Decolorization Of Crystal Violet Research Articles

Correction to: Malachite Green and Crystal Violet Decolorization by Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus ostreatus Supernatant and by rGlLCC1 and rPOXA 1B Concentrates: Molecular Docking Analysis.

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The replacement image of Fig.4 provided by the first corresponding author, Aura M. Pedroza-Rodríguez, is incorrect and that the originally submitted Fig.4 should have been retained. The original article has been corrected.

Malachite Green and Crystal Violet Decolorization by Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus ostreatus Supernatant and by rGlLCC1 and rPOXA 1B Concentrates: Molecular Docking Analysis.

Laccases catalyze the oxidation of various aromatic organic compounds concomitantly with molecular oxygen reduction to water. Triphenylmethane dyes are synthetic compounds widely used in diverse industries. Their removal from effluents is difficult, due to their high degree of structural complexity; hence, their high concentration in effluents cause a negative impact on the environment. In the present work, molecular docking was used to evaluate interactions between rGlLCC1 or rPOXA 1B enzymes with Crystal Violet (CV) or Malachite Green (MG) dyes. In addition, removal tests of the two dyes were performed. Van der Waals interactions were obtained for only the CV dye for both GlLCC1 and POXA 1B enzymes. Nevertheless, in the GlLCC1 model, two π-π interactions were observed. For the MG dye only, Van der Waals interactions were obtained. Moreover, amino acid composition interacting in each model with each dye was similar. It is important to highlight that by molecular docking, none of the estimated ligand configurations generated hydrogen bonds. Thus, explaining the difficulty to degrade CV and MG. Regarding CV, maximum decolorization percentage was 23.6±1.0% using Ganoderma lucidum supernatant and 5.0±0.5% with Pleurotus ostreatus supernatant. When using recombinant laccase enzyme concentrates, decolorization percentages were 9.9±0.1 and 7.5±1.0% for rGlLCC1 and rPOXA 1B, respectively. On the other hand, for the MG dye, maximum decolorization percentages were 52.1±5.1 and 2.3±0.2% using G. lucidum and P. ostreatus concentrates, respectively. Whereas with recombinant laccase enzymatic concentrates, values of 9.4±0.8% were obtained, with rGlLCC1, and 2.1±0.1% when using rPOXA 1B. These findings represent an important step in bioremediation processes improvement and efficiency of industry-generated products, using environmentally friendly alternatives.

Effect of glucose oxidase on decolorization efficiency of crystal violet by Phanerochaete chrysosporium cultures

An enzymatic reaction using glucose oxidase (GOx) was applied for continues production of hydrogen peroxide and organic acid in Phanerochaete chrysosporium cultures for use simultaneously in catalytic cycle of peroxidases. Decolorization efficiency of crystal violet (CV) as a model pollutant was investigated in 16 d old cultures which overproduced manganese peroxidase (MnP) in response to daily GOx addition and control cultures (i.e. no GOx was added). However, the ability of overproduced cultures in decolorization of CV was not increased significantly, through addition of GOx (300 U/L) + glucose (10 Mm) to the culture medium at the start of decolorization, the time needed to obtain 87 ± 0.5% removal of CV was reduced 10.7-fold in compared with the control culture. The best GOx concentration in culture medium for more efficient decolorization was obtained to be 300 U/L. These findings indicated that GOx in the presence of glucose could increase the degradation of CV not only by inducing ligninolytic activity in cultures but also as a subsidiary source for in situ H2O2 and organic acid production for catalytic activity of peroxidases in P. chrysosporium cultures.

Novel synthesis of PbBiO2Cl/BiOCl nanocomposite with enhanced visible-driven-light photocatalytic activity

The first synthetic study on PbBiO2Cl/BiOCl nanocomposite preparation using a controlled hydrothermal method is reported. The composition and morphologies of the samples could be controlled by adjusting some growth parameters, including reaction pH, Pb/Bi molar ratio, and temperature. All the samples are characterized by XRD, TEM, XPS, SEM-EDS, FT-IR, BET, EPR, and UV–vis-DRS. The photodegradation activities are evaluated against the de-colorization of crystal violet (CV) and 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (2-HBA) in aqueous solution under visible light illumination. In particular, the catalytic performance illustrates the best reaction rate constant 2.763×10−1h−1 once PbBiO2Cl/BiOCl is used as the photocatalyst for the degradation of CV; which is 3.01 and 2.12 times higher than the reaction rate constant of PbBiO2Cl and BiOCl being the photocatalysts, respectively. This study reveals that PbBiO2Cl/BiOCl can be used for repressing the recombination of photo-generated electron-hole pairs and contribute to the enhanced photocatalytic activity of semiconductors in the visible-light-driven catalysis. The possible photocatalytic degradation mechanism is studied by using different active species through EPR and adding suitable scavengers. The results reveal that the reactive O2−, OH, h+, 1O2 play the major roles in the CV degradation.

Decolorization of crystal violet over TiO2 and TiO2 doped with zirconia photocatalysts

Titania based catalyst and TiO2 doped with zirconia were prepared by modified sol?gel method. The synthesized catalysts samples were characterized by BET, XRD, SEM and FTIR techniques. Photocatalytic activity was tested in the reaction of crystal violet (CV) dye decolorization/decomposition under UV light irradiation. The effect of several operational parameters, such as catalyst dosage, initial dye concentrations, duration of UV irradiation treatment and number of reaction cycles were also considered. The obtained results indicated faster dye decolorization with the increase of the catalyst amount and a decrease of initial CV concentrations. An influence of doping with zirconia on the physico-chemical properties of bare titania was studied. The doping procedure had affected photocatalytic properties of the final catalytic material, and had improved photocatalytic performances of doped catalyst on crystal violet decolorization/degradation in comparison to bare titania.

Multicenter evaluation of crystal violet decolorization assay (CVDA) for rapid detection of isoniazid and rifampicin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The aim of this multicenter study was to evaluate the performance of the crystal violet decolorization assay (CVDA) for detection of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). This study was performed in 11 centers in two phases. A total of 156 isolates were tested for INH and RIF resistance. In the phase I, 106 clinical isolates were tested in the Center 1–7. In the phase 2, 156 clinical isolates were tested in the center 1–6, center 8–11. Eighty six of 156 tested isolates were the same in phase I. Agreements were 96.2–96.8% for INH and 98.1–98.7% for RIF in the phase I-II, respectively. Mean time to obtain the results in the phase I was 14.3 ± 5.4 days. In the phase II, mean time to obtain the results was 11.6 ± 3.5 days. Test results were obtained within 14days for 62.3% (66/106) of isolates in the phase I and 81.4% (127/156) of isolates in the phase II. In conclusion, CVDA is rapid, reliable, inexpensive, and easy to perform for rapid detection of MDR-TB isolates. In addition, it could be adapted for drug susceptibility testing with all drugs both in developed and developing countries.

Evaluation of crystal violet decolorization assay for minimal inhibitory concentration detection of primary antituberculosis drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates.

In this study we evaluated the crystal violet decolorization assay (CVDA) for detection of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antituberculosis drugs. 53 isolates were tested in this study and 13 of them were multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates. The antibiotics concentrations were 2-0.06 mg/L for isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF) and were 16-0.25 mg/L for streptomycin (STM) and ethambutol (EMB). Crystal violet (CV-25 mg/L) was added into the microwells on the seventh day of incubation and incubation was continued until decolorization. Decolorization of CV was the predictor of bacterial growth. Overall agreements for four drugs were detected as 98.1%, and the average time was detected as 9.5 ± 0.89 day after inoculation. One isolate for INH and two isolates for STM were determined resistant in the reference method, but susceptible by the CVDA. One isolate was susceptible to EMB by the reference method, but resistant by the CVDA. All results were concordant for RIF. This study shows that CVDA is a rapid, reliable and suitable for determination of MIC values of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. And it can be used easily especially in countries with limited-sources.

Degradation of Crystal Violet by catalytic ozonation using Fe/activated carbon catalyst

An Fe/activated carbon catalyst was prepared and used in catalytic ozonation of Crystal Violet. The catalyst was characterized by SEM and XRD, and the results showed that the iron loaded on activated carbon existed in α-FeOOH phase. An improved effect was achieved in the decolorization of Crystal Violet via catalytic ozonation in the presence of Fe/activated carbon compared with ozonation alone. Almost complete decolorization (>96%) of 400mg/L Crystal Violet was achieved after 30min reaction under the conditions of 4.44mg/min ozone dosage, 300mL/min gas flow rate, 2.5g/L catalyst dosage and pH 7, while 57% COD removal efficiency was obtained when the reaction time was prolonged to 90min. The acute toxicity to Daphnia magna decreased during 90min of catalytic ozonation. The main intermediates were separated and identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) technique and an initial degradation pathway of Crystal Violet was proposed.

Modified nanostructured titania based thin films in photocatalysis: kinetic and mechanistic approach

Homogeneous and crack-free TiO2-based thin films with templated mesoporosity by using selected polymers F127 and PSM02 were prepared by a dip-coating technique using evaporation-induced self-assembly method. The synthesized mesoporous TiO2 films were characterized by using FE-SEM, BET and XRD techniques. Degradation or decolorization of crystal violet was used to test the photocatalytic activity of mesoporous TiO2 films. The degradation kinetic of crystal violet was investigated in details in a broad range of initial concentrations of chosen organic dye. The kinetic data were correlated with the specific surface area, structural properties and thickness of mesoporous TiO2 films, as well as number of reaction cycles.

Effect of metal ions and redox mediators on decolorization of synthetic dyes by crude laccase from a novel white rot fungus Peniophora sp. (NFCCI-2131).

The effect of different metal ions and two redox mediators on laccase activity and laccase-catalyzed decolorization of five synthetic dyes was investigated in vitro using crude laccase from a novel white rot fungus Peniophora sp. (NFCCI-2131). The fungus effectively decolorized crystal violet and brilliant green on malt extract agar medium. Laccase activity was enhanced by metal ions such as Cd(2+), Mn(2+), Ni(2+), Co(2+), Na(+) Ca(2+), and Cu(2+). Among the different dyes tested, highest decolorization of crystal violet (96.30 %) was obtained in the presence of 1 mM ABTS followed by 86.01 % by HBT. The results conspicuously indicated that laccase from Peniophora sp. has the potential for color removal from textile dye effluent even in the presence of toxic metal ions.

Burkholderia vietnamiensis C09V as the functional biomaterial used to remove crystal violet and Cu(II)

Burkholderia vietnamiensis C09V (B.V. C09V) was used to remove both crystal violet (CV) and Cu(II) because dye effluents often contain dyes and metal ions. Inhibiting the strain׳s growth through the biosorption of Cu(II) on B.V. C09V and promoting its growth by using CV as a carbon source led to the degradation of CV (30mg/L). It fell to 36.9 percent and the amount of Cu(II) (50mg/L) removed rose to 34.9 percent in the presence of both CV and Cu(II). This outcome is comparable to the single presence of CV and Cu(II). EDS analysis showed that Cu(II) was adsorbed onto the strain (the atomic percentage of Cu(II) was 1.9 percent), while kinetic studies indicated that firstly, the decolorization of CV fitted well to the pseudo first-order degradation kinetic model and secondly, the biosorption of Cu(II) fitted well to the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The degradation rate constants of CV were stable in the 0.101–0.0068/h range and R2 was both higher than 0.981 when Cu(II) concentrations were present. Furthermore, the biosorption capacity of Cu(II) ranged from 38.8 to 20.3mg/g at the CV concentration of 30mg/L (both R2>0.96). This suggests that the strain has the potential to degrade CV and facilitate the biosorption of Cu(II) in dye effluent.

Pineapple leaf (Ananas comosus) powder as a biosorbent for the removal of crystal violet from aqueous solution

Dyes are present in the industrial effluents which need to be treated before discharging to the environment as they pose severe environmental and health impacts. For this, biosorption has been considered as an economic and efficient technology as compared to the other treatment processes. Thus, biosorption characteristics of Ananas comosus (pineapple) leaf powder (PLP) was investigated for decolorization of crystal violet (CV), a cationic dye from its aqueous solutions employing a batch experimental setup. The parameter studied included contact time, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, pH, agitation speed, particle size of adsorbent, and temperature. Different isotherm models, Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich, and Temkin were found. Maximum adsorption was found with <150 μ particle sized 50 mg of PLP at 30°C with 200 rpm at pH 8. The maximum adsorption capacity (qm) was found to be 158.73 mg/g. Lagergen pseudo-second-order model best fits the kinetics of adsorption. Intra particle diffusion plot showed boundary layer effect and larger intercepts indicates greater contribution of surface sorption in rate-determining step. Adsorption of CV on adsorbents was found to increase on decreasing initial concentration, increasing pH up to 8, decreasing temperature, increasing agitation speed, and decreasing particle size. Overall, the present findings suggest that PLP is environmentally friendly, efficient, and low-cost biosorbent which is useful for the removal of CV from aqueous media.

Decolorization and biodegradation of triphenylmethane dyes by a novel Rhodococcus qingshengii JB301 isolated from sawdust

A sawdust sample collected from a wet environment was used to screen for crystal violet-decolorizing and methyl violet-decolorizing bacterial strains. A strain with degrading and decolorizing abilities was isolated and identified as Rhodococcus qingshengii JB301. The decolorization of crystal violet and methyl violet was improved by optimizing culture conditions. Based on liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, similar degradation products of crystal violet and methyl violet were detected, while [N,N-dimethylaminophenyl] [aminophenyl] benzophenone or [N-methylaminophenyl] [N-methylaminophenyl] benzophenone was different from previous reports. A common degradation pathway was established to demonstrate the mechanism of crystal violet and methyl violet decolorization. It was found that lignin peroxidase activity was greatly enhanced after addition of crystal violet (by 514 %) and methyl violet (by 698 %) at 12 h, while NADH-DCIP (dichlorophenolindophenol) reductase activity was inhibited by the dyes. The growth of Triticum aestivum was inhibited by both dyes and the toxicity of the dyes was weakened after the degradation by R. qingshengii JB301.

Decolorization of Crystal Violet by ultrasound/heterogeneous Fenton process

Activated-carbon-supported iron oxides were prepared and used as a catalyst in an integrated ultrasound/heterogeneous Fenton process for the decolorization of Crystal Violet. A synergistic effect was observed when ultrasound was combined with the heterogeneous Fenton process. The decolorization efficiency increased with the increasing power density and catalyst dosage, but decreased with the increase of initial pH value. There exists an optimal hydrogen peroxide concentration for decolorization. Catalyst stability was evaluated by measuring iron leaching in solution. The decolorization efficiency was 88% under the optimal conditions. Toxicity test with Daphnia magna showed that the acute toxicity of dye solution decreased significantly after the treatment by the heterogeneous sono-Fenton process.

Microbial Decolorization of Textile Dye by &lt;i&gt;Bacillus &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;S&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;pp.&lt;/i&gt; ETL-79: An Innovative Biotechnological Aspect to Combat Textile Effluents

Isolation and identification of dye decolorizing bacterial isolate from textile dye effluent was carried out. The isolates of Bacillus spp. ETL-79 were isolated from the textile effluent samples collected from textile industries of Ankleshwar, Gujarat, India. Different parameters were used for optimizing. Conditions for maximum decolorization depend on the bacterial isolate. The results showed that the temperature (40°C), pH (8.00), Biological Oxygen Demand (220 mgl–1), Chemical Oxygen Demand (700 mgl–1), Total Suspended Solids (2800 mgl–1), Total Dissolved Solids (7500 mgl–1) and color over the prescribed fresh water limits. A potential bacterial strain was isolated and selected from the textile effluent on the basis of rapid azo dye Crystal violet (100mgl–1) decolorization and later identified as belonging to genus Bacillus based on Phenotypic characterization Effects of physicochemical parameters (pH, Temperature, etc.) on the Crystal violet decolorization by the Bacillus spp ETL-79 were studied. Decolorization was effective at pH 8, 35°C with starch and peptone as carbon and nitrogen sources and in static conditions. This decolorization potential increased the applicability of this microorganism for the dye removal.

Photocatalytic decolorization of crystal violet in aqueous nano-ZnO suspension under visible light irradiation

Nanosized ZnO was prepared through hydrothermal process and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and laser-induced breakdown spectra measurement techniques. The as-prepared nanosized ZnO was used to investigate the decolorization/degradation of crystal violet, a cationic dye which is extensively used in dyeing/textile industries, under visible light through adsorption studies of the dye solution with ZnO in the dark. The results show that the adsorption of CV on ZnO takes about 200 min to reach equilibrium, and the equilibrium time at a certain concentration of the dye seems to be independent of temperatures that are used for the preparation of ZnO samples. The adsorption data follow the pseudo-first-order kinetic model (Lagergren), and the adsorption pattern follows the Langmuir model. Prepared ZnO (300°C) was found to be a more efficient photocatalyst among others including pristine ZnO, to decolorize/degrade the dye. The decolorization rate is increased with the decreasing of the initial dye concentration and reached at a limiting value. The catalyst loading also influences the decolorization/degradation of the dye, and decolorization rate is increased with increasing the catalyst loading and reached at a limiting value. ZnO was found to be stable under visible light irradiation at solution pH = 6. The photocatalytic degradation of the dye followed zero-order kinetics, and the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism was found to be valid.

Biosorption of crystal violet onto cyperus rotundus in batch system: kinetic and equilibrium modeling

In this study, biosorption potential of Cyperus rotundus (CR) was investigated for decolorization of crystal violet (CV), a cationic dye, from its aqueous solution employing batch experimental set-up. Experiments were carried out as a function of contact time, biosorbent dosage (0.1–2.0 g), initial solution pH (2–12), temperature (20–40°C), initial dye concentration (10–30 mg/l), and agitation speed (50–200 rpm). The biosorbent (before and after dye biosorption) was characterized by Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin adsorption isotherm models were used for the mathematical description of biosorption equilibrium. The biosorption process followed the Freundlich isotherm model with high correlation coefficient at different temperatures. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model fitted well in correlation to the experimental results. The mass transfer model based on intraparticle diffusion was applied to the experimental data to examine the mechanisms of the rate controlling step. It was found that intraparticle diffusion was not the sole rate controlling step. Thermodynamic parameters, such as ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS were also calculated for the biosorption process and found that the biosorption process is spontaneous and exothermic in nature. It can be concluded that CR is a promising biosorbent for the removal of CV from aqueous solution.

Extractive biodecolorization of triphenylmethane dyes in cloud point system by Aeromonas hydrophila DN322p

The biological treatment of triphenylmethane dyes is an important issue. Most microbes have limited practical application because they cannot completely detoxicate these dyes. In this study, the extractive biodecolorization of triphenylmethane dyes by Aeromonas hydrophila DN322p was carried out by introducing the cloud point system. The cloud point system is composed of a mixture of nonionic surfactants (20 g/L) Brij 30 and Tergitol TMN-3 in equal proportions. After the decolorization of crystal violet, a higher wet cell weight was obtained in the cloud point system than that of the control system. Based on the results of thin-layer chromatography, the residual crystal violet and its decolorized product, leuco crystal violet, preferred to partition into the coacervate phase. Therefore, the detoxification of the dilute phase was achieved, which indicated that the dilute phase could be discharged without causing dye pollution. The extractive biodecolorization of three other triphenylmethane dyes was also examined in this system. The decolorization of malachite green and brilliant green was similar to that of crystal violet. Only ethyl violet achieved a poor decolorization rate because DN322p decolorized it via adsorption but did not convert it into its leuco form. This study provides potential application of biological treatment in triphenylmethane dye wastewater.

IncP-1β plasmids of Comamonas sp. and Delftia sp. strains isolated from a wastewater treatment plant mediate resistance to and decolorization of the triphenylmethane dye crystal violet

The application of toxic triphenylmethane dyes such as crystal violet (CV) in various industrial processes leads to large amounts of dye-contaminated sludges that need to be detoxified. Specific bacteria residing in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are able to degrade triphenylmethane dyes. The objective of this work was to gain insights into the genetic background of bacterial strains capable of CV degradation. Three bacterial strains isolated from a municipal WWTP harboured IncP-1β plasmids mediating resistance to and decolorization of CV. These isolates were assigned to the genera Comamonas and Delftia. The CV-resistance plasmid pKV29 from Delftia sp. KV29 was completely sequenced. In addition, nucleotide sequences of the accessory regions involved in conferring CV resistance were determined for plasmids pKV11 and pKV36 from the other two isolates. Plasmid pKV29 contains typical IncP-1β backbone modules that are highly similar to those of previously sequenced IncP-1β plasmids that confer antibiotic resistance, degradative capabilities or mercury resistance. The accessory regions located between the conjugative transfer (tra) and mating pair formation modules (trb) of all three plasmids analysed share common modules and include a triphenylmethane reductase gene, tmr, that is responsible for decolorization of CV. Moreover, these accessory regions encode other enzymes that are dispensable for CV degradation and hence are involved in so-far-unknown metabolic pathways. Analysis of plasmid-mediated degradation of CV in Escherichia coli by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time-of-flight MS revealed that leuco crystal violet was the first degradation product. Michler's ketone and 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde appeared as secondary degradation metabolites. Enzymes encoded in the E. coli chromosome seem to be responsible for cleavage of leuco crystal violet. Plasmid-mediated degradation of triphenylmethane dyes such as CV is an option for the biotechnological treatment of sludges contaminated with these dyes.

Crystal violet (triphenylmethane dye) decolorization potential of Pleurotus ostreatus (MTCC 142)

The extracellular enzyme production capacity of Pleurotus ostreatus MTCC 142 was investigated for decolorization of crystal violet under solid and submerged conditions. Laccases are the major extracellular lignocellulolytic enzymes produced by fungus. Pleurotus ostreatus provided an effective decolorization of dye at 20 mg/L concentration up to 92%. Mycelial growth was observed maximum on plate for a dye concentration 20 mg/L while lowest on 200 mg/L on day 12, respectively. At all concentrations of dye studied, maximum laccase activity was observed on day 8. For 20 mg/L of dye laccase activity was 133 U/L. The decolorization was attributed to microbial action and without role of pH change; less than 0.4 pH change was observed. Manganese dependent peroxidase activity was 106 U/L, maximum on day 8 incubated with 20 mg/L dye concentration. The present study suggested that the high efficiency decolorization of crystal violet by P. ostreatus was assisted by laccase and manganese-dependent peroxidase activity and can be exploited as a promising in biological treatment of waste water containing crystal violet.