Declarative Mood Research Articles

Analysis of the Interpersonal Meaning in the Teacher Discourse in Competition Videos

This study, grounded in Systemic Functional Linguistics, examines the form and distribution of mood and modality in English classroom discourse by the winner of the Special Prize at the 12th "Foreign Language Teaching Society Cup" National College Foreign Language Teaching Competition (English Major Group). It reveals how interpersonal meaning is realized in the teacher's discourse and explores teacher-student relationships. The analysis shows a predominant use of the declarative mood, followed by interrogative and imperative moods. This balance reflects the teacher's dual role as both knowledge disseminator and facilitator of student participation, steering away from a wholly authoritative position. Minimal use of the imperative mood suggests discussions are mainly informational, reducing student pressure and promoting an equal and harmonious classroom atmosphere. Declarative moods serve multiple functions, whereas interrogatives stimulate student engagement. Modal preferences indicate a balance between directive and facilitative communication, emphasizing low modal values to foster respect and a student-centered approach. This strategy illustrates the teacher's respect for students, embracing roles such as guide and observer, and offers insights for creating inclusive and effective university English classrooms.

Mood Analysis of COVID-19 Messages: A Systemic Functional Linguistics Approach to Understanding Public Health Communication

Purpose: This study examines how Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), particularly through mood analysis, can enhance understanding of public health communication related to COVID-19. The aim is to explore the use of mood types in health messages to convey risk, provide instructions, and manage public vulnerability during the pandemic. Methodology: Utilizing a qualitative and quantitative approach, this study analyzed 100 COVID-19 health messages sourced from government websites, social media, and public health announcements. The messages were categorized according to their mood type imperative (commands) and declarative (statements) to assess their functional roles in conveying public health information. Data were tabulated to illustrate the frequency of each mood type and their implications for public health communication. Findings: The analysis revealed that 70% of the messages were in the imperative mood, highlighting the urgency of issuing clear directives to the public. In contrast, 30% of the messages were in the declarative mood, providing essential information and reassurance. This distribution indicates a strategic use of language in public health messaging to promote compliance while fostering public trust. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This study contributes to the theoretical understanding of SFL mood analysis in public health communication by illustrating how mood types influence public perception and behavior during a crisis. The findings offer practical insights for health authorities to enhance communication strategies, ensuring that messages are both directive and informative. Additionally, this research informs policymakers about effective messaging practices to improve health outcomes during future public health crises.

A Systemic Functional Linguistic Analysis of Mood Structures in News Coverage of Anies Baswedan’s Speech During Presidential Election Debates in The Jakarta Post and TEMPO.CO

The purpose of this study is to use Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics viewpoint to uncover the interpersonal meanings that are realized in five selected news articles from The Jakarta Post and TEMPO.CO. This study employed a qualitative method. The data source is two articles from The Jakarta Post and three articles from TEMPO.CO, all under the categories of the 2024 presidential election debate. The data were collected through textual analysis and close reading techniques. The results of this research are as follows: (1) The declarative mood is frequently used across all five articles with 97% for TJP and 99% for TC. The sentences are mostly realized by temporal deicticity, while modality appears in small percentages. (2) Both TJP and TC potray Anies Baswedan positively but with different emphases. TJP highlights Baswedan’s personal attributes and political background. TC emphasizes Baswedan’s political expertise and policy proposals. This distinction in focus reflects the different strategies employed by TJP and TC to shape public perception during the election period. TJP and TC employ similar tenor patterns where they position themselves as equals to their readers and conveying a positive tone in their interactions.

DECLARATIVE AND IMPERATIVE MOOD IN LIR-ILIR SONG

Javanese songs as a traditional literary art that are currently very close to the lives of Javanese people are becoming less and less popular. Since that time, the popularity of traditional songs began to be replaced by modern songs. Preserving these traditional songs is crucial because they hold significant cultural and emotional value. The Lir-Ilir song is a traditional song created by Sunan Kalijaga as part of the effort to spread Islam in Java in the early 16th century. This research aimed to understand the interpersonal meaning and identify mood types of the Lir-Ilir song. The research was conducted using a qualitative method, which explains the research results with description and not with statistics. Therefore, The results showed that there were two types of mood, namely declarative and imperative, and 50% declarative mood and 50% imperative mood were found. This showed that the songwriter gave a combination of statements and commands, which meant that this song gave a message and invited listeners to take action according to the message of the song.

The Mood Types Analysis in Script of Nelson Mandela’s Speech at the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid

Nelson Mandela's impactful speeches at the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid have drawn considerable attention due to his global influence and eloquence in English. This study examines the mood types present in Mandela's speeches, focusing on their role within the interpersonal metafunction. Utilising a qualitative descriptive method, the researcher analysed a speech delivered by Mandela, sourcing data from a public address archived on the American Rhetoric website. The analysis involved labelling clause elements, segmenting clauses into mood and residue, and classifying mood types. The findings revealed that the distribution of mood types in Mandela's speech was as follows: Declarative accounted for 62%, Imperative for 19%, and Interrogative for 19%. Results showed a predominance of Declarative mood, indicating Mandela's emphasis on providing information and asserting historical events. Imperative mood was utilised for calls to action, while Interrogative mood prompted audience engagement. This research sheds light on Mandela's rhetorical strategies and the significance of mood types in his speeches.

“Come thou the spirits of village and locality, come thou the spirits of sons and daughters!”

Abstract This paper discusses the ritual language of Thadou-Kuki, a Tibeto-Burman language of the Kuki-Chin subgroup spoken in Northeastern India and the Chin State of Myanmar. The paper examines 13 ritual texts to determine the nature of language use and the types of structure that ritual language provides. The paper discusses the general belief surrounding the traditional religion as background information to the types of ritual language discussed in the paper. This is followed by a discussion on the structure of ritual language in terms of composition, grammatical constructions, and the choices of words used in the ritual language of Thadou-Kuki, including archaic expressions that are characteristic of ritual language. From the analysis of the ritual texts, the paper discusses the types of repetition at the level of syllables and paragraphs/stanzas. Each stanza is further divided into couplets of repetitive phrases (differing mostly in the initial words of a phrase or sentence). The paper divides the ritual language of Thadou-Kuki into two, namely invocation and direct address to the spirits. The former makes use of imperatives, namely the request –ô, the invitational –în, and the hortative –hèen. Direct address to the spirits, on the other hand, makes use of the declarative mood, namely, a clause or sentence-final marker –e.

Tone, viewpoint aspect, and imperative mood

We examine the interaction between viewpoint aspect and imperative mood in an under-described and endangered Edoid language of West Africa. In Emai, tone functions both lexically and grammatically. Verbs in citation form, including bisyllabic items, are toneless. In declarative mood Emai distinguishes perfective from imperfective, with perfective assigning high tone to a verb and imperfective assigning low. Imperative mood takes perfective aspect, most clearly evident when an auxiliary or preverb precedes the verb or when the imperative is negated. In simpler imperatives, verb tone is low high. The low tone is conditioned by the juxtaposition of a subject phrase that shows a second person pronoun with high tone and a verb phrase whose initial syllable is high. Across phrasal constitutents, consecutive high tones, as they would have appeared in simpler imperatives, are prohibited. It is the verb phrase initial high syllable that lowers.

An Analysis and Comparison of the Differences in the Realization of Interpersonal Functions in Different Political Keynote Speeches

This research employs Halliday's theory of the interpersonal function to scrutinize and contrast language patterns and techniques in keynote speeches delivered by notable political figures, specifically former US President Donald Trump, ex-UK Prime Minister Theresa May, and former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. In the era of globalization, where increased interconnectedness emphasizes the importance of political speeches, shaping nations and reflecting the interests and identities of stakeholders, it is crucial to examine these speeches. The analysis identifies shared traits, including skillful use of first-person language to establish authority and self-expression, in addition to the use of medium-valued modal verbs and declarative mood for interpersonal connection and viewpoint assertion. The study explores variations in Trump's "America First" inaugural address and disparities in speeches by Trump and May that are related to high-valued modal and second-person verbs, highlighting their different political backgrounds. Furthermore, it evaluates the interpersonal function in Hillary Clinton's speeches, examining language's effectiveness in engaging audiences and accomplishing different speech objectives. By examining these patterns, this research supports a better understanding of cultural differences between the United States and Britain, revealing linguistic tools that help political figures connect with audiences and accomplish specific speech goals. This cross-cultural study provides detailed insights into language's role in political communication, deepening our understanding of leaders' strategies for effective agenda communication and resonance with constituents.

Mood congruency in COVID-19 podcast discourse: an interpersonal meaning analysis

With the advent of podcasts, individuals are increasingly engaging with a diverse range of topics, from entertainment and education to news and personal narratives. In the wake of the global COVID-19 pandemic, podcasts have emerged as an influential platform for disseminating information. This current study attempts to depict the realization of Mood congruency in COVID-19 podcast discourse. Departing from qualitative approach, content analysis was employed as research design. The source of the data was obtained from Dedy Corbuzier’s YouTube Channel with Uus (comedian) as the guest in 2021 when COVID-19 case was known and recognized in Indonesia for the first time. The data were in the form of clauses obtained from the utterances from them. The utterances were electronically transcribed using sonix.ai before being rechecked manually to improve the data's reliability. From the analysis, it was found that the variation of Mood is appeared in the form of congruent and incongruent (grammatical metaphorical representation). The congruent representation shows how utterance should be in the form as it is. On the other hand, the grammatical metaphorical representation of Mood brings out the variation such as statement realized in interrogative, and command in declarative Mood. The incongruency can perform an indication of speakers’ creativity and politeness in interaction.

The Building Blocks of Language and Creativity: A Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis of Toy Advertisements

This research aims to explore the verbal and visual resources and cultural aspects used in online toy advertisements. The data comprises 142 advertisements sourced from the official international Lego Facebook page. Three analytical frameworks were employed in the study. First, Halliday’s (1994) systemic functional linguistics was used to analyze verbal resources. Second, Kress and van Leeuwen’s (2006) social semiotics was used to examine visual resources. Third, Hofstede et al.’s (2010) cultural dimensions were applied to the aspects of culture. The investigation of verbal resources reveals three main ideational metafunctions: material, relational, and mental. Also, declarative mood and unmarked topical themes dominantly occurred in the clauses. For the visual analysis, the advertisements tend to use conceptual symbolic images with vibrant and contrasting colors to make the brand memorable and convey positive values. The positions of participants (RP) also reveal the significance of the brand. There is interconnectedness between visual resources and verbal resources for the advertisements to be cohesive. Remarkably, all six cultural dimensions were found aligned with the American cultural aspects, except for masculinity and long-term orientation. This suggests Lego's commitment to promoting equality, unity, and the attempt to construct more effective worldwide marketing.

A Metafunctional Analysis of Barack Obama’s Second Term Inaugural Address

This study presents a Metafunctional Analysis of Barack Obama’s second-term inaugural address. M.A.K Halliday’s Metafunction is used as a theoretical framework for the analysis in this study with the task of providing a better understanding of the speech. The data (Barack Obama’s written speech) is obtained from the internet. The speech is presented as data. Halliday’s cohesive devices (reference, ellipsis, conjunction, repetition) as well as mood and residue are identified and analysed using tables. It is found that additive conjunction is the most frequently used cohesive device. In terms of mood and residue, all the sentences in speech are declarative. The declarative mood helps the speaker to express his point of view and send his message. It also shortens the distance between the speaker and the listener/reader. It is concluded that Halliday’s Metafunctions help the reader to understand the intention and the message the speech is trying to pass across.

Taylor Swift’s Speech at New York University: Revealing Interpersonal Meaning

Interpersonal meaning has important role in communication to achieve good connection among the speaker and the hearer. There are many ways in realizing interpersonal meaning, one of which is by investigating mood and modality used. Consequently, this study aims to analyze the mood and modality types identified in Taylor Swift’s speech at New York University. This study applies systemic functional linguistics in terms of interpersonal meaning proposed by Halliday and Matthiessen (2014). This study also implements qualitative method to answer the problems of the study which taken from Taylor Swift’s utterances during her speech contained mood and modality types as the data. However, the writers use data analysis technique by Miles and Huberman (1994). As the result, there are 195 clauses indicated as mood types which are divided into three types. There are 173 clauses classified as declarative mood types which made it the most frequently used by the speaker. Besides, there are 55 clauses categorized as modality types by making the modalization type as the dominant clause occured in the speech with the occurrences of 32 clauses.

A Comparative Mood Analysis of the English Speeches of General Qamar Javed Bajwa and General Pervaiz Musharraf

Mood refers to the transient emotional and mental state of an individual. This study delves into an examination of mood types present in the speeches of Qamar Javed Bajwa and Pervaiz Musharraf, drawing on M.A.K Halliday's theory. Its primary objective is to elucidate the prevalent mood structures within their speeches and to discern how these moods manifest the unique features of their oratory. Utilizing a descriptive qualitative approach and transcriptions of their speeches, the research scrutinized 316 lines of two army chiefs’ speeches. The findings unveiled the existence of three distinct mood types: declarative, interrogative, and imperative. Notably, Bajwa predominantly employed the declarative mood in 87% of his speech, while Musharraf consistently used it 90% of the time. The interrogative mood was a much rarer presence, appearing in just 1.15% of the speeches. The imperative mood featured in Bajwa's speech at a rate of 12% and in Musharraf's speech at 7.5%. It is worth noting that the declarative mood, which involves the provision of information, was the most frequently utilized mood in the speeches of both individuals.

Interrogatives, inquiries, and exam questions

AbstractThe speech act of inquiry is generally treated as a default kind of asking questions. The widespread norm states that one inquires whether p only if one does not know that p. However, the fact that inquiring is just one kind of asking questions has received little to no attention. Just as in the declarative mood we can perform not only assertions, but various other speech acts, like guesses or predictions, so in the interrogative mood we can also make various speech act types. I propose a speech-act-theoretic account of a distinct kind of question that I label exam questions. According to the proposed account, one performs an exam question p only if (i) one has access to the answer to p, and (ii) one does not officially know whether the hearer knows the answer to p. Exam questions satisfy all the necessary requirements of being a distinct kind of speech act. Additionally, my proposal contributes to the recent expansion of the normative approach to a variety of speech acts.

Mood and Modality in Interpersonal Meaning of Joseph Robinette Biden Victory Speech

Speech involves the articulation of one's ideas and emotions. Politicians must possess the skill to effectively utilize language. Prior research underscores the significance of studying the political language, as it empowers individuals to grasp how those aspiring to attain, wield, and retain authority employ language. The purpose of this study is to analyze how mood and modality were used in the victory speech. This research applies qualitative design. The transcription of Joe Biden's victory speech is the subject of this investigation. Mr. Biden convey commitments and responsibility connected with the program that he will run; however, we don't know whether it will be run or no. This research applied qualitative research. The analysis is using data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusion. According to the findings of this study, there are three distinct categories: value, modality, and mood. Declarative mood is the most common type; 193 clauses, or about 94%, are in the imperative mood, followed by seven clauses, or 3,4%, and three clauses, or about 1,5 percent, in the interrogative mood. The dominant modality value is median, there are eighteen provisions or around 62,1%, then, at that point, trailed by eight clauses or around 27,6% as low worth and the latter is three conditions or 10,3% for high worth. The dominant type of modality is obligation. Eleven clauses, or approximately 37.9 percent, are classified as obligation, ten clauses, or approximately 34.5%, as probability, and eight clauses, or approximately 26.7 percent, as inclination.

Multimodal Discourse Analysis on Representation of Black Hero in Malcolm Spellman the Falcon and the Winter Soldier Series (2021)

Multimodal discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary approach that studies how different modes of communication work together to create meaning in social interactions. The author analyzes verbal and visual elements in The Falcon and the Winter Soldier in this study. This research used the descriptive qualitative method. The aim of this study is to determine the verbal and visual elements that represent black people and to find out the relationship between verbal and visual elements in this movie. To achieve these objectives, the researcher applied the theoretical framework from Halliday & Matthiessen (2014) on the language of metafunctions, Kress & van Leeuwen (2006) on visual grammar analysis, and the analysis of inter-mode relations from Leeuwen (2005) to obtain a detailed description of the relationship between verbal and visual elements. The results of the study show that in verbal language, the ideational metafunction is dominated by the material process. Interpersonal metafunction is dominated by statement speech acts which show that the text is mostly in the form of a declarative mood. The textual metafunction contains topical unmarked and multiple themes in this movie. In the visual image, ideational metafunction is realized mostly through the reactional process. Interactive metafunction is realized through the offer gaze and the medium shot. The medium size dominates the compositional metafunction. Visual and verbal elements have elaboration and extension relations. Through the elaboration of visual grammar analysis, some visuals are used to make the verbal elements more specific, and others are used to add information not included in the verbal elements. The verbal and visual modes clarify each other's meanings and display connected and not contradictory concepts so the audience can easily understand.

Tenor Analysis of Selected Short Stories by Tariq Rahman: Applying Halliday's Interpersonal Metafunction

This study aims at exposing the role relationship among the characters and the way they make their interpersonal meaning (tenor) in the selected short stories which is concerned with clauses as exchanges. Since language involves interactions where the participants either initiate or respond to the act of giving (means inviting to receive) or demanding (means inviting to give) for goods-and-services or information, therefore, the principle grammatical system for this is the Mood network comprising of a choice between imperative and indicative. If indicative is chosen, there is a choice between declarative and interrogative. These choices are realized by manipulating the Mood elements. For analyzing the data, the design of this research uses both the quantitative and qualitative approaches. The data for this study have been collected from 2 short stories by Tariq Rahman. The findings reveal that the imperative mood is less used as compared to the declarative mood which is dominant in selected short stories with a little bit of interrogative mood for indicating the participants’ attitude of either giving or receiving more information from their counterparts. The contact among the participants is most of the time involved but sometimes uninvolved to show the power of the dominant social members. The analysis of affect highlights that the effect of the dominant social members’ conversation on the less powerful people remains almost positive because they are unable to challenge the authority of the powerful people but sometimes the affect is negative when the poor social members protest against the authority of the powerful people for getting rid of their violence which lead them to get more aggression.

Halliday’s Interpersonal Meta-function Analysis of Entrepreneur’s Public Speech in English and Central Kurdish

This paper examines the role and significance of Interpersonal language meta-function in understanding and constructing language use and functions among language users in a business context in English and Central-Kurdish languages. In analyzing entrepreneurs’ public speeches, the researchers employ the descriptive and qualitative approach with the content analysis. The instrument used in this study is to examine the qualitative exploratory data among entrepreneurs’ public speech in business discourse in English and Central-Kurdish. The paper attempts to answer the following questions; What is the dominant mood type among the entrepreneurs in English and Central-Kurdish in business discourse? How does the use and selection of the personal pronoun by entrepreneurs in English and Central-Kurdish influence the interpersonal meta-function? and lastly, What are the frequency and occurrence of Attitudinal mode in the public speech of entrepreneurs concerning Type and possible Polarity? The findings show the information about the distribution of the results in regard to the mood types, the use and selection of personal pronouns and the frequencies of each attitudinal mode in an entrepreneur’s public speech in English and Central Kurdish quantitatively. The study reveals that the prominent type of mood is declarative mood, besides the use and selection of the Personal Systems play a significant role in which the speaker expresses his attitude, influence and maintaining friendship and intimacy with the audience. The dominant personal pronoun is first personal system and the positive Affect mode exceeds other attitudinal modes both in English and Central-Kurdish.

THE ANALYSIS OF MOOD AS INTERPERSONAL MEANING IN THE DONALD J. TRUMP PRESIDENTIAL LETTER ADDRESSED TO RECEP T. ERDOGAN ON OCTOBER 9TH 2019

This article reports the analysis of the Mood toward Trumps’ presidential letter to Erdogan dated October 9th, 2019. The researcher used a qualitative method based on the theory of systemic functional linguistics which Halliday introduced based on three-meta-functions of language to analyze the data. The researcher focused on interpersonal meaning theory to analyze the mood system, residue, and types of mood in each clause as Trump’s official written utterance. The reason for the analysis was that there are many controversial utterances that have been used by Trump to address Erdogan. The letter was an official letter from US President to Turkey's President as a response to Turkey’s president's decision to launch a military operation in Syria. The analysis has found that there are four imperative moods and fifteen declarative moods shown in the letter. The imperative moods then might be discussed as a controversial context because when Trump used imperative sentences it could be interpreted that Trump used a direct diplomatic communication style with Erdogan. Otherwise, the declarative mood marks the letter as a clear language style in explaining Trump’s purpose and aim systematically. The researcher then suggests to the reader to analyze powerful people's messages conveyed through their letters, speech, diplomatic dialogue, or official forum group discussion to gain more understanding of how meaning contextually works in spoken or written text.

The Realization of Mood and Modality by English Conversations Video in the YouTube Channel

This study discussed the language used for communication. It analyzed an English conversation video from the perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics, especially mood and modality in interpersonal meaning. This study aimed to explain the realization of mood systems and modality in an English conversation video on a YouTube channel. In conducting this study, the researcher had several objectives to achieve. This study tried to explain the realization of mood and modality on a video of English conversations from the Learn English with Jessica channel on YouTube on YouTube by Learn English with Jessica channel. Researchers tried to explain the relationship between mood and modality in an English conversation video on a YouTube channel. The researcher used the Interpersonal meaning theory by Halliday and Matthiessen (2014). A descriptive qualitative research design was used in this study with an English conversation video on a YouTube channel taken as the subject of analysis. The results showed that the dominant mood found in this study was the declarative mood. The researcher also found the speech function in this study. Speakers often use the form of a statement to get their message across to listeners. The researcher also summarizes the modality system in which speakers mainly use probability type of modalization and inclination type of modulation to modify their conversations. This study held the function of communication as an information source, as evidenced by the interpersonal meaning they embody. They will be able to provide and receive information and advice using mood and modality