Decoction Method Research Articles

Antioxidant Potential of Thymus willdenowii Boiss & Reut. Aqueous Extract and Effect of its Supplementation on Hyperlipidemia and Paraoxonase-1 Arylesterase Activity in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats

Background: Thymus willdenowii Boiss & Reut. (T. willdenowii) is a medicinal plant that grows in the Moroccan High Atlas Mountains. It is used in local folk medicine to treat several disorders including cardiovascular disease. Objective: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of the traditionally used aqueous extract of T. willdenowii. Methods: The extraction of the plant was assessed using the traditionally used decoction method. Total contents of polyphenols (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), and tannins (TTC) were estimated and in vitro antioxidant assays namely DPPH, FRAP, and TAC were carried out to evaluate its antioxidant potential. Moreover, the anti-hyperlipidemic activity was tested on rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) containing sucrose (15%), lard (15%), and cholesterol (2%). Thyme extract was given daily at 500 mg/kg. Results: After 2 months of treatment, lipid profile parameters and arylesterase activity were determined. The findings showed that T. willdenowii extract is rich in phenolic compounds (TPC = 127.34 GAE mg/gE; TFC = 105.43 RE mg/gE; TTC = 24.08 CE mg/gE) and exhibits important antioxidant activity (DPPH IC50 = 0.41 mg/mL; FRAP value = 1.31 Fe2+E mM; TAC value = 322.13 AAE µg/gE). Moreover, T. willdenowii extract significantly reduced the alterations caused by HFD intake by decreasing blood lipids (TC: -28.19 %; TGs: -22.82 %; LDL-C: -35.11 %) and increasing paraoxonase-1 arylesterase activity (+12.83 %). Conclusion: We conclude that the traditional use of T. willdenowii is effective in the treatment of hyperlipidemia.

Isolation Evaluation and Estimation of Calcium Citrate from Herbal Source

In the modern organic chemistry, various methods are now a day widely utilized for isolation of different organic compounds. From the ancient era to the present the various methods of extraction like Maceration, Percolation, Decoction and Soxhlet extraction are widely utilized. Calcium citrate also known as calcium salt of citric acid which is a member of tricarboxylic acid derivatives used occasionally as food ingredients and preservatives but it is well known source of calcium and utilized as calcium supplement. Thus the present study was initiated with aim to isolate, evaluate and estimate the calcium citrate from lemon juice by using decoction method. Calcium chloride was used for the crystallization of calcium isolated from lemon juice. Theoretical and practical yield of calcium citrate after isolation were determined. For further evaluation of isolated calcium citrate basic identification tests like solubility, melting point (MP), loss on drying (LOD) and assay of calcium citrate were done. The present study further proceeded to confirmatory evaluation by UV-Vis spectroscopy and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The basic identification tests found the presence of calcium citrate with M.P in the range of 119°C-121°C with percentage practical yield of 24.02%w/w and LOD was 9.40%. The UV-Vis absorbance shown at λ-Max 0.036 and TLC reported Rf value 0.68 and 0.53 using various polar, semipolar and non polar solvents. As ample amount of calcium citrate was isolated from herbal source i.e. lemon juice, the study reached to the conclusion that instead of synthetic sources, the herbal source can be very useful and economical approach for the isolation of calcium citrate from lemon juice.

Potential of chambá (Justicia Pectoralis Jacq.) leaves extracts as a source of bioactive compounds and natural antimicrobial agent

This study aimed to produce different chambá (Justicia pectoralis Jacq.) extracts, determinate their biocompounds and antimicrobial activity against several foodborne bacterias. Aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts were prepared using the decoction and maceration method, respectively, and were submitted to cytotoxicity analysis. The samples were submitted to bioactive compound analysis and antimicrobial tests. The effects of the extract on the bacterial cell structures were visualized using Transmission Electron Microscope. Between the samples, the aqueous extract presented higher levels of umbelliferone (8.99 mg/g), total phenolic compounds (17.7 g AGE/100g) and antioxidant activity (765.3 μM TE/g) compared hydroalcoholic extracts. All extracts presented antimicrobial activity against Gram-Positive bacteria group, being the aqueous sample the one most effective presenting the lowest values for minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal (MIB) concentrations for all microorganisms evaluated, highlighting its action against Staphyloccocus aureaus (MIC = 0.84 and MIB = 1). The bactericidal action of the aqueous extract against the bacteria was observed by the microphotographs with evidenced by a rupture of the bacterial cell wall caused by the exposition to phenolics presented in the extract. Thus, this research demonstrated that beyond being a source of phenolics, chambá presents great potential as a new natural antimicrobial agent, which reinforces the development of more studies to evaluate its effective application in food systems.

Anti-Angiogenesis Screening of Moringa oleifera Pod Extracts by In-Ovo Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Assay

Moringa oleifera has many therapeutic benefits one out of it is anti-cancer property. Therefore, many researchers have been screening the therapeutic potential of Moringa oleifera. The main objective of this study was to screen and explore the angiogenesis inhibition potential of Moringa oleifera pod extracts. With the aim of screening anti-angiogenic potential, extracts of Moringa oleifera pods were prepared by decoction method. The extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening to identify the nature of phytochemicals present in the pods. In-ovo chorioallantoic membrane assay was chosen to achieve the objective of the study. Water-soluble extractive value (15.00% w/w) was higher than that of alcohol-soluble extractive value (3.89% w/w), indicating that the Moringa oleifera pods have more water-soluble constituents. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed presence of flavonoids. Angiogenesis inhibition effect was studied and compared with sunitinib. Statistical analysis revealed highest anti-angiogenesis activity in 100% methanolic extract. Least effect was observed in 50% aqueous extract. Anti-angiogenic potential of 100% methanolic extract was statistically significant when compared with other study groups. It is concluded that Moringa oleifera pods exert anti-angiogenic potential and more intensified and diversified studies are needed to enable a thorough investigation of this plant components in anti-cancer treatment.

Evaluation of Immunomodulatory Effect of Aqueous Extract of Bauhinia variegata L. Leaves

Abstract: Natural products have the potential to modulate the immunity of human beings either by stimulating or depressing it and the approach was being used over time by medicinal practitioners to treat ailments. This present study was planned to ascertain the immunomodulating potential of one of the Indian traditional medicinal plants Bauhinia variegata L. The aqueous extract of powdered leaves of Bauhinia variegata L. was prepared by using the decoction method and the extract was then dried and made free from solvent. The extract of Bauhinia variegata L. (BVAE) was screened for immunomodulating activity by hemagglutination reaction for humoral and delayed-type hypersensitivity study for cellular immune responses. The sheep RBC (5X109 cells/ mL) was used as antigen and levamisole was used as the standard drug in both studies. The extract of plant material (BVAE) showed a dose-dependent response in these studies. BVAE at 400 mg/ kg dose among all the doses of plant material showed significantly (p<0.05) high antibody titer 7.13±0.17) in humoral immune response and potential delayed-type hypersensitivity response (0.96±0.06) in the cellular immune study. Whereas, the standard drug levamisole showed the most significant (p<0.01) higher antibody titer (7.87±0.19) and delayed-type hypersensitivity response (1.24±0.04). Though the standard drug showed a better response the plant material also showed the potential immunomodulatory effect in the present study. Hence, the findings of this study proposed the immunomodulatory effect of the aqueous extract of Bauhinia variegata L., and 400 mg/kg dose of the extract was found to be potent among other doses. Keywords: Bauhinia variegata, Cellular immune response, Haemagglutination, Humoral study, Immunomodulation.

Ethnopharmacological Study of Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Skin Burns in the Arab World.

Traditional healers are often practiced in rural areas owing to cultural beliefs and are known to provide various forms of healthcare and home remedies. Patients in the Mediterranean region rely on traditional medicine to cure a variety of health concerns, like skin burns. This study was conducted to identify the various practices used by traditional healers for treating skin burns. The survey was conducted in 18 Arab countries, including Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Bahrain, Palestine, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Lebanon, Yemen, Tunisia, Oman, Morocco, and Sudan. Between September 2020 and July 2021, an online questionnaire was administered to 7530 participants from 12 Asian and 5 African countries. The survey was designed to gather information from common medicinal plant users and herbalists on their practices as specialists in using various herbal and medicinal plant products for diagnosis and treatment. Among the participants, 2260 had a scientific background in plant application, and the study included one phytotherapeutic professional. The crude-extraction technique was favored, by Arabic folk, for plant preparation over the maceration and decoction method. Olive oil was the most commonly used product among participants as an anti-inflammation and for scar reduction. Aloe vera, olive oil, sesame, Ceretonia siliqua, lavender, potato, cucumber, shea butter, and wheat flour are used as crude drugs to reduce pain because of their analgesic and cooling effects. The present study is the first database of medicinal plants with burn-healing properties conducted in Arab countries. These plants can be employed in the search for new bioactive substances through pharmacochemical investigations, as well as in the development of new formulations containing a combination of these plants.

Phytochemicals content and in-vitro antioxidant properties of Azadirachta indica seeds, leaves and twigs prepared from different extraction techniques

The current study was design to exploit the Azadirachta indica leaves, seeds and twigs for %yield, phytochemicals content and antioxidant activities using infusion, hydroalcoholic, decoction and microwave extraction techniques. The phytochemicals contents were determined by standard reported methods. While antioxidant activity was assessed by three (03) standards In-vitro antioxidant test systems as 1, 1’-diphynyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity and Nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity method using ascorbic acid as standard. The highest extractive yield was observed in seed were 44.00±02% (infusion), 38.00±00% (Hydroalcoholic) and 20.00±03% (decoction). Followed by leaves and twigs parts of neem. The high amount (+++) phytochemicals contents were extracted from neem leaves infusion and hydroalcoholic extracts as compared to seeds and twigs neem parts with decoction and microwave extraction methods. The highest Azadirachta indica (neem) leaves infusion extract showed at 1000 mg/L remarkably inhibited DPPH inhibition activity (85±01), H2O2 scavenging activity (83±01%), and NO scavenging activity (78±01%). The antioxidants activities showed a dose dependant manner, the higher the concentration showed high antioxidant activities. The results pointed to the significant antioxidant activities of the leaves infusion and hydroalcoholic extraction techniques, the overall strength being in the order of infusion &gt;hydroalcoholic &gt;decoction &gt;microwave in leaves, seeds and twigs extracts. In all cases, the extracts obtained from leaves showed higher antioxidant activity and higher phytochemicals contents than the other extraction technique obtained from seeds and twigs. The results indicate that Azadirachta indica leaves, seeds and twigs extracts have potent antioxidant activities that would have beneficial effects on human health and infusion extracts are superior with better antioxidant potential.

Species Diversity and The Importance of Charismatic Medicinal Plants in Ayer Hitam Utara Forest Reserve, Johor

Medicinal plants in peat swamp have not received much attention in Malaysia in recent years due to land conversion in this peat swamp area. This study aimed to record species diversity of medicinal plants in Ayer Hitam Utara Forest Reserve, to develop an interactive website containing medicinal plants in Ayer Hitam Utara Forest Reserve and to collect feedback on user experience using the website by using an online survey. Data about species diversity was measured by Shannon-Wiener Index by doing random sampling with 10 m x 5 m quadrat. There are 21 species (14 families) of medicinal plants were identified. Clidemia hirta, Spondias dulcis andVitex pinnatawere among the highest number of individuals of each species that could be found. Fever, wound treatment, and stomachache, were the most common illness that uses these medicinal plants. Decoction method was the most typical way to prepare this herbal medicine. Koompassia excelsa is one of the new records of medicinal plants found in this Ayer Hitam Utara Forest Reserve which can lower cardiovascular risk, act as an antioxidant and help in wound healing. An interactive website was developed using StoryMap ArcGIS to document the collection. Based on feedback for the website, most of the respondents agreed that the website has good content and user-friendly. This documentation is crucial to preserve our natural resources for the future generation.

Phenolic compound and antioxidant activity of Indonesian ginger leaves (Zingiber officinale Roscoe var Roscoe)

Ageing causes an increase imbalance oxidant and antioxidant that induce degenerative diseases. Fruit, vegetable and other plant are known have chemical compound as antioxidant such as phenolic. That’s why study of phenolic compound and antioxidant activity in plant is very important. Information of phenolic compound and antioxidant activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe var Roscoe) in rhizomes numerous but less information in leaves. The aim of these research to determine antioxidant activity and phenolic content of leaves and rhizome Indonesian Zingiber officinale Roscoe var Roscoe. This research was conducted with descriptive quantitative research using dried ginger in decoction and infusion extraction method. Phenolic compound was determination with Folin-Ciocalteu method and DPPH method was used for antioxidant activity by using UV-VIS Spectrophotometer. Based on Mann Whitney U test showed that phenolic compound in infusion leaves lower (4.47±0.47 mg GAE/g) than rhizomes (12.3±0.26 mg GAE/g) at α 0.05 and antioxidant activity in infusion of rhizomes (50.21 ± 0.56 %) higher than in leaves (33.97±2.79 %). Based on independent t-test total phenolic compound in decoction of rhizomes were higher (23.89±0.66 mg GAE/g) than in leaves (18.23±0.57 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant activity in rhizomes (65.93±0.92 %) higher than in leaves (56.22±5.56 %). The conclusion of these research is total phenolic compound and antioxidant activity on leaves lower than in rhizomes, but still more than 50% in infusion and decoction extraction method.

A study on different plant species of the Rosaceae family and their ethnobotanical uses among the local communities at Swat district, Pakistan

Background: The study area possess 55 plants of the family Rosaceae, which are widely used traditionally throughout the area. The family contains a range of plants that have high ethnobotanical and economical value. The family is well-known for its economically valuable fruits and medicinal plants. As a result, the purpose of this study was to collect ethnobotanical data of the Rosaceae family from Swat district in order to provide comprehensive documentation for future research. Methods: The ethnobotanical data was collected from 2021 to 2022 from 80 respondents by using semi-structured questionnaires, open-ended questionnaires, and personal observations. The interviewed participants were mostly herbalists, farmers, folk healers, shepherds, and knowledgeable group members, age from 30 to 80 years. All the collected data was analyzed through Microsoft Excel (2016). Results: There were 55 plant species of the family Rosaceae existing in the area, including 7 (13%) climbing shrubs, 19 (34%) herbs, 11 (20%) shrubs, and 18 (33%) tree species. Results of the present study showed that 85% of the plants in the family were utilized as medicinal in the area, followed by honeybees (44%), fuel wood (33%), foods (33%), fodder (31%), fencing (25%), ornamentals (14%), timber (7%), and (7%) plants were used for making agricultural tools. The most common part used as medicine was fruits (43%), followed by shoot (30%), leaves (13%), flowers (6%), roots (4%) and other parts were used (4%). Powder was the most commonly used preparation method (32%), followed by decoction (28%), direct consumption (19%), juice extraction (17%), and other methods (6%). Results of the present study indicated that plants of the family Rosaceae were highly economical for the native communities of the area. Conclusion: This study provides awareness to the native community and the worldwide trend towards native information, regeneration and transmission of knowledge. Furthermore, this study of the family's ethnobotanical uses will provide a foundation for future research in the family. Keywords: Ethnobotanical, Diversity, Family Rosaceae, Swat

Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitory Activity of Indonesian Anti-Diabetic Herbs: Carica papaya, Tithonia diversifolia, Urena lobata

Incretin hormone is a new therapy for type 2 diabetes related to their activity for regulating blood glucose level. Even though, this hormone is destroyed by Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) become in-active form. DPP-4 inhibition will be beneficial for type 2 diabetes therapy. Empirically, some of local herbs are used by Indonesian people to cure diabetes, however, activity on DPP-4 inhibitory has not been examined. The objective of study to examine Indonesian anti-diabetic herbs Urena lobata (U. lobata), Tithonia diversifolia (T. diversifolia) and Carica papaya (C. papaya) through inhibition of DPP-4. The in vitro study use vildagliptin and Gly-pro-p-nitroanilide (GPPN) as a reference standard and substrate respectively. C. papaya leaf extract, T. diversifolia and U. lobata were prepared both of by decoction methods and digeration with ethanol. The data were expressed as mean ± SD and the Inhibitory Concentration (IC)-50 value was calculated by non-linear regression curve fit. U.lobata leaves in ethanolic extract had more inhibitory potency on DPP-4 compare to T. diversifolia and C. papaya with an IC-50 value of 1.65mg/mL, 26.12mg/mL and 34.02mg/mL respectively. Meanwhile, on aqueous extract from U.lobata, C. papaya and T. diversifolia with IC-50 value 6.49mg/mL, 14.99mg/mL and 15.39 mg/mL respectively. U.lobata leaf extract most strongly to inhibit DPP-4 activity regulated by active compounds in its extract like stigmasterol, β-sitosterol and mangiferin. Ethanolic extract of U.lobata leaves more potent than aqueous extract to inhibit DPP-4 activity and both of them showed the most inhibitory activity on DPP-4 among other.

Indigenous Knowledge of the Traditional Use of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants in Rif Mountains Ketama District.

Medicinal plants have long played an integral role in traditional healing systems and are crucial for meeting primary healthcare needs. This study aimed to investigate the use of medicinal plants in phytotherapy in the Ketama region of Northern Morocco. Ethnobotanical data and ancestral knowledge regarding plants were collected through a field survey conducted from August 2019 to July 2021. The data were gathered using a standardized questionnaire, as well as through semistructured interviews and focus groups. Various ethnobotanical indices were applied to analyse the information collected. A comprehensive inventory identified a total of 81 plant species, belonging to 40 families and 65 genera. These species are used primarily to treat a variety of diseases. Notably, digestive disorders ranked first among the diseases treated, with an ICF value of 0.618. Rosmarinus officinalis L., Thymus serpyllum L., and Origanum compactum Benth exhibited the highest UV values among medicinal plants. Leaves were the most used part of the plant part (50.28%), and the decoction method was the most recommended preparation, with oral administration being the preferred mode of application of the remedy. The Ketama region boasts a rich abundance of medicinal and aromatic plants, as evident from the quantitative analysis highlighting the significant usage of Rosmarinus officinalis L., Thymus serpyllum L., and Origanum compactum Benth. by the local population. However, further research in the form of pharmacological studies is necessary to validate their therapeutic effects.

Formulation, evaluation, and antimicrobial study of immune-boosting herbal tea

Introduction:Herbal tea is caffeine free which boosts the immunity level and relieves stress. aim of study: To formulate and evaluate the immune-boosting herbal tea. Here, we made herbal tea from Moringa oleifera leaves and masked the bitter taste of Moringa with a natural sweetener and jaggery. Material and Methods: It is reported that jaggery boosts the immunity of the human body. M. oleifera is a versatile plant that has been traditionally used for its medicinal properties. M. oleifera has been shown to have anti- inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Active chemical constituents of M. oleifera have been extracted by decoction method from the leaves. Other ingredients such as ginger, turmeric, black pepper, cardamom, and fennel were also mixed with M. oleifera and jaggery to formulate the tea. Cardamom and fennel were added to the tea for flavoring purpose and they also have the property of expectorant and carminative agent. Result and discussion: Due to the extremely low likelihood of herbal-herbal interactions, none of the substances interact with one another. It has been evaluated for various evaluation parameters, i.e., organoleptic test, physical parameters, phytochemical, chemical test, and antimicrobial test. The physical parameters of the tea were within the standard range which indicates that the granules of the tea are of optimum quality with optimum flowability. The presence of the secondary metabolite in the tea was also reported. The tea has stable pH and it was reported with good antimicrobial property against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Herbal tea was found acceptable to drink

Phytochemical Analysis, Antimalarial Properties, and Acute Toxicity of Aqueous Extracts of Trisamo and Jatu-Phala-Tiga Recipes.

Drug resistance remains a significant problem that threatens antimalarial drug treatment. Hence, the challenge is to find new effective antimalarial drugs. Based on our previous study, aqueous extracts of trisamo (TSM) and jatu-phala-tiga (JPT) had good in vitro antimalarial activities, and these recipes contain multiple beneficial pharmacological effects that could be useful for malaria therapy. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the antimalarial activity and toxicity of the aqueous extracts of TSM and JPT in mouse models. The aqueous extractions were carried out using the decoction method. Compound identification was conducted using LC-QTOF-MS analysis. The antimalarial activities of TSM and JPT at doses 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg were evaluated against Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection using a four-day suppressive test. The toxic effects of oral administration of the extracts at 2 g/kg dose were determined using an acute toxicity test. The chemical constituents of TSM contained 83 compounds, whereas JPT contained 84 compounds. All doses of the extracts exhibited a significant suppression (p < 0.05) of the parasite compared to the negative control in a four-day test. The maximum activities were observed at 600 mg/kg dose with 67.02% suppression for TSM and 79.34% for JPT, followed by 400 mg/kg dose (57.63% for TSM and 64.79% for JPT) and then 200 mg/kg dose (52.35% for TSM and 54.46% for JPT). In addition, there were no significant differences (p < 0.05) in the RBC, MCV, and MCH levels of mice receiving JPT extract compared to the uninfected control. The WBC level of mice receiving 400 and 600 mg/kg of TSM, and 200 and 400 mg/kg of JPT, was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than the infected control, and the extracts did not significantly prevent the loss of platelets. For the acute toxicity test, there were no signs of toxicity or deaths in mice, and there were no differences in the histology, weight, or enzyme biochemistry of the liver and kidney between the extract and vehicle groups. However, the platelet count in the extract-treated mice was significantly higher than that in the control group. In conclusion, this study suggests that aqueous extracts of TSM and JPT have potent antimalarial activities and could be promising as new candidates for antimalarial drug development.

The Papaya-Based Poly-Herbal Extract Eases Thrombocytopenia and Pyrexia in Rats

The beneficial role of papaya leaf juice against dengue infection is gaining popularity. However, most of these studies involve the fresh juice, decoction, or solvent extraction methods with limitations in terms of formulation development and retention of natural phytochemical balance. Hence, this study aimed at investigating the platelet-increasing and anti-pyretic effect of its powdered extracts with favorable attributes for developing finished pharmaceuticals. The former activity was performed on papaya leaves powder extract (PE) used to prepare the product, i.e., Re-Plat. However, both activities were assessed on the multi-ingredients extract (ME; composition was PE plus decoction of Achillea millefolium , Zingiber officinale , Phyllanthus niruri and Piper nigrum ) used in the poly herbal formulation i.e. Re-Plat Plus. Briefly, the Carboplatin (50 mg/kg) was used to develop a rat model of thrombocytopenia, which is followed by the administration of PE and ME (150, 300, and 450 mg/kg). After five days, the blood was collected to measure platelet levels using a hematology analyzer. In case of anti-pyretic activity, the yeast-induced pyrexia model was used to induce pyrexia followed by administration of ME (150, 300, and 450 mg/kg). The rectal temperature was noted for 5 h. Our data showed that, at the tested doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg, both PE and ME caused significant increase in the platelet count compared to the control group. In case of anti-pyretic activity, in similarity with standard drug (paracetamol), the PE (300 and 450 mg/kg) did not allow time-dependent increase in the temperature. Hence, it can be deduced that the active extracts of the poly-herbal formulation (Re-Plat Plus) are endowed with the platelet increase and anti-pyretic potentials; the attributed clinically useful in the management of dengue fever. Keywords: papaya, dengue, platelets, pyrexia, thrombocytopenia. https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.50.3.13

Ethno-botanical Survey of Plants Applied for the Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the Sudan Savannah Region of Nigeria

This study aimed at the assessment of ethno-botanical plants applied by most the rural people as a therapy for Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Ethno-botanical study of medicinal plants was carried out from January 2023 to March 5, 2023 at Dutse, Local Government Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Purposive random sampling technique was used and one hundred and forty (140) structured questionnaires were administered to the respondents which were 40% of population (350). Two major markets sampled were: Tsilliya (Kiyawa) and Shuwarin market (Dutse). Descriptive statistics was used such as table, frequency and percentage. Results showed that majority of the respondents (32.14%) were within the age brackets of 21-30 and 63.57% were married, 63.57% had non-formal education while 53.57% of the respondents’ occupation was herb sellers. The prominent religion in the study area was Muslim (91.43%). A total of 26 plants observed, distributed into 15 families used in the management of eight (8) diseases. Combreataceae (4 species) and Legumenaceae (4 species) had the highest plants in the study area applied for various diseases treatment. Jatropha curcas (8) had the highest frequency followed by Securidaca longepedunculata (6). Gonorrhea is the most prominent disease (8) followed by virginal discharge (6) respectively. Result also showed that maceration had the highest percentage with the total of 68% followed by decoction method which contains 20% followed by infusion techniques which was 8%. Liquid extract was rated least with the total of 4%. Bark was mostly used (37.50%), roots (18.51%), whole plant (18.51%) and leaf (11.11%). It is therefore, necessary to recommend the preservation of the local knowledge of traditional medicine by appropriate identification, conservation, preparation application of the plant species.

Antiproliferative, antioxidant and antiplasmodial activities of the root bark of Adenodolichos paniculatus (Hua) Hutch (Fabaceae)

Adenodolichos paniculatus Hua &amp; Hutch (Fabaceae) is a plant whose roots are traditionally employed for the treatment of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and cancer. The powdered root bark of Adenodolichos paniculatus were extracted with dichloromethane followed by 70% methanol to afford dichloromethane (DCM) and hydromethanolic (HME) extracts respectively. Thereafter, fresh powdered root was extracted with water via decoction method and lyophilized to afford aqueous extract (AQE). The extracts were then subjected to standard phytochemical studies, antiproliferative (A2780 ovarian cancer cell assay), antiplasmodial (Dd2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum), antioxidant (DPPH, FRAP and ABTS methods) and brine shrimp lethality assay studies. The DCM extract was found to possess high levels of total phenolics and flavonoids with notable potential antiproliferative (IC50 = 0.14 μg/ml), antiplasmodial (IC50 = 7.50 μg/ml) and cytotoxic (brine shrimp, IC50 = 0.547 μg/ml) activities. However, HME had significant antioxidant (DPPH, IC50 = 17.54 ± 0.03 μg/ml; ABTS, IC50 = 8.08 ± 0.05 μg/ml). Both HME and AQE were found to be inactive against the drug-resistant Dd2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum with an IC50 value ˃100μg/mL. The study revealed the potential of Adenodolichos paniculatus as a promising antiproliferative agent and also corroborated the ethnomedical uses of the plant.

Antioxidant Activity of Polyherbal Syrup Extracted by the Boiling and Decoction Methods

Antioxidant Activity of Polyherbal Syrup Extracted by the Boiling and Decoction Methods

Impact of roasting degree on sensory profile of Turkish coffee and espresso assessed by Turkish and Brazilian panelists

This study aimed to assess the effect of roasting degree and brewing techniques on the sensory profile of Turkish coffee and espresso. Descriptive analysis of coffee samples was carried out for 20 flavor attributes by 10 Turkish and 10 Brazilian assessors. Light, medium, and dark roasted coffee beans were brewed with the decoction method and pressure method. Turkish coffee samples were prepared by automatic machine and cezve, which is the traditional method. The roasting degree and brewing method had a significant impact on the sensory profile of coffee samples. Turkish assessors perceived lightly roasted coffee beverages as sour (6.53 and 6.56 for Turkish coffee with machine and espresso) and pungent notes (7.46 for espresso), while Brazilian assessors perceived them as fruity (5.63 for espresso) and sweet attributes (5.76 and 5.90 for Turkish coffee with cezve and espresso). Roasted (7.83), burnt/acrid (7.96), and bitter (8.13) notes became dominant with the degree of roasting in espresso coffees in the Turkish panel. Brazilian assessors perceived Turkish coffee samples made with cezve and dark roasted beans as roasted (6.53), burnt/acrid (6.66), bitter (6.80), and ashy-sooty (7.26) notes. Practical applications This research indicates the effect of cultural experience, the degree of roasting, and brewing techniques on the sensory profile of coffee brews. Cultural familiarity and unfamiliarity with Turkish coffee and espresso played an important role in the perceptions of the participants. Variations in descriptive analysis between two country panelists may arise from language and ethnicity differences, oral physiological parameters such as the sensitivity of the somatosensory system, the culinary culture, and eating habits. For the first time, Turkish coffee and espresso coffee brewing techniques were compared by trained Turkish and Brazilian assessors.

An Analysis of Aconiti Ciliare Radix Patents

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze Korean domestic patents on aconiti ciliare radixand to identify the trend of aconitum tuber technology.Methods: To analyze the patent, a combinations of words such as “aconitum” or “korean aconite root” were usedin search engine Kipris(www.kirpis.or.kr). The patents of aconiti ciliare radix were analyzed in three ways: year trendanalysis, internatonal patent classification (IPC) code analysis related to content classification, and patent registrationstatus analysis.Results: Among the patents found in the search results, 17 patents with significant contents were analyzed. Resultsshowed that, first, patents were steadily registered until 2018, but recently there has been no new patent registration.Second, there were many patents related to efficacy verification and decoction method, and the number of IPC codesrelated to them was also high. Third, there are five patents maintaining the registration status, and they are patentsrelated to the aconiti ciliare radix extraction method, toxicity removal, and combination method.Conclusions: In this study, the domestic patents of aconiti ciliare radix were analyzed. The analysis results of thisstudy are expected to be exploited as basic data for the development of Korean medicine analgesics with fewer sideeffects by suppressing tuber toxicity and the creation of new medical technologies.