Decline In Labor Force Research Articles

The Recent Drop in Female Labour-Force Participation in Jammu and Kashmir

The J&K economy will not reach its full potential unless the government and employers remove barriers to women's full labour-force participation in the labour market. Failure to address structural labor market issues, employment policy does more than limit women's career opportunities and aspirations for a better life. In Jammu and Kashmir context overall labor force participation is reported to be considerably low and has been on consistent decline. It has decreased by 7% from 62.09% in 1999-00 to 55.68% in 2017-18. The overall decline in labor force has been mainly attributed to the sharp decline in female labor force participation rate, which has registered almost 8% decline from 39.86% to 31.61% during 1999-00 to 2017-18. This decline is puzzling some and against the gender development goals like inclusive development, women empowerment etc. Women's participation barriers also act as brakes on the national economy, stifling growth. By adopting gender friendly policies and removing barriers to women's participation we can narrow down gender gap in participation and achieve stronger economic growth

육계농장의 ICT장비가 생산한 빅데이터 분석을 활용한 질병발생예측모델(DOPM) 개발연구

Since 2014, the government has promoted the ICT equipment support project for livestock farmers as an alternative system to address the rapid aging of livestock farmers and sharp decline in labor force due to population decline. This project aims to realize more precise and scientific smart livestock farming through the analysis of big data produced by ICT equipment in real time. Prior to the introduction of ICT equipment, farmers relied on their long-term experience in farm operations to implement emergency measures by using a sudden increase in the number of dead birds or sudden change in the amount of water consumption data as an indicator of the occurrence of disease. However, damage and loss to farmers have not been reduced with these measures. Therefore, this study aims to address the farmers' consistent desire to develop a disease outbreak prediction model (DOPM) that can be easily utilized in the field and has high precision. The current study developed a disease outbreak prediction model (DOPM) that can find a singularity (golden time) in the data even if only one type of ICT data (Water & Feed) is properly monitored and analyzed. We found that if the time when a sharp decrease (more than 100% decrease from the previous day), confirmed through the daily feed intake data for two consecutive days (golden time = DOPM), is set as the start of the disease outbreak and preventive measures are taken quickly, this model can be used to minimize farm losses and damages better than the existing method that relies on analog data and experience. Additionally, the DOPM was confirmed to be the fastest, most sensitive, and most accurate model in the field poultry farms. As a result, we have found a method to interpret non-verbal signals of the chickens with the transformed ICT-Data in the AI-age.

Fiscal Impacts of Demographic Transition in Pakistan

This study has examined the fiscal impacts of the demographic transition. Declining fertility rate and increasing life expectancy rate are expected to cause ageing in Pakistan. The population projections of United Nation’s World Population Prospects were used, for projecting the labour force, which uses different scenarios to project population namely low variant, medium variant and high variant scenario. The study found that projected labour force is expected to decline under the medium variant scenario. The study examined the impact of expected decline in labour force on output growth of Pakistan using growth accounting technique, and found that under medium variant scenario, Pakistan is expected to face a loss of 4% of GDP at the end of this century. On the expenditure side, this study attempted to measure the impact of demographic transition on pension expenditures. Due to the increase in the proportion of the dependent population pension expenditures are expected to rise from 1.2% of GDP in 2015 to 3.5% of GDP by the end of the century. Due to the increase in old-age dependency ratio and hike in pension expenditures of Pakistan pay-as-you-go pension system is expected to become fiscally unsustainable as fewer workers would be bearing the burden of aged population. This fact advocates transition from pay-as-you-go pension system to fully funded pension system.

Working condition and work-life balance of working women in a tertiary care hospital in a metropolitan city of Tamil Nadu: a cross sectional study

Background: Quality of work life and work life balance needs to be assessed as there is decline in labor force of married working women. The current study attempted to assess working conditions and work life balance of married working women in tertiary care hospital.Methods: A cross sectional section was conducted in tertiary health care hospital for six months period. A total of 254 married working women of various professions such as doctors, nurses, human resource, hospital administrators, secretaries, attenders and housekeeping were selected using universal sampling method. The data collection was done using the instrument “work environment survey 2011 (we are finding patterns in employee attitudes)” for assessing working condition and “work life conflict scale” to assess the work life balance of these women. Results were expressed in frequency, mean and chi square with p<0.5 was significant.Results: About half of the study population women 152 (59.84%) are involved in health care sector and 53.94% of them earn per capita income of above 20,000. The mean of total working conditions score in the study population is 13.82 with a standard deviation of 4.64. Increase workload and nature of spouse are associated with poor working condition.Conclusions: Majority of married women working in tertiary care hospital were moderately satisfied with the working conditions. Quality of work life can be promoted by recognition of the work done, providing autonomy of work, sufficient staffing with better working environment.

Human Resource Deficit in Atlantic Canada: A Challenge for Regional Economic Development

Fertility decline and population out-migration have resulted in a decline of labor force in Atlantic Canada which is projected to slow down economic growth in the region. The region offers competitive advantage in many economic development-related projects such as hydroelectricity development and ship-building, in addition to fisheries and agriculture. Hence, strategies to develop labor force through training, increased utilization of existing labor force, attraction of out-migrants back into the region, and increased immigration are essential for regional economic growth and development. This article is based on the proceedings of 2012 conference of Atlantic Canada Economics Association held in Halifax with the aim of promoting public discussions around regional labor market issues and also on the author’s own research and literature review.

Towards a Sustainable and Job-Oriented Pension System in Finland

The decline in labour force due to ageing in the Finnish economy is also at the core of the analysis by Urpo Hautala and Jorma Tuukkanen. The authors' starting point is to note that while a social security system with wide coverage, high benefits and little incentive to work can cause a substantial loss in terms of labour force and production, a properly tuned system can bolster sustainable economic growth and welfare. Hautala and Tukkanen propose a mixed pension system composed of two tiers: an actuarial defined-benefit pension and a defined-contribution account pension. They argue that the new system would provide a suitable trade-off between insurance that balances out risk (defined-benefit) and saving (defined contribution), increasing personal responsibility and encouraging work. The ensuing reduction in expenditure would avoid the increase in the tax burden that would otherwise be necessary to avoid debt accumulation.

Geographical Aspects of Industrial Transformation in the Czech Republic

The share of industrial production on GNP has been decreasing over the 1990s in the Czech Republic and, in the same time, a branch restructuring took place. The industrial transformation is accompanied by a decline of labour force and an increase of unemployment. Better situation has been observed in the regions with an inflow of foreign capital. The article deals with the significant role of direct foreign investments for the regional development. The analysis of investment localization is linked with the theory of development polarization.

The Theory of Value, Capital and Interest: A New Approach.

The Theory of Value, Capital and Interest: A New Approach. The Theory of Value, Capital and Interest: A New Approach. By Horvat(Branko) . (Aldershot and Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, 1995. Pp. xiv + 281. £59-95 hardback. ISBN 1 85898 055 0.) The Economic Journal, Volume 106, Issue 438, 1 September 1996, Pages 1447–1449, https://doi.org/10.2307/2235551 Published: 01 September 1996