Deck Components Research Articles

Hydroelastic analysis and model tests on the structural responses and fatigue behaviours of an ultra-large ore carrier in waves

To provide guidance on structural design for the life cycle safety of an ultra-large 500,000 deadweight tonnage ore carrier, the springing-induced high-frequency responses in waves, the resultant structural loads and their influences on the structural fatigue damage were investigated by employing the three-dimensional linear and second-order non-linear hydroelasticity theories of ships and the corresponding numerical methods. The theoretical predictions of the structural loads and responses and the comparisons with the model tests carried out in the towing tank of the China Ship Scientific Research Center are presented in this paper. The results for the hydroelastic responses of the ship at a forward speed and at zero forward speed in regular and irregular waves are illustrated, which provide the quantitative relations for the wave-motion-induced and the springing-induced structural loads, and their linear and non-linear components of the ship in different sea states, especially when the first flexible body resonant frequency is in the wave frequency region. The results show that the springing responses may occur in waves with any significant wave heights for such a large ship when the characteristic wave periods are less than a certain amount. The short-term and long-term distributions of the wave-induced and rigid-body-motion-induced structural loads and the springing-induced high-frequency loads are predicted. Based on the hydroelastic predictions of the structural loads, the accumulated fatigue theory is applied to assess the fatigue damage of the typical deck and bottom structural components of a ship serving in three shipping lines.

Fatigue Response in Bridge Deck Connection Composed of Field-Cast Ultra-High-Performance Concrete

The use of prefabricated concrete bridge deck components can offer many advantages over conventional cast-in-place construction techniques. However, completing the overall bridge system requires the installation of connecting elements. The state of the practice for these connecting elements has been deficient in resilience, durability, and ease of construction. An ongoing research effort at FHWA, in conjunction with partners from the New York State and Iowa Departments of Transportation, is focused on engaging the advantageous properties of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) to develop a new type of detail applicable to deck-level connections between prefabricated modular bridge components. This physical testing program investigated the structural performance of a field-cast UHPC connection under repeated truck wheel loading. The connection—150 mm (5.9 in.) thick and 152 mm (6 in.) wide—was designed as a noncontact lap splice with straight 16M (No. 5) steel reinforcement. After more than 11 million structural-loading cycles at progressively increasing load levels, individual bars within the connection began to fail in metal fatigue. The stress range in the reinforcement at initial fatigue failure was conservatively estimated at 197 MPa (28.6 ksi). No debonding or slippage of reinforcement was observed. The performance of this connection detail demonstrated the types of details that can be developed and deployed with field-cast UHPC.

Performance Evaluation of FRP Bridge Deck Under Shear Loads

Shear behavior of glass fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bridge deck components has been experimentally and theoretically studied under in-plane shear, out-of-plane shear, punching shear, shear of web—flange junction, and system racking shear. Experimental data revealed that the shear modulus of FRP bridge decks ranged from 2.66 to 4.14 GPa and the shear stress to failure ranged from 20.7 to 96.6 MPa. In-plane shear behavior is studied under V-notched and racking shear test (parallel and perpendicular to cell direction). Experimental results under in-plane shear loading are compared with the results from the classical finite element method. Out-of-plane shear strength and stiffness of an FRP composite deck are experimentally evaluated utilizing test data from the short beam shear test, and the beam bending test. Using experimental and numerical results, the reduction in bending rigidity due to shear deformation under several loading conditions is calculated. In addition, size limits (span to depth ratio) under transverse loading are established as: L/d>22 (for multi-cell specimen with and without joints). A theoretical model based on FRP deck types for predicting punching shear capacity is proposed and validated through experimental data. In addition, the failure modes of test specimens are identified and reported. To study the web—flange junction behavior, closed FRP sections were tested under shear-bending effect. It is clear that the web—flange junction shear strength is only one half of the shear strength obtained from flange specimens under V-notched beam testing. While testing, cracks and layer delaminations around web—flange junctions were initiated and extended along the thickness of the web portion with increasing applied loads, which eventually led to web shear-off failure. In addition, it is found that shear strengths of test specimens depend on modes of shear failures induced by different shear test methods. Higher shear strength is found on failure modes that have more influence of fiber shear.

Universal Forest Products Inc.

AbstractWood Products (MIC: SIC: 2421 NAIC: 321113)Universal Forest Products is engaged in the marketing, manufacturing and engineering of wood and wood‐alternative products for the do‐it‐yourself/retail market, structural lumber products for the manufactured housing market, engineered wood components for the site‐built construction market, and specialty wood packaging for various markets. In addition, Co. provides framing services for the site‐built construction market and various forms for concrete construction. Co.'s principal products include preservative‐treated wood, remanufacrured lumber, lattice, fence panels, deck components, specialty packaging, engineered trusses, wall panels, and other building products.

Universal Forest Products Inc.

AbstractWood Products (MIC: SIC: 2421 NAIC: 321113)Universal Forest Products is engaged in the marketing, manufacturing and engineering of wood and wood‐alternative products for the do‐it‐yourself/retail market, structural lumber products for the manufactured housing market, engineered wood components for the site‐built construction market, and specialty wood packaging for various markets. In addition, Co. provides framing services for the site‐built construction market and various forms for concrete construction. Co.'s principal products include preservative‐treated wood, remanufactured lumber, lattice, fence panels, deck components, specialty packaging, engineered trusses, wall panels, and other building products.

Universal Forest Products Inc.

AbstractWood Products (MIC: 11.9 SIC: 2421 NAIC: 321113)Universal Forest Products is engaged in engineering, manufacturing, treating, distributing and installing lumber, composite wood, plastic and other building products to the do‐it‐yourself (DIY)/retail, site‐built construction, manufactured housing, and industrial markets. Co.'s DIY/retail market includes national home center retailers, retail and contractor‐ oriented regional lumberyards. Co.'s principal products include preservative‐treated wood, remanufactured lumber, lattice, fence panels, deck components, specialty packaging, engineered trusses, wall panels, and other building products. As of Dec 30 2006, Co. had 90 facilities located throughout the U.S., Canada, and Mexico.

Universal Forest Products Inc.

AbstractWood Products (MIC: 11.9 SIC: 2421 NAIC: 321113)Universal Forest Products is engaged in engineering, manufacturing, treating, distributing and installing lumber, composite wood, plastic and other building products to the do‐it‐yourself (DIY)/retail, site‐built construction, manufactured housing, and industrial markets. Co.'s DIY/retail market includes national home center retailers, retail and contractor‐ oriented regional lumberyards. Co.'s principal products include preservative‐treated wood, remanufactured lumber, lattice, fence panels, deck components, specialty packaging, engineered trusses, wall panels, and other building products. As of Dec 30 2006, Co. had 90 facilities located throughout the U.S., Canada, and Mexico.

Universal Forest Products Inc.

AbstractWood Products (MIC: 11.9 SIC: 2421 NAIC: 321113)Universal Forest Products is engaged in engineering, manufacturing, treating, distributing and installing lumber, composite wood, plastic and other building products to the do‐it‐yourself/retail, site‐built construction, manufactured housing, and industrial markets. Co.'s principal products include preservative‐treated wood, remanufactured lumber, lattice, fence panels, deck components, specialty packaging, engineered trusses, wall panels, and other building products. As of Dec 30 2006, Co. had approximately 90 facilities located throughout the U.S., Canada, and Mexico.

Universal Forest Products Inc.

AbstractWood Products (MIC: 11.9 SIC: 2421 NAIC: 321113)Universal Forest Products engineers, manufactures, treats, distributes and installs lumber, composite wood, plastic and other building products to the do‐it‐yourself/retail, site‐built construction, manufactured housing, and industrial markets. Co.'s principal products include preservative‐treated wood, remanufactured lumber, lattice, fence panels, deck components, specialty packaging, engineered trusses, wall panels, and other building products. As of Dec 31 2006, Co. had approximately 90 facilities located throughout the U.S., Canada, and Mexico.

Universal Forest Products Inc.

AbstractWood Products (MIC: 11.9 SIC: 2421 NAIC: 321113)Universal Forest Products engineers, manufactures, treats, distributes and installs lumber, composite wood, plastic and other building products to the do‐it‐yourself/retail, site‐built construction, manufactured housing, and industrial markets. Co.'s principal products include preservative‐treated wood, remanufactured lumber, lattice, fence panels, deck components, specialty packaging, engineered trusses, wall panels, and other building products. As of Dec 31 2005, Co. had approximately 105 facilities located throughout the U.S., Canada, and Mexico.

Design approach for a FRP structural formwork based steel-free modular bridge system

The paper presents results of parametric studies, and an overall approach for the design of a modular bridge system which incorporates a steel-reinforcement free concrete slab cast on top of carbon FRP stiffened deck panels which act as both structural formwork and flexural reinforcement, spanning between hollow box type FRP girders. Results of the parametric studies are highlighted to elucidate important relationships between critical configurational parameters and empirical equations based on numerical studies are presented. Results are discussed at the level of the individual deck and girder components, and as a slab-on-girder bridge system. An overall design methodology for the components and bridge system including critical performance checks is also presented.

Performance Evaluation of FRP Bridge Deck Component under Torsion

Torsional response of fiber-reinforced polymeric (FRP) composites is more complex than conventional materials. Therefore, understanding torsional response of FRP components along with shear behavior leads to development of safe and accurate design specifications. Experimental data of multicellular FRP bridge deck components have been compared with simplified theoretical model studies focused on torsional rigidity, equivalent in-plane shear modulus, in-plane shear strain, and joint efficiency. Simplified classical lamination theory (SCLT) is used to predict torsional rigidity. Results from SCLT, experimental data, and finite-element analysis validate proposed methodology to find torsional rigidity. Data on torsional rigidity and equivalent in-plane shear modulus correlated (less than 12%) with results from SCLT and finite-element analysis. In-plane shear strain based on SCLT is also concordant with test results. In an FRP deck system with 100% joint efficiency, the two-dimensional effect (plate action) on torsional rigidity results in a 20% higher rigidity when compared to a beam model. However, if a refined model has only 80% joint efficiency, then plate action results in a 6% difference from the beam model. In addition, service load design criteria for FRP decks under shear must not excess 16% of the ultimate strain by accounting for environmental and aging effects.

Universal Forest Products Inc.

AbstractWood Products (MIC: 11.9 SIC: 2421 NAIC: 321113)Universal Forest Products engineers, manufactures, treats, distributes, and installs lumber, composite wood, plastic, and other building products for the do‐it‐yourself (DIY)/retail, site‐built construction, manufactured housing, and industrial markets. Co.'s principal products include preservative‐treated wood, remanufactured lumber, lattice, fence panels, deck components, specialty packaging, engineered trusses, wall panels, and other building products. As of Dec 25 2004, Co. operated 98 facilities located throughout the U.S., Canada, and Mexico.

Universal Forest Products Inc.

Mergent's Dividend AchieversVolume 3, Issue 4 p. 291-291 U.S. Company Reports Universal Forest Products Inc.† First published: 10 October 2006 https://doi.org/10.1002/div.4934 † Contact: : William G. Currie — Vice-Chmn., C.E.O. Address: : 2801 East Beltline N.E., Grand Rapids, MI 49525 Web Site: : www.ufpi.com AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract Wood Products (MIC: 11.9 SIC: 2421 NAIC: 321113) Universal Forest Products engineers, manufactures, treats, distributes and installs lumber, composite wood, plastic and other building products to the do-it-yourself/retail, site-built construction, manufactured housing, and industrial markets. Co.'s principal products include preservative-treated wood, remanufactured lumber, lattice, fence panels, deck components, specialty packaging, engineered trusses, wall panels, and other building products. As of Dec 31 2005, Co. had approximately 105 facilities located throughout the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Volume3, Issue4Autumn (Fall) 2006Pages 291-291 RelatedInformation

Universal Forest Products Inc.

Mergent's Dividend AchieversVolume 3, Issue 2 p. 293-293 U.S. Company Reports Universal Forest Products Inc.† First published: 20 April 2006 https://doi.org/10.1002/div.4101 † Contact: : William G. Currie — Vice-Chmn, C.E.O. Address: : 2801 East Beltline N.E., Grand Rapids, MI 49525 Web Site: : www.ufpi.com AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract Wood Products (MIC: 11.9 SIC: 2421 NAIC: 321113) Universal Forest Products engineers, manufactures, treats, distributes and installs lumber, composite wood, plastic and other building products to the do-it-yourself/retail, site-built construction, manufactured housing, and industrial markets. Co.'s principal products include preservative-treated wood, remanufactured lumber, lattice, fence panels, deck components, specialty packaging, engineered trusses, wall panels, and other building products. As of Dec 31 2005, Co. had approximately 105 facilities located throughout the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Volume3, Issue2Spring 2006Pages 293-293 RelatedInformation

Universal Forest Products Inc.

AbstractWood Products (MIC: 11.9 SIC: 421 NAIC: 21113)Universal Forest Products engineers, manufactures, treats, distributes, and installs lumber, composite wood, plastic, and other building products for the do‐it‐yourself (DIY)/retail, site‐built construction, manufactured housing, and industrial markets. Co.'s principal products include preservative‐treated wood, remanufactured lumber, lattice, fence panels, deck components, specialty packaging, engineered trusses, wall panels, and other building products. As of Dec 25 2004, Co. operated 98 facilities located throughout the U.S., Canada, and Mexico.

Stress concentration in steel bridge orthotropic decks

The structural behaviour of orthotropic steel decks is characterized by the complex interaction between its components (deck plate, ribs and floorbeams) and also by the interaction between the structure, the pavement and the vehicle’s wheels tyres. Stress concentration resulting from out-of-plane bending of deck components at typical welded joints can make these structures quite susceptible to traffic-induced fatigue cracks. This paper addresses some of these issues through numerical modeling of orthotropic decks with trapezoidal closed ribs, via finite element method and elastic analysis of the structure under heavy vehicle wheel loading. The numerical model was calibrated with experimental results obtained from laboratory tests on a deck model. The obtained numerical results lead to a better understanding of the complex structural behaviour of slender orthotropic decks, with emphasis on the stress distribution and concentration at the rib to deck plate welded connection. A parametric analysis was performed to determine possible and rational combinations of the geometric parameters leading to the lowest values of stress peaks and the best consequent fatigue performance of the focused welded connection. Hence, the overall output can be addressed towards a safe and rational design as far as fatigue life is concerned.

Quantification of force re-distribution during deck replacement in a cable-stayed bridge

Deck replacement in a cable-stayed bridge poses problems due to the presence of compressive stress acting in the deck components induced from the stay cables. Difficulties associated with the deck replacement in a cable-stayed bridge and the possible solutions to overcome them are discussed in this paper. Major considerations to be made during deck replacement in a cable-stayed bridge are the prevention of distortion when pre-cast deck panels are removed unsymmetrically with respect to the center line of the bridge, additional compressive stress induced in the deck system and upward deflection of the deck due to the temporary reduction in the weight of deck. To circumvent these problems, it is desirable that the length of the portion being replaced is not too long; on the other hand, if a very small stretch is replaced at a time, the time required for deck replacement can be very high. Therefore, in this paper an optimum length for deck replacement is sought.

Lessons from Weld Cracks in Orthotropic Decks on Three European Bridges

Weld cracks in orthotropic decks with closed ribs on the Haseltal and Sinntal bridges in West Germany and on the Severn Crossing in the United Kingdom occurred at the intersections of the discontinuous ribs with the floor beams and at the rib-to-deck welds, and were caused by inappropriate details and welds not suitable for transmitting stresses between the deck components at these junctions. Good practice requires continuity of the ribs through the floor beams, the use of welds with good penetration into the rib webs at their junction with the deck plate, and avoidance of welded attachments to the ribs or to the deck plate. No weld failures or cracks are known in orthotropic bridge decks with correct details and general performance record of such decks is satisfactory. Careful design, detailing and fabrication of orthotropic decks is essential, especially in cases with long rib spans. Insufficient attention to details can result in costly failures; there is no reason, however, to question the reliability of orthotropic decks where the rules of good design and fabrication practice have been observed.

Impact Load Distribution in Concrete Bridge Ties

Railway tracks and bridges are subjected to impact loading in excess of the static weight of the vehicles because of imperfections in the track and vehicle wheels. Current design criteria for concrete tract ties, as required in Chapter 10 of the American Railway Engineering Association's Manual of Railway Engineering, stipulate an “impact factor” of 150% to be applied to the static weight of the vehicles for design of track ties. There are no such provisions for concrete bridge ties or other bridge deck components, e.g., rails, clips, etc., that comprise an open deck railway bridge. Using a full‐scale open deck railway bridge model with nine precast prestressed concrete ties, an analytical‐experimental study was conducted to establish the percentage of impact load transmitted to the individual ties and the influence of some selected parameters on this load. The results showed that the impact loading transmitted to the ties was largely influenced by the shape and stiffness of rail‐tie pad and was independent of the tie support conditions.