the various mechanisms and linkages through which a production sector's output contributes to poverty alleviation within a socioeconomic system represented by a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM). It is shown that a multiplier can be broken down into two multiplicative effects, the distributional and interdependency effects. The decomposition method is applied to the case of Indonesia. A key policy implication is that the human capital of the poor needs to be enhanced if they are not to be sealed off from the industrialization process.

UK agriculture in the wider economy: The importance of net SAM linkage effects

The paper investigates the linkages between UK agriculture and the wider economy using a modified version of a SAM Leontief model. Through multiplier decomposition, the nature and significance of the 'net SAM linkage effects' of agriculture (effects excluded from an input-output analysis of the economy) are examined. The empirical results suggest that the net SAM linkage effects of the agricultural and food accounts are relatively small. However, they illustrate differences between agricultural commodities which derive from not only the structure of production, but also the distribution of factor incomes and the pattern of consumer demand in the economy. Further, the SAM linkage effects are found to be significant in determining the magnitude of benefits that leak from the farm sector to the wider economy. Copyright 1995 by Oxford University Press.

Comments on "Decomposition of complex multipliers using polynomial encoding"

Comments on "Decomposition of complex multipliers using polynomial encoding"

Parallel alternating direction multiplier decomposition of convex programs

This paper describes two specializations of the alternating direction method of multipliers: the alternating step method and the epigraphic projection method. The alternating step method applies to monotropic programs, while the epigraphic method applies to general block-separable convex programs, including monotropic programs as a special case. The epigraphic method resembles an earlier parallel method due to Spingarn, but solves a larger number of simpler subproblems at each iteration. This paper gives convergence results for both the alternating step and epigraphic methods, and compares their performance on random dense separable quadratic programs.

A portable random number generator well suited for the rejection method

Up to now, all known efficient portable implementations of linear congruential random number generators with modulus 2 31 – 1 have worked only with multipliers that are small compared with the modulus. We show that for nonuniform distributions, the rejection method may generate random numbers of bad qualify if combined with a linear congruential generator with small multiplier. A method is described that works for any multiplier smaller than 2 30 . It uses the decomposition of multiplier and seed in high-order and low-order bits to compute the upper and lower half of the product. The sum of the two halfs gives the product of multiplier and seed modulo 2 21 – 1. Coded in ANSI-C and FORTRAN77 the method results in a portable implementation of the linear congruential generator that is as fast or faster than other portable methods.

Social Accounts and the Structure of the North American Economy

This paper presents the methodology for and results of the construction of a 26-sector social accounting matrix (SAM) for North America. We begin with the construction of three macro-economic SAMs and their integration into a North American macro-economic SAM. We then turn to the construction of a sectorally detailed SAM for the continent. Finally, we consider the structure of North American receipts and payments and the regional decomposition of multipliers.

Frontiers of Input-Output Analysis

Part 1 Input-output and econometric models: Lawrence R. Klein: Econometric aspects of Input-Output analysis Clopper Almon: Industrial impacts of macroeconomic policies in the INFORUM model Comparison of two approaches to industry effects of macro developments Industry effects of macroeconomic changes William Peterson: Supply functions in an Input-Output framework. Part 2 Alternative accounting frameworks: Karen R. Polenske: Historical and new international perspectives on Input-Output' accounts Norbert Rainer: Descriptive versus analytical make-use systems -- Some Austrian experiences Reiner St aglin: Towards an Input-Output subsystem for the information sector Solomon I. Cohen: Multiplier analyses in social accounting and Input-Output frameworks: Evidence for several countries. Part 3 Extended models and multiplier decompositions: Jeffry I. Round: Decomposition of Input-Output and economy-wide multipliers in a regional setting Peter W. J. Batey & Melwyn J. Weeks: The effects of household disaggregation in extended Input-Output models Adam Rose & Paul Beaumont: Interrelational income distribution multipliers for the U.S. economy Edward H. Wolff & David R. Howell: Labor quality and productivity growth in the United States: An Input-Output growth-accounting framework. Part 4 Regional, interregional, international issues: Yusuhiko Torii, Seung-Jin Shim & Yutaka Akiyama: Effects of tariff reductions on trade in the Asia-Pacific region William B. Beyers: Structural change in interregional Input-Output models: Form and regional economic development implications Peter Nijkamp & Aura Reggiani: Spatial interaction and Input-Output models: A dynamic stochastic multi-objective framework. Part 5 Measurement error and data scarcity: Randall W. Jackson & Guy R. West: Perpectives on probabilistic Input-Output analysis Ranko Bon: Qualitative Input-Output analysis Michael Sonis & Geoffrey J.D. Hewings: Error and sensitivity Input-Output analysis: A new approach Benjamin H. Stevens, George I. Treyz & Michael L. Lahr: On the comparative accuracy of RPC estimating techniques Janusz Szyrmer: Trade-off between error and information in the RAS procedure. Part 6 Measurement and implications of technological change: Faye Duchin: An Input-Output approach to analyzing the future economic implications of technological change Peter D. Blair and Andrew W. Wyckoff: The changing structure of the U.S. economy: An Input-Output analysis Hideo Kanemitsu & Hiroshi Ohnishi: An Input-Output analysis of technological changes in the Japanese economy: 1970-1980.

The distribution of personal income at the sectoral level in Italy: A SAM model

This paper applies a SAM multiplier decomposition to investigate the impact of the structure of consumption demand on the inequality in the distribution of personal income in Italy in 1980. The household sector is divided into socioeconomic groups by income size. The results show a low capacity on the part of the poorest deciles to generate income for the household sector. The decomposition shows that the benefits originating from an intially equal increase in disposable income across population deciles increasingly favor the upper-middle income deciles.

A Social Accounting Matrix for the Agricultural Sector of Pakistan

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of alternative agricultural policies on production, consumption and income distribution within a social accounting, g framework. This is done by applying the social accounting multiplier analysis on the agricultural SAM for Pakistan for the year 1979-80. The paper focuses attention on the agricultural production sector, the related food producing industrial sectors and food consumption sectors, which are represented in the agriculture SAM by disaggregated accounts, while all the other production sectors in the economy have been aggregated into a single account. The paper is organized as follows: The SAM for the agricultural sector of Pakistan is presented in Section 2, followed by a discussion of multiplier decomposition in Section 3. Section 4 presents the results of the multiplier analysis and Section 5 gives a summary of the main results.

HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND EXPENDITURE IN EXTENDED INPUT‐OUTPUT MODELS: A COMPARATIVE THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS*

ABSTRACT At the regional level in‐migrant and indigenous workers are likely to have different income levels and consumption propensities. The effects that these differences have upon a local economy are explored within an extended input‐output modeling framework. Two iterative input‐output models, due to Miernyk et al. and Blackwell, are recast as systems of simultaneous equations and are shown to produce identical results. A detailed analysis is made of model structure and a method is outlined for the decomposition of income multipliers. Empirical versions of the two models, for Boulder and Cork, are reconstructed with data from the original studies and are used to make comparisons of the two local economies.

Structural Path Analysis and Multiplier Decomposition within a Social Accounting Matrix Framework

The main purpose of this paper is to apply structural path analysis to a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) framework. Because the SAM is a comprehensive essentially general equilibrium -data system, the whole network through which influence is transmitted can be identified and specified through structural path analysis. The latter provides an alternative and much more detailed way to decompose multipliers as compared with the traditional treatment of Stone (1978) and Pyatt and Round (1979). This paper consists of five sections. The first one reviews the SAM framework as a basis for multiplier analysis and multiplier decomposition. In particular, the additive decomposition in terms of transfer, open-loop and closed-loop effects is succinctly presented. Section II applies this conventional decomposition to a SAM of South-Korea to illustrate with eleven specific cases the effects of an exogenous injection on the endogenous accounts of the SAM, i.e. the incomes, of the factors, household groups and production activities. Section III is devoted to the presentation of the elements of structural analysis and, more particularly, the transmission of economic influence within a structure. Finally, Section IV applies structural path analysis to the South-Korean SAM and compares and contrasts the multiplier decomposition which it yields, with the alternative decomposition discussed in Section II. The comparison is the more significant in that the two decomposition methods are applied to the same eleven selected cases spanning a variety of sectors (i.e. poles) of origin (for the injection) and sectors (poles) of destination. The empirical analysis in Section IV suggests that structural path analysis applied to a SAM is a potentially operationally useful technique within which a whole series of policy issues can be addressed. The final section is devoted to a brief summary and conclusions.

Structural decomposition of multipliers in input-output or social accounting matrix analysis

Cette note fournit une démonstration algébrique du «théorème de l’influence», lequel permet une décomposition particulièrement intéressante des multiplicateurs obtenus par l’analyse input-output ou par l’analyse de matrices sociales comptables. Ce théorème a été établi par R. Lantner (1974) et démontré par J. Gazon (1976) dans le cadre de leur analyse structurale.