Decompensated Form Research Articles

Assessment of calcium-phosphorous metabolism in patients with early infantile caries by laboratory data

Aim. To assess the laboratory indices of calcium-phosphorous metabolism in patients with early infantile caries (EIC).
 Materials and methods. Complex clinicolaboratory examination of 34 children (age range 36 to 72 months), diagnosed early infantile caries, was carried out. Patients’ dental status was stated; a number of laboratory studies to estimate calcium phosphorous metabolism with further mathematical processing of the obtained material was fulfilled.
 Results. The analyzed laboratory studies showed the absence of pathological regulation of calcium-phosphorous metabolism in the body of the examined patients. The correlation analysis of caries intensity and daily urinary calcium and phosphorus levels in patients of type I revealed weak correlation feedback, r = –0.21, r = –0.25. The analogous analysis in patients of types II and III detected moderate feedback and the similar statistical data, namely, r = –0.26, r = –0.34 and r = –0.27, r = –0.29, respectively.
 Conclusions. Interaction between the deficit of the excreted calcium and phosphorus in the daily urine and the risk for development of early infantile caries was found in patients with EIC. Laboratory diagnostic studies, so as to administer adequate drug therapy for correction of separate indices of calcium-phosphorous metabolism, are necessary. It should be also noted that among patients with decompensated form of caries course, low calcium indices are more often associated with low phosphorus indices in the urine against the background of hematological parameters, which keep within the standards.

Clinical and functional characteristics of decompensated forms of blocks in the structures of the nervous system in children in the Kyrgyz Republic

Clinical and functional characteristics of decompensated forms of blocks in the structures of the nervous system in children in the Kyrgyz Republic

Особливості перебігу карієсу зубів у дітей із захворюваннями шлунково-кишкового тракту

The chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and frequent exasperation may lead to decreased metabolism and immunologic reactivity that assists to development of tooth decay. The research aim was to study the indexes of prevalence and intensity of tooth decay for children with the diseases of gastrointestinal tract. For the decision of the goаl of the work were inspected 357 children 6‒15 years–old. As a result of undertaken studies there was found that high prevalence (84.31±1.93.%) and intensity (8.96±0.15 tooth) of caries was determined in children with the gastrointestinal tract diseases, with the expressed tendency to complications, with predominating of the subcompensated and decompensated forms of caries that made progress with the increase of age of this group of patients.

Combined Cataract/DSEK/DMEK: Changing Expectations.

Endothelial keratoplasty (EK) has revolutionized corneal transplant surgery by providing rapid visual recovery and improved visual outcomes. In parts of the world with Fuchs endothelial dystrophy, many patients may present with both cataracts and corneal degeneration requiring surgery. Other forms of endothelial decompensation may also present with cataracts. The staging or combination of transplant surgery and cataract surgery depend on both the abilities of the surgeon and the surgical techniques being considered. We currently use phacoemulsification to remove cataracts and routinely perform both cataract surgery and EK with topical anesthesia. The decision to perform either combined or staged cataract and transplant surgery depends upon the examination of the eye including assessment of the anterior chamber depth and the status of the anterior surface of the cornea, which affects the ability to reliably assess keratometry. Additional considerations include the type of lens implant to use, the desired refractive outcome, and the patient's preference about whether to undergo 1 or 2 surgical procedures per eye.

A psychological content of social phobia syndrome

To perform a psychological analysis of social phobia syndrome. The subject area of research is the structure of mental activity and behavior in social activity. The study included 32 patients with symptoms of social phobia (ICD-10 F40.1) and 29 healthy people (controls). A complex of psychological methods (questionnaires; pathopsychological experiment) was used. Early maladaptive schemes and a tendency to mental rigidity can be a premorbid basis of the syndrome. Primary violation is in organizational target component by type of distortion of goal-setting regulation. The mechanism is a reduction in the mediation of emotions and behavior (an influence of emotions on the process of activity, excess metacognitive anxiety control leading to multi-task and exhaustion of resources of voluntary activity). Fear of negative evaluation leads to the fact that a wide class of situations is interpreted as threatening. Secondary are changes in the system of goals and motives of activity (technically performing components of social behavior act as a focus of attention, along with the target, the target replaces the suprasituational meaning). Along with a strong motivation to succeed, the motive of avoiding failure is formed, which leads to a decrease in social activity. Tertiary symptoms of syndrome dynamics (ways to cope with maladaptation) are destructive forms of decompensation (substance abuse, learned helplessness and hopelessness, suicidal behavior, etc.), repeatedly reinforcing the primary and secondary disturbances.

SALIVARY THE LEVEL OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IN CHILDREN WITH AUTOIMMUNE DIABETES MELLITUS IN DIFFERENT PHASES OF COMPENSATION ENDOCRINOPATHY

Aim. To assess the dynamics of the level of proinflammatory cytokines and their receptors in mixed saliva in patients with autoimmune diabetes mellitus during the period of the occlusal occlusion at various stages of disease compensation and to determine the possibility of applying these values in the early diagnosis and control of the effectiveness of endocrinopathy. Materials and methods. The material of laboratory-diagnostic and clinical studies was the results of examination of 93 children during the period of the change of occlusion, which were divided into two groups. The comparison group consisted of children without endocrine pathology. The main group consisted of children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus, which were divided into two subgroups depending on the degree of endocrinopathy compensation. The level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and their receptors in the unstimulated oral liquid was carried out by the solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the «Vector-Best»» and «Cytokine» reagent kits. Results. With the compensated form of autoimmune diabetes mellitus, there is an overregulation of regulatory mechanisms with an imbalance in the level of soluble receptors initiating the realization of the proinflammatory properties of these cytokines. The decompensated form of autoimmune diabetes is caused by an absolute increase in virtually all pro-inflammatory cytokines in the oral fluid, with an even more pronounced imbalance in their soluble receptors. Conclusion. In parallel with the therapeutic measures concerning the underlying disease in children with autoimmune diabetes mellitus the expediency of conducting a comprehensive dental examination with subsequent medical observation of doctors of a stomatology profile. In connection with a direct correlation be-tween the degree of activity of caries process and increase the severity of endocrinopathy, treatment and preventive measures in children with autoimmune diabetes should be regularly monitored and conducted with utmost care.

Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Alcoholics: The Role of Anticraving Therapy.

Alcohol is the main risk factor for death and disability. The treatment of alcohol dependence (AD) is a complex activity as the variables are numerous; however, those which must necessarily be taken into account are the type of AD, the internal comorbidities and the presence of any psychiatric comorbidity. Liver problems are one of the most common causes of alcohol-related liver damage. 45% of deaths from cirrhosis are alcohol-related. Thus, the treatment of AD must often deal with a more or less severe liver disease, which influences the choice of anticraving drug. As chronic liver disease is often present, and as in a substantial proportion of cases, because there is a correlation with viral infections or with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), it is clear that hepatologists should make use of nonhepatotoxic molecules. In cases of mild liver disease, all available drugs might be used, but we recommend caution because the liver is usually fragile due to the harmful abuse of alcohol. In the advanced liver disease, the choice of treatment is reduced. A psychosocial approach such as attending support groups could be the first choice. In cases of compensated cirrhosis with or without HCC, or in cases of HCC without cirrhosis, metadoxine, acamprosate and baclofen can be used. In decompensated forms the only drug tested to date has been baclofen. In alcohol-related liver disease a professional team with hepato-alcohologists is also necessary, especially for liver transplantation programs.

The experience of administration of the preparation tonsilgon n in treatment of chronic tonsillitis in sickly children

The analysis of clinical efficacy of Tonsilgon N was performed on the basis of clinical observations of 35 sickly children with chronic tonsillitis (single-agent trial). Following the analysis the authors established the advisability of Tonsilgon N administration in treatment of the compensated form of chronic tonsillitis in sickly and chronically ailing children. The reduced frequency of acute respiratory viral diseases and the decreased risk of its transition into the decompensated form of chronic tonsillitis have also been recorded.

Efficacy of Chemoembolization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Drug Eluting Beads

Objectives: To assess the safety and efficacy of tranarterial chemoembolization with doxorubicin-loaded beads for treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: From November 2012 till November 2013, 40 patients with unresectable HCC were selected for the treatment by transarterial chemoembolization with doxorubicin-loaded beads. Mean tumor size was 5.7 cm (range, 4.5-6.5 cm) classified as Child-Pough class A (n=10) and B (n=30). There were 34 patients received only one session of chemoembolization while 6 patients needed another additional session after one month of the procedure. Triphasic computed tomography and α-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were performed every 1, 3 and 6 months after the procedure. Results: Regarding efficacy, an objective response according to the European Association for the study of the Liver criteria was observed in 100% after 1 and 3 months, 95% after 6 months. A complete response was observed in 85% after one month, in 100% after 3 months and 85% after 6 months. Partial response was observed in 15% after one month and progressive disease in 10% after 6 months. There was significant decrease in serum AFP level one month after treatment (68.84±88.33 ng/ml) compared to pre-treatment level (808.11±545.14 ng/ml) with (P-value < 0.001). There was significant decrease in serum AFP level three and six months after treatment (47.79±82.33 ng/ml) and (12.18±15.67ng/ml) respectively compared to pre-treatment level (808.11±545.14 ng/ml) with (P-value < 0.001). Mean tumor necrosis ranged from 91.3% to 98.6% across treatment. Regarding safety liver function tests showed transient increase after one month then decreased after 3 and 6 months. Procedure related complications were seen in 12.5% in the form of decompensation in 10% and a small high inguinal hematoma in 2.5%, Postembloization syndrome was observed in 65% of patients. The overall survival rate across the study was 95%. Conclusion: Chemoembloization using doxorubicin-loaded beads is a safe and effective treatment of HCC as demonstrated by the low complication rate, good tumor response, sustained reduction of α-fetoprotein levels, and high overall survival rate. Keywords: Chemoembolization, doxorubicin, drug-eluting beads, embolization, HCV, hepatocellular carcinoma.

STRUCTURE OF THE NODULAR GOITER IN CHILDREN

For today the question of early diagnosis of nosological variants, the method of treatment and prevention of nodular goiter in children is still not fully resolved. There is a few available literature data about study of this problem in children. Objective: to study morphofunctional structure of thyroid nodules in children.The article provides information consisting of the results of a retrospective analysis of case histories of 73 patients, operated with nodular goiter in Z.A. Bashlyaeva Children’sCityClinicalHospital(Moscow) from 2003 to May 2015. The examination included an evaluation of the functional status of the pituitary-thyroid system: there were investigated serum thyroxine, triiodothyronine and thyroid stimulating hor-mone, also was performed thyroid scintigraphy 99mТc. In the postoperative period, there was carried out a final verification of the diagnosis according to the results of the histological conclusion. The histologi-cal type of nodal disease was defined by the WHO classification of 2004. It was established that in the structure of a single-node goiter in children prevail nodular colloid goiter with equal frequency in boys and girls, with the same frequency occurs thyroid adenoma, but more often in girls than in boys. The multinodular goiter equally often detected in girls and boys both nodular goiter colloidal with varying degree of proliferation and colloid in combination with follicular thyroid adenoma. "Hot" nodes in the multinodular goiter are more common than in the single-node goiter and more fre-quently in girls than in boys. The half of children with nodular pathology have "hot" nodes and one out of every three – decompensated form of functional autonomy. Decompensated form of functional autonomy of the thyroid gland in children with "hot" nodes detects regardless of the number of nodes. Papillary thyroid cancer occurs not only in patients with a single-node, but with a multinodular goiter. The results allow to draw conclusions about the heterogeneity of the morphological structure as a single-node and multinodular goiter in children, including papillary thyroid cancer.

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS ANd CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONSOF THE PANCREAS dISEASES IN PATIENTS WITH VIRAL HEPATITIS

The study analyzed the protocols autopsies of patients with decompensated forms of viral hepatitis. According to the autopsy 60% of patients with decompensated forms of viral hepatitis had pathological changes in the pancreas of which 2/3 were morphologically classified as acute pancreatitis. We performed retrospective analysis of medical records of patients who was found to have changes of the pancreas at autopsy. The clinical picture typical for pancreas involvment was scanty and concealed by severe clinical manifestations of decompensated liver failure due to progression of chronic viral hepatitis.

Treatment of Lymphoedema

the contributions ”Treatment of lymphoedema in difficult circumstances” by U. P. Katz (1) and “Complex compression therapy in difficult circumstances” by C. Hampel-Kalthoff (2, 3) concerned the case report of the painstaking treatment of a venous leg ulcer in “decompensated combined lipo-lymphoedema”, obesity and post-thrombotic syndrome. Although exact details of the aetiology and differential diagnosis were not given, the patient was at any rate a woman with chronic, venolymphatic problem wounds. Healing was only achieved after more than 10 years under ambulant care and treatment in a rehabilitation clinic. The reported accrued treatment costs were 1.09 million Euro (!!). Although the eventually successful therapeutic outcome is to be welcomed, one must nevertheless ask whether a possibly shorter and more rational – and hence less expensive – treatment concept might be applicable to such patients with protracted congestive lesions. Thankfully, after efficient removal of the cause and modern, stage-adapted wound management, leg ulcers caused by congestion generally heal. Treatment must be based on a rigorous surgical treatment of the varices, venous compression for post-thrombotic syndrome and also an examination of interventional venous recanalization options (iliac vein stent etc.). In the case of lymphoedema, the first phase of decongestive treatment must be completed as quickly as possible. Such patients with marked chronic symptoms of congestion, usually with additional critical comorbidity, are even more frequently seen in everyday practice. The standard treatment in Germany for these patients, consisting of purely outpatient care and treatment in a rehabilitation clinic, is often insufficient. Based on the model of the 1st Akutlymphklinik Rheine/Ochtrup, Germany (Medical Director Dr. G. Lulay), in 2011 we began to give such patients short in-patient, complex treatment in the acute hospital (Acute Lymph Department and Wound Unit in the Angiology Clinic). Here patients, who often passed an odyssey of treatment lasting many years, receive 5–12 (rarely 19) days of intensive lymphatic and angiological treatment, with sensational decongestive results. After removal of the oedema, the wounds generally heal quickly. From our experiences with such problem patients who have failed to show recompensation after exhaustive ambulant treatment, the in-patient treatment in appropriate specialist units in an acute hospital is highly effective. In the subsequent phase in a rehabilitation clinic, the recompensation achieved should then be stabilised (analogous to the proven techniques in all other forms of circulatory decompensation). By approach it is possible to shorten the entire process until wound healing on a permanent basis, with a huge economic cost-saving potential. Unless the oedema is firstly and rapidly relieved, wound healing cannot be expected – at least in the short-term. Unfortunately however, lymphoedema is not accepted by the bearers of health insurance as a disease for an acute hospital. That is a shame, because were lymphology/phlebology to be given adequate attention in the DRG system for acute care hospitals, a large part of the mentioned millions of Euro could most probably be saved at a cost of a few thousand Euro per patient (hospitalisation approx. two weeks). Thanks to the authors who, from the case history they presented, indirectly drew attention to this relevant and practical lymphological problem.

The character of variations in the relationships of lymphocyte subpopulations in the patients presenting with chronic decompensated tonsillitis

The palatine tonsils are known to be involved in the formation of cellular and humoral immunity. Apoptosis is believed to be one of the main biological mechanism regulating the quantitative composition of subpopulations of the immunocompetent cells. Therefore, the prevalence of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic processes determines the direction of the immune response. Bearing this in mind, we have undertaken a study with a view to elucidating the relationships between lymphocyte subpopulations in the blood and homogenates of the palatal tonsils in the patients with chronic decompensated tonsillitis and establishing their interdependence with the levels of apoptosis and necrosis. The quantification of apoptosis and necrosis as well as the ratio of these processes in neutrophils and lymphocytes belonging to different subpopulations of palatal tonsil homogenates and peripheral blood was performed by cytofluorometry with the use of the "BecmenCulter Epi XL" apparatus (USA). It has been found that decompensated chronic tonsillitis is associated with the depression of cellular immunity apparent as the 2 or 3-fold reduction of lymphocyte CD3, CD4m and CD8 subsets (as compared with the respective normal levels). The number of CD16 and CD19 lymphocytes remains unaltered witch suggests that humoral immunity is un-affectred. It is concluded that the apoptosis-necrosis index and the relationship between different subpopulations of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood may be the additional indicator to be used for diagnostics of decompensated forms of chronic tonsillitis.

Кислородный режим и функциональная активность тканей организма при патологии головного мозга и почек в условиях гипероксии

The paper contains information about the mechanisms of therapeutic action of hyperbaric oxy-genation on oxygen regime and state functions of brain cortex and stem during acute cerebral ischemia of 90 minutes length and on renal cortex during acute serum glomeralonephritis. Experimental acute cerebral ischemia is simulated by deligation of both common carotid arteries which leads to subcompensated and decompensated forms of ischemia. Experimental acute serum glomeralonephritis is simulated by a single intravenous injection of bovine serum albumin. A single session of hyperbaric oxygenation is carried out within 60 minutes (3 absolute atmospheres mode) at the first day of the pathological process formation. The following factors are analyzed: motion activity, electrical activity of brain and heart, volume rate of cerebral blood flow, blood pH, oxygen tension in the arterial and venous blood, arteriovenous oxygen and oxyhemoglobin difference, oxygen consumption by brain tissue in the end of 90 minutes of cerebral ischemia in conditions of hyperoxia. Volumetric blood flow rate, oxygen tension in renal cortex are measured; condition of renal ultrafiltration in early and late post hyperoxia periods during acute serum glomeralonephritis is defined.&#x0D; &#x0D; This paper shows a positive effect which hyperoxia has on the functional and metabolic processes at tissue and cellular level in the brain suffered from ischemia and kidneys during acute serum glomeralonephritis. Hyperbaric oxygenation restores blood flow and oxygen regime in the brain cortex and stem and renal cortex, normalizes metabolic processes in the brain cells and restore renal function.

PO-0351 Iron-deficiency Anaemia And Dental Diseases Among Children

Aim of research Studying of dental diseases prevalence among children with iron-deficiency anaemia. Materials and methods The research was made among 1500 children and teenagers from Karaganda province countries at the age from 3 to 17 years old with iron-deficiency anaemia and dentistry diseases. The middle age of participants was 9,79 +- 1,8 years. 765 (51%) of them were boys and 735 (49%) girls. All together with iron-deficiency anaemia were 812 (54% out of all researched). Mild iron-deficiency anaemia was among 288 (35.5%) children, average 181 (22.3%), hard 51 (6.4%). The prevalence of caries was 69,4% among anaemia patients, prevalence of periodontal diseases was 39%, at the majority were dentoalveolar anomalies – 96,1% : distal and deep bite, the anomalies of position of individual teeth, retention of individual teeth. The higher results of caries prevalence were among children at preschool (73,9%) and young school age (77,2%). After the frequency of caries decreased with age. It is connected with decrease of amount children with anaemia, and probably with changing period of teeth to permanent, normalisation of bite and addressing disparities in growth of the jaws, changing of diet, forming of oral hygiene skills. There was a positive correlation between the severity of IDA and the degree of caries activity. At the mild IDA compensated caries form occured in 54.3% cases, subcompensated in 9.51% and decompensated form – 0.84%. At the average IDA respectively 39.1%, 14.8% and 12.2%. When IDA severe – 32.4%, 32.4% and 19.1% resepctively. With increasing severity of IDA noted dynamic increase of caries, suggesting a direct correlation.

Commentary: scoring models for short‐term mortality in alcoholic hepatitis

Papastergiou et al. studied patients with biopsy-proven alcoholic hepatitis (AH) with regard to accuracy of scoring systems used to predict outcome and evaluate response to treatment.1 AH is distinguished by a plethora of scoring systems. Some, such as the discriminant function (DF),2 Glasgow alcoholic hepatitis score (GAHS)3 and the ABIC score,4 were developed specifically for use in AH. Others such as MELD have been co-opted from other areas of liver medicine.5 It has been clear for some time that all of these scores are fairly accurate in predicting short-term (28-day) and medium-term (90-day) mortality in AH.6-8 Papastergious' study is a helpful external validation of these scores, and is of particular interest as the cohort all had biopsy-proven AH. Many of the suggested models have been based on groups of patients where only a clinical diagnosis was made, thereby risking the inclusion of patients with other forms of hepatic decompensation. Although this study has validated the negative predictive value of these scoring systems many unanswered questions remain in the area of AH. We await with interest the United Kingdom randomised controlled trial evaluating therapies in AH.9 At present most groups use steroids in severe AH, and stop them if there is no biochemical response after 1 week. However, evidence for efficacy of steroids is disputed by standard meta-analysis and the duration of treatment remains unclear in those who respond. Although this current study does help our understanding of this serious disease, the key answers to its management will only come from randomised controlled trials. Declaration of personal and funding interests: None.

OUR EXPERIENCE OF USING ORGAN-PRESERVING OPERATIONS IN VISCEROPTOSIS

Aim. To assess the efficiency of using organ-preserving visceroptosis correction. Materials and methods. Operative treatment of 65 patients with compensated and subcompensated forms of visceroptosis by means of organ-preserving technique developed at BSUM Clinic was conducted. Results. Application of this technique of operative treatment of visceroptosis permitted to obtain positive results in 58% of cases, satisfactory - in 31%, no results were achieved in 11% of patients with decompensated form of colostasis. Conclusion. The suggested organ-preserving technique is indicated and effective in both compensated and subcompensated forms of gastro-colonoptosis and in isolated transversoptosis with colonic bends of the large intestine. There are no any severe complications as far as technical aspect is concerned. This technique is not effective in decompensated forms of coloctasis caused by visceroptosis.

ОРТОДОНТИЧЕСКАЯ ПОДГОТОВКА ПЕРЕД ПРОТЕЗИРОВАНИЕМ ПРИ ГЕНЕРАЛИЗОВАННОЙ ПОВЫШЕННОЙ СТИРАЕМОСТИ ЗУБОВ ДЕКОМПЕНСИРОВАННОЙ ФОРМЫ

&lt;p&gt;Generalized increased abrasion decompensated forms are often accompanied by severe morphofunctional impairments that require careful diagnosis and preparation of dental system before its final restoration. The authors suggest anthropometric observations for diagnostic aims to clarify the the mandible position, also machines for the normalization of the position of the lower jaw, and adaptation of the masticatory muscles with orthodontic techniques in the stage of preparation for prosthetics.&lt;/p&gt;

Analysis of associated diseases in patients with acute critical lower limb ischemia

Acute critical lower limb ischemia refers to the state of severely impaired vitality of lower limbs due to acute occlusion of arterial blood vessel by a thrombus or emboli. Surgical revascularization in the first 6-12 hours after the onset of symptoms gives the best results. However, a high mortality rate and probability of limb loss make this problem more debatable, and can be related with associated diseases. This research included 95 patients who had been operated within the first 12 hours after the onset of symptoms of critical limb ischemia We collected the following data: age and sex of patients, etiology of limb ischemia, type of operation, associated diseases and outcome of treatment. Most of the patients were 70 to 80 years old, both sexes being equally represented. There was significantly more arterial embolism (70%) than thrombosis on the prior arterial lesion. Most of the embolizations were treated with Fogarty balloon catheter embolectomy (98%); however, a great number ofarterial thrombosis demanded more complex "inflow" and "outflow" ensuring procedures such as thromboendarterectomy and bypass (33%). The performed surgical procedures showed no statistical differences when final outcome was analyzed. Amputation had to be performed in about 3% of the patients and all of them were diabetics. Mortality rate in this research was 10.5% and 7/10 with this outcome had severe form of chronic myocardiopathy and metabolic decompensation. Acute critical lower limb ischemia should be treated surgically as soon as possible. Negative outcomes are associated with comorbidity and general condition of the patient.

Testosterone and 17β-Estradiol Induce Glandular Prostatic Growth, Bladder Outlet Obstruction, and Voiding Dysfunction in Male Mice

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) are common in older men and can contribute to lower urinary tract symptoms that significantly impact quality of life. Few existing models of BOO and BPH use physiological levels of hormones associated with disease progression in humans in a genetically manipulable organism. We present a model of BPH and BOO induced in mice with testosterone (T) and 17β-estradiol (E(2)). Male mice were surgically implanted with slow-releasing sc pellets containing 25 mg T and 2.5 mg E(2) (T+E(2)). After 2 and 4 months of hormone treatment, we evaluated voiding patterns and examined the gross morphology and histology of the bladder, urethra, and prostate. Mice treated with T+E(2) developed significantly larger bladders than untreated mice, consistent with BOO. Some mice treated with T+E(2) had complications in the form of bladder hypertrophy, diverticula, calculi, and eventual decompensation with hydronephrosis. Hormone treatment caused a significant decrease in the size of the urethral lumen, increased prostate mass, and increased number of prostatic ducts associated with the prostatic urethra, compared with untreated mice. Voiding dysfunction was observed in mice treated with T+E(2), who exhibited droplet voiding pattern with significantly decreased void mass, shorter void duration, and fewer sustained voids. The constellation of lower urinary tract abnormalities, including BOO, enlarged prostates, and voiding dysfunction seen in male mice treated with T+E(2) is consistent with BPH in men. This model is suitable for better understanding molecular mechanisms and for developing novel strategies to address BPH and BOO.