Decline Phase Research Articles

Arrival of legal Salafism and struggle for recognition in Germany—reflection and adaptation processes within the German da'wa movement between 2001 and 2022

AbstractThe article investigates the transformation within a specific branch of German Salafism from a publicly-assertiveda'wa(proselytizing) to a politically accommodating and legal advocacy movement. In doing so, a process analysis that focuses on internal and reflexive narrations among Salafi leaders and lay members, through a three year-long mosque-based ethnography (2018–2021) and textual analysis (2008–2022), is employed. Previous studies focused predominately on the “Salafi growth phase” (2005–2015) in Germany that is associated with the attraction of exclusive group boundaries, flat hierarchies and informal networks. Less research exists on the current “decline phase”, which has commenced a re-orientation and critical reflection on past strategies and new ways of civic engagement and legal pragmatism. By exploring this new phase, the article integrates a longitudinal dimension into conventional research protocols on contemporary Salafism. The paper concludes with a discussion on the converging struggles for recognition among Muslim and other religious minorities in Europe, while linking these transformations to domestic opportunity structures rather than transnational reconfigurations of so-called “global Salafism”.

The value of discharged case fatality rate in estimating the severity and epidemic trend of COVID-19 in China: a novel epidemiological study.

The main objective of this study was to explore the value of the discharged case fatality rate (DCFR) in estimating the severity and epidemic trend of COVID-19 in China. Epidemiological data on COVID-19 in China and Hubei Province were obtained from the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China from January 20, 2020, to March 31, 2020. The number of daily new confirmed cases, daily confirmed deaths, daily recovered cases, the proportion of daily deaths and total deaths of discharged cases were collected, and the total discharge case fatality rate (tDCFR), daily discharge case fatality rate (dDCFR), and stage-discharge case fatality rate (sDCFR) were calculated. We used the R software (version 3.6.3, R core team) to apply a trimmed exact linear time method to search for changes in the mean and variance of dDCFR in order to estimate the pandemic phase from dDCFR. The tDCFR of COVID-19 in China was 4.16% until March 31, 2020. According to the pattern of dDCFR, the pandemic was divided into four phases: the transmission phase (from January 20 to February 2), the epidemic phase (from February 3 to February 14), the decline phase (from February 15 to February 22), and the sporadic phase (from February 23 to March 31). The sDCFR for these four phases was 43.18% (CI 39.82-46.54%), 13.23% (CI 12.52-13.94%), 5.86% (CI 5.49-6.22%), and 1.61% (CI 1.50-1.72%), respectively. DCFR has great value in assessing the severity and epidemic trend of COVID-19. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10389-023-01895-4.

Bacillus cereus strain L7 lyses Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii through intercellular contact

Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is a new type of toxic filamentous cyanobacteria commonly found in tropical regions but has recently spread to temperate areas. It is considered an invasive species that poses a serious threat to drinking water sources and human health. Bacillus cereus strain L7, previously isolated and identified by our group, was found to have efficient algicidal activity against C. raciborskii FACHB-1503 in this study. The growth period and initial concentration of L7 had a significant impact on algicidal activity, with L7 culture in the decline phase exhibiting the highest algicidal activity (I = 99.62 %). The ideal environmental conditions for the coculture system were 30 °C, pH = 8, and a light-dark cycle (12 h light: 12 h dark). In experiments to confirm the algicidal mode of L7, the pellet resuspension with R2A medium had the highest algicidal efficiency (I = 98.54 %, t = 6 d), even higher than that of the L7 culture. In contrast, sterile filtrate and pellet resuspension with sterile water had no discernible impact on the algal growth, indicating that L7 performed algicidal activity through direct contact with algal cells. Following 6 days of coculture of L7 culture with C. raciborskii solution, the activity of the PSII system and the photosynthetic efficiency of algal cells were both zero. Following SEM and TEM results, it was discovered that the process of L7 lysis of algal cells begins with the disruption of their multicellular filamentous structure, rupture of the cell wall, efflux of the cell contents, and complete disappearance of the algal cell structure. This is the first research to demonstrate that L7 lyses C. raciborskii directly, which serves as an excellent strategic direction for launching innovative freshwater bloom control strategies.

The Decline of Local Political Parties in Post-Conflict Aceh: A Qualitative Study

The Aceh peace process has been ongoing for nearly two decades. Some studies note that an essential aspect contributing to the Aceh peace context is the presence of local political parties in the post-peace era. This article aims to describe the declining existence of local political parties in the political life of Aceh society. This study employs a qualitative method, with primary data obtained from interviews and secondary data gathered from relevant literature reviews. The study reveals that local political parties in post-conflict Aceh have essentially gone through three of the four phases and are beginning to enter the fourth. The first phase is the formation of local political parties, the second is their rise, and the third is their victory in Aceh's political contestation. The fourth phase is decline or reduction, characterized by local parties being abandoned by their supporters. This research identifies several factors indicating the current existence of local political parties in the decline phase: 1) Loss of public trust; 2) Pessimism among political actors; 3) Weak party integrity and human resources; 4) Unprofessional organizational management; and 5) Internal conflicts within the party. These factors are not independent but are interconnected with one another.

Microfluidic/HPLC combination to study carnosine protective activity on challenged human microglia: Focus on oxidative stress and energy metabolism.

Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) is a naturally occurring endogenous peptide widely distributed in excitable tissues such as the brain. This dipeptide possesses well-demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aggregation properties, and it may be useful for treatment of pathologies characterized by oxidative stress and energy unbalance such as depression and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Microglia, the brain-resident macrophages, are involved in different physiological brain activities such synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis, but their dysregulation has been linked to the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. In AD brain, the activation of microglia towards a pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory phenotype has found in an early phase of cognitive decline, reason why new pharmacological targets related to microglia activation are of great importance to develop innovative therapeutic strategies. In particular, microglia represent a common model of lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced activation to identify novel pharmacological targets for depression and AD and numerous studies have linked the impairment of energy metabolism, including ATP dyshomeostasis, to the onset of depressive episodes. In the present study, we first investigated the toxic potential of LPS + ATP in the absence or presence of carnosine. Our studies were carried out on human microglia (HMC3 cell line) in which LPS + ATP combination has shown the ability to promote cell death, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Additionally, to shed more light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effect of carnosine, its ability to modulate reactive oxygen species production and the variation of parameters representative of cellular energy metabolism was evaluated by microchip electrophoresis coupled to laser-induced fluorescence and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. In our experimental conditions, carnosine prevented LPS + ATP-induced cell death and oxidative stress, also completely restoring basal energy metabolism in human HMC3 microglia. Our results suggest a therapeutic potential of carnosine as a new pharmacological tool in the context of multifactorial disorders characterize by neuroinflammatory phenomena including depression and AD.

Virulence regulation of Zn2+ uptake system znuABC on mesophilic Aeromonas salmonicida SRW-OG1.

Psychrophilic Aeromonas salmonicida could not grow above 25°C and therefore thought unable to infect mammals and humans. In our previous study, a mesophilic A. salmonicida SRW-OG1 was isolated from Epinephelus coioides with furunculosis. Through the analysis of preliminary RNA-seq, it was found that the Zn2+ uptake related genes znuA, znuB and znuC might be involved in the virulence regulation of A. salmonicida SRW-OG1. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the effect of znuABC silencing on the virulence regulation of A. salmonicida SRW-OG1. The results showed that the growth of the znuA-RNAi, znuB-RNAi, and znuC-RNAi strains was severely restricted under the Fe2+ starvation, but surprisingly there was no significant difference under the Zn2+ restriction. In the absence of Zn2+ and Fe2+, the expression level of znuABC was significantly increased. The motility, biofilm formation, adhesion and hemolysis of the znuA-RNAi, znuB-RNAi, and znuC-RNAi strains were significantly reduced. We also detected the expression of znuABC under different growth periods, temperatures, pH, as well as Cu2+ and Pb2+ stresses. The results showed that znuABC was significantly up-regulated in the logarithmic phase and the decline phase of A. salmonicida. Interestingly, the trend of expression levels of the znuABC at 18, 28, and 37°C was reversed to another Zn2+ uptake related gene zupT. Taken together, these indicated that the znuABC was necessary for A. salmonicida SRW-OG1 pathogenicity and environmental adaptability, and was cross regulated by iron starvation, but it was not irreplaceable for A. salmonicida SRW-OG1 Zn2+ uptake in the host.

Responses of bacterioplankton, particle- and colony-attached bacterial communities to Phaeocystis globosa blooms in Mirs Bay, China

Microalgae blooms are a frequent occurrence in coastal waters worldwide. It is reasonable to assume that these blooms have various influences on bacterial communities, which in turn may affect the development and dissipation of the bloom. However, the bacterial community characteristics, particularly of attached bacteria, associated with microalgae blooms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the community profiles of bacteria using high-throughput sequencing during a Phaeocystis globosa bloom in Mirs Bay, southern China, in January 2021. Bacteria living in three habitats, i.e., bacterioplankton, particle-attached bacteria, and colony-attached bacteria, were studied from the exponential growth phase to the decline growth phase of the bloom. Distinct variations in bacterial community composition existed among the three habitats. Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria, and Cyanobacteria were the dominant phyla of bacterioplankton, particle–attached bacteria, and colony-attached bacteria, respectively. Richness and diversity were significantly highest (p < 0.01) in particle-attached bacteria, followed by bacterioplankton, and lowest in colony-attached bacteria. The community diversities of bacterioplankton and particle-attached bacteria decreased significantly (p < 0.05) as the bloom shifted from the exponential to the decline phase. During the decline growth phase of the bloom, Bacteroidota and Verrucomicrobiota were the dominant remarkably abundant bacteria in the bacterioplankton community, whereas Verrucomicrobiota was dominant in the particle-attached bacteria community. No significant difference was observed in the colony-attached bacterial community between the exponential and decline phases of the P. globosa bloom owing to their complex network. The results of this study suggest that P. globose bloom has a profound impact on marine bacteria, particularly species that can decompose organic matter, which could play a crucial role in the dissipation of algal blooms.

Q56The Midlands of England: Economic Backwater or an Agricultural Powerhouse? Environmental Evidence from Prehistory to Modern Times Recorded in Sediments from Aqualate Mere, Central England, UK

ABSTRACT Archaeological and palaeoecological evidence relating to human activity in the English Midlands is scant compared to elsewhere in Britain. Knowledge of human activity in pre-Roman and Roman times is often fragmentary and disparate in parts of the region where it could be assumed that the resident population was small with little Roman impact. To examine these contentions, a palaeoenvironmental investigation from Aqualate Mere near Newport, Staffordshire, has been undertaken on the sediment record extending back to c. 1300 cal. BC. An analysis of microfossils, microscopic charcoal, sediment chemistry and mineral magnetism from a core dated by 14C, SCPs, 210Pb and 137Cs has provided an opportunity to reconstruct land use changes and atmospheric pollution from the later prehistoric period onwards. The results challenge the idea this region was a backwater as there is near-continuous agricultural activity around the mere since the Late Bronze Age through to modern times. This is characterised by phases of woodland decline, an intensification of farming, soil erosion, evidence for possible eutrophication and regional lead pollution.

How does the corporate life cycle influence Vietnamese firms corporate social responsibility?

This study investigates the association between the corporate life cycle and corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure in Vietnam. We hypothesize that the ability and motivation of firms to engage in various CSR activities at each stage of the corporate life cycle are different. Data are collected from 218 companies listed on the HOSE and HNX exchanges in Vietnam from 2014 to 2018 to measure the CSR according to the 2016 GRI General Standards, Parts GRI 200, GRI 300, and GRI 400. Using 2SLS estimation, the empirical findings of our study are consistent with our hypothesis. Our findings suggest that the introduction and growth stages are positively associated with CSR disclosure. Firms in the decline and shake-out phases no longer focus much on CSR disclosure, which shows that older firms do not invest in CSR activities as much as young firms. This study has two contributions. First, the research findings help to expand the literature in the Vietnamese context by applying business life cycle theory and aligning CSR with corporate life cycle stages. Second, the results of this study contribute to managerial implications in making CSR dimension decisions.

Optimal GPS Acquisition Algorithm in Severe Ionospheric Scintillation Scene

The Global Positioning System (GPS) plays an important role in navigation and positioning services. When GPS signals propagate through a complex space environment, they are susceptible to interference of ionospheric scintillation. As one of the biggest interference sources on GPS navigation and positioning, ionospheric scintillation will lead to signal intensity decline and carrier phase fluctuation, making signal acquisition of the GPS receiver challenging. Thus, an acquisition algorithm based on differential coherent integration combining accumulation correlation and bit sign transition estimation is proposed. The coherent accumulation is applied to reduce computational loads and contribution by the Gaussian white noise in the signal. Moreover, the differential coherence integration is utilized to eliminate data blocks with bit transition, prolonging the coherence integration time and improving the data utilization rate. Experimental results show that under severe ionospheric scintillation condition, weak GPS signals can be acquired successfully after improving the acquisition algorithm, with the acquisition probability reaching 50% when the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) drops to −34 dB. Comparing to the differential coherence integration, the complexity of the calculation reduces to only 21.75% effectively after the improvement. The execution time is less than half of the differential coherence integral.

Cytogenetic Effects in the Bone Marrow of Animals Living in Conditions of Increased Natural Radiation Background

We studied the cytogenetic effects in the bone marrow cells of root voles (Alexandromys (Microtus) oeconomus Pall.), which lived in areas contaminated with uranium and radium, as a result of the operation of radium mining (radium site) and the storage of its waste (uranium-radium site) (Komi Republic). The level and nature of mutational effects in voles from radioactively contaminated areas indicates the persistence of an increased frequency of chromosome aberrations and the appearance of individuals with an altered karyotype, which indicates genetic instability. When determining the nature of the dynamics of the mutation process in the studied populations, a high frequency of cells with micronuclei was noted in voles from the radium area, with the exception of the phase of population decline. In experiments with the use of provocative factors of chemical (urethane) and radiation (acute γ-irradiation) nature, an increase in the stability of bone marrow cells of animals living in conditions of increased background radiation has been shown.

Assessing Listeria monocytogenes growth during Spanish-style green table olive fermentation

Table olives are one of the most important fermented vegetables in the Mediterranean countries. Although this fermented vegetable has a long record of microbial safety, various studies have shown the presence of Listeria monocytogenes during table olive processing. This study focused on evaluating the behaviour of a cocktail of L. monocytogenes strains during fermentation of Spanish-style green Manzanilla olives. For this purpose, a challenge test consisting of artificial inoculation of olive fermentation with high levels of the food-borne pathogen (7.0 log10 CFU/ml) was performed. The Fermentation was carried out at the laboratory scale in sealed glass bottles (n = 168) under controlled conditions to avoid the initiation of lactic acid fermentation intentionally. This point was confirmed by the evolution of pH, which ranged from an initial 9.0 to final 6.0 units (decrease kinetic constant of −0.0016 h−1), as well as by the behaviour of lactic acid and mesophilic bacteria during the study (55 days). The fate of L. monocytogenes during fermentation was described using mathematical models, including the two-term Gompertz model. During this time, the food-borne pathogen showed an initial growth phase which lasted until 250 h, reaching a maximum population level close to 9.0 log10 CFU/ml, even in the presence of high salt concentrations (>6.0% NaCl). Then, a rapid decline phase was observed but continuously detecting a residual tail of around 2 log10 CFU/ml. Data obtained in this work shows the importance of the control of olive fermentation, especially during the first weeks when pH is alkaline-neutral and environmental conditions could favour L. monocytogenes growth.

Solute transport characteristics in the streambed due to rigid non-submerged plants: Experiment and simulations

The presence of aquatic plants in natural and artificial rivers can cause substantial changes in the flow pattern. In this study, laboratory experiments and numerical simulations are conducted to explore the influences of rigid non-submerged plant densities on the transport of solutes in the hyporheic zone. The laboratory experiments and numerical modelling results show that solute enters into the streambed around plant, and solute in the overlying water experienced a sharp decrease at the beginning, followed by a gradual decline phase. The concentration in the shallow pore water increases rapidly, and increases at a decreasing rate with the increase of depth. The presence of a plant causes pressure gradients at the sediment–water interface before and after the plant. Specifically, the presence of plants induces the convection exchange of surface water and pore water, enables the solute to transport in the streambed through three circulation flows. Solute tends to transport to the root of the plant, or bypass the plant and return to the overlying water over time. The rate and quantity of solute transport in the streambed are related to the streamwise and spanwise distances of the plant. When the plant densities reach the distance that affect the flow structures near each other, smaller streamwise distances lead to the transport of fewer solutes into the streambed and prevent them from penetrating to the deeper part of the streambed, while larger spanwise distances have the same effect on solute transport in the streambed. The solute effective exchange depth for streamwise distance of 20 cm is 4.3 times that of 3 cm, while which for spanwise distance of 3 cm is 5.05 times that of 15 cm at time of 28 h. This study shows that the presence of aquatic plants leads to the circulation of solutes in the hyporheic zone, which promotes the transport of pollutants from overlying water to streambed through hyporheic exchange after the occurrence of a water pollution event. Further, plants densely in the streamwise direction and sparsely in the spanwise direction will reduce the range of pollutants transport in the streambed. This study is of great significance for water ecological restoration through rational arrangement density of aquatic plants.

Analisis Sejarah Kepemimpinan setelah Wafatnya Nabi Muhammad SAW

The history of the caliphate after the death of the Prophet Muhammad from time to time has the same pattern starting from the phases of development, formation, coaching, glory, decline and destruction. This study aims to determine the history of the Khulafaur Rashidun dynasty after the death of the Prophet Muhammad SAW. This study used qualitative research methods. The data collection technique was carried out by means of a literature study through exploration of journals and other information relevant to the study. The results of the study show that the leadership after the death of the Prophet Muhammad was continued by the Khulafur Rasyidin Caliphate, the Umayyad Dynasty, the Abbasid Dynasty, the Fatamiyah Dynasty and the Seljuq Dynasty.

On periodic growth and shrinkage of glaciers in the Warwan sub-basin, western Himalaya, between 1990 and 2020

Knowledge about glacier extent, dynamics, and characteristics are important for climate change attribution and prediction. Understanding on long-term dynamics and glacier inventory is crucial, particularly for the melt-dominated and latitudinally-diverse western Himalayan glacier basins. In this study, a temporal inventory is prepared for Warwan-sub basin (WSB), utilizing satellite imageries since the 1993 (Landsat TM: 1993; ETM+: 2001, 2008; OLI: 2020) and elevation model (SRTM DEM: 2000). The base inventory was generated for the year 2001 and systematically adjusted to the glacier situations in 1993, 2008, and 2020. Results indicate that in the year 2001, WSB in the western Himalaya included 84 glaciers (> 0.02 km2) covering an area of 187.9 ± 5.8 km2. The mapping (2001) further revealed a supraglacial debris cover of 15% of the glacierized area (28.2 ± 0.9 km2). Overall, the debris cover increased by 6% between 1993 and 2020. Temporal analyses clearly suggest a period of gain in the glacierized area (2001-2008) interspersed by the two phases of decline (1993-2001 and 2008-2020). Results specify a stronger decline in the glacierized area during 1993 to 2001 (197.03 ± 6.1 to 187.9 ± 5.8 km2) than between 2008 and 2020 (188.4 ± 5.9 to 182.8 ± 5.66 km2). Remarkably, the glacierized area increased from 187.9 ± 5.8 to 188.4 ± 5.8 km2 during 2001 to 2008. In view of widespread recession of regional glaciers, the gain in the area between 2001 and 2008 represents a peculiar characteristic of WSB that needs further detailed investigation. Further analyses suggest that low-altitude, east-facing, debris-free, steep-sloped, and small glaciers experienced greater loss in the area than large, debris-covered, north-facing, gently sloped, and high-altitude glaciers. Overall, the study at the sub-basin scale reveals inherent glacier dynamics with periodic increase and decrease in the glacierized area and a notable influence of non-climatic factors in regulating spatial heterogeneity and the rate of glacier changes.

The development of Kondratieff’s theory of long waves: the place of the AI economy humanization in the ‘competencies-innovations-markets’ model

The motivation to conduct this study is related to the uncertainty of the impact of the AI economy on the economic cycle and the need to unlock the potential of Industry 4.0 in stabilizing the global economic system amid a series of crises. The article discusses the fundamental issues of the emergence of a new theory related to the evolution of Kondratieff waves in the context of modern drivers of long-term economic development (MANBRIC technologies), taking into account the acceleration of the development of innovations and competencies. The spiraling dynamics of the co-development of competencies and the expansion of new markets are shown, which makes it possible to transform the decline phase of the Kondratieff wave into a similar linear process of maintaining economic growth rates close to the existing ones. As a result, based on the authors’ model “competencies-innovations-markets”, it is proved that subject to humanization, the AI economy allows the reduction of the cyclical nature of the world economic system. The main idea of the article is to smooth out Kondratieff’s long waves due to the humanization of the AI economy.

Outcomes of a computer-based cognitive training (CoRe) in early phases of cognitive decline: a data-driven cluster analysis

The present study aimed to identify clusters of cognitive profiles as well as to explore the effects of these clusters on demographic/individual characteristics and on improvements after a computer-based cognitive training (CCT) in early cognitive impairment. Fifty-seven subjects underwent to an adaptive CCT for 3 weeks (4 individual face-to-face sessions/week of 45 min) and were evaluated at baseline (T0), post-intervention (T1), and after 6 (T2) and 12 (T3) months. Clusters of cognitive profiles were explored with k-means analysis. The analysis revealed two clusters, which were composed by 27 and 30 patients characterized by lower (Cluster 1) and higher (Cluster 2) cognitive functioning. At T1, cognitive performance improved in both groups, but Cluster 1 gained more benefits in global cognitive functioning than Cluster 2. However, at T3, Cluster 2 remained stable in its clinical condition, whereas Cluster 1 showed a pronounced worsening. In conclusion, Cluster 1 profile was associated with a more marked but also short-lasting responsiveness to CCT, whereas patients fitting with Cluster 2 characteristics seemed to obtain more CCT benefits in terms of stability or even delay of cognitive/functional decline. These findings may have relevant implications in informing the timing and modality of delivery of CCT.

THE EFFECT OF FERMENTATION TIME TO BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM COW DUNG AND SOUR WATER

Liquid waste can cause environmental pollution. Therefore, industrial wastewater must be treated properly so as not to exceed the quality standard limits set by the government. One type of liquid waste is sour water from Pertamina RU III. In addition to waste problems, fossil energy reserves are increasingly depleting so that they require renewable energy reserves, one of which is biogas to produce methane gas. This research will analyze the effect of fermentation time on the quality and quantity of biogas obtained. The quantity of biogas includes the volume of gas produced, while the quality of biogas includes the content of methane gas, pH, CaCO3, total solid, and volatile solid. Biogas has 4 process stages, including hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. From this study it was concluded that the longer the fermentation time, the gas volume, methane content, and carbon dioxide content increased, microbial activity in this study only reached its peak phase on day 50, so it had not yet reached the decline or death phase. The hydrolysis stage took place on days 0-10, the acidogenesis stage took place on days 10-20, the acetogenesis stage took place on days 20-30, and the methanogenesis stage took place on days 30-50.

From bottom‐up to top‐down control of invertebrate herbivores in a retrogressive chronosequence

In the long-term absence of disturbance, ecosystems often enter a decline or retrogressive phase which leads to reductions in primary productivity, plant biomass, nutrient cycling and foliar quality. However, the consequences of ecosystem retrogression for higher trophic levels such as herbivores and predators, are less clear. Using a post-fire forested island-chronosequence across which retrogression occurs, we provide evidence that nutrient availability strongly controls invertebrate herbivore biomass when predators are few, but that there is a switch from bottom-up to top-down control when predators are common. This trophic flip in herbivore control probably arises because invertebrate predators respond to alternative energy channels from the adjacent aquatic matrix, which were independent of terrestrial plant biomass. Our results suggest that effects of nutrient limitation resulting from ecosystem retrogression on trophic cascades are modified by nutrient-independent variation in predator abundance, and this calls for a more holistic approach to trophic ecology to better understand herbivore effects on plant communities.

Optimizing Drilling Cost through the Application of Hydraulic Workover Unit to Drill New Wells in Andalan Delta

TN is a mature giant gas field in Andalan Block Contract Area which is operated by PT Surya Energy Company (PT SEC). TN wells are located in the delta of Andalan river and currently already entering production decline phase. Drilling activities in PT SEC itself has entered industrialization phase since early year 2000, resulted by more than 20 years of learning curve creation in the construction of well design architecture. Currently most of the wells drilled are targeting marginal hydrocarbon (HC) reserve. The downturn of oil and gas industry in mid-year 2014 had pushed the Drilling & Well Intervention team in PT SEC to further squeeze the well duration beyond the technical limit in order to meet the economy of wells drilled and continue drilling operation activities in order to maintain hydrocarbon production plateau. Many innovative ideas have been implemented to achieve these objectives such as the implementation of batch drilling, offline drilling activities, well architecture optimization, more rigless operation and other initiatives as alternative solutions have been introduced and will be planned to reduce well duration and operating cost in overall. This article discusses what factors that cause the well cost become high when drilling in TN field especially in TN Shallow development, investigation of the root cause (s), and the alternative solutions that may be feasible and also the implementation of the selected alternative solutions in order to avoid the company loss opportunity to drill and produce new TN Shallow wells. The root cause analysis used the current reality tree (CRT) which identifies main root cause on why the well cost becomes high or premium, which is high site preparation cost specifically to perform dredging activity. The site preparation is needed to allow for Swamp Barge (SB) rig and any other barge access to safely enter the well location and perform drilling activities the fact that the conventional SB rig is considered the only means to drill new wells in TN field. The alternative solutions of the root causes were determined, and then the best alternative solutions were selected using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The ultimate criteria for the selection of the alternative are the overall well cost creation, and how immediate means of drilling new wells as a solution can provide impact to the overall well cost reduction. Several alternative solutions are results of study and research of improvement on drilling project management implementation, including but not limited to some efforts in reducing drilling duration and innovative means to drill new wells with the fit-for-purpose design of drilling fleet, without using conventional SB rig which require huge amount of dredging volume thus resulting in high site preparation cost. Selected alternative solution to perform drilling activities using Hydraulic Workover Unit (HWU) is the best solution considering the equipment and working barges' technical capacity requirement point of view which resulting less daily drilling expense than the SB rig has resulted in less overall well cost. Drilling with HWU is a complex project management involving many entities with various competencies requirements within and outside the company organization. Even though the result of implementation may not be measured and obtained in a short period, the ultimate objective of reducing overall well cost to keep the well economy is expected to gain in the first campaign in the year 2023.