Individual Decisions Research Articles

Keputusan Investasi Keuangan dan Fear of Missing Out Sebagai Variabel Mediasi pada Mahasiswa UPN Veteran Jawa Timur

Over the past five years, the percentage growth of investors in Surabaya has experienced extreme fluctuations due to rapid advancements in information development. Easy access to information through social media and the surrounding environment has a significant potential to influence an individual's investment decisions. According to behavioral finance theory, psychological factors influence investment decisions, where information from the environment can lead to herding behavior, while information from social media can drive impulsive investment decisions. This research was conducted on students of UPN Veteran Jawa Timur with a total of 100 respondents. Data analysis used the SEM PLS method. The analysis results show that herding factors and social media contribute to impact on investment decisions. Additionally, the fear of missing out (FoMO) proves to be an influential mediator between social media and investment decisions. These findings underscore the importance of understanding psychological factors in investment decision-making in the digital era.

Socioecological factors influencing the risk of developing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in India: a rapid review

BackgroundThe prevalence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDPs) in India is 11%, which is one of the highest rates globally. Existing research on HDPs in India primarily focuses on biological risk factors, with minimal research on how socioecological factors combine to increase risk of HDPs. We conducted a rapid review using Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model to understand the social and cultural factors associated with HDPs among Indian pregnant women to identify possible intervention targets that may uniquely improve health in this population. Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model is a framework that can be used to understand the complex relationship between multiple influences on health.MethodsWe reviewed studies published between January 2010 and January 2024 using PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus databases. Search terms included variants of hypertension, pregnancy, and India. Inclusion criteria were: (1) peer-reviewed journal article; (2) published between January 2010 to January 2024; (3) participants consisted of Indian women living in India; (4) studies evaluated socioecological risk factors associated with HDPs. One independent reviewer performed searches, screening, data extraction, and quality assessment. Each included study was then organized within Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model.ResultsA total of 921 studies were generated from the initial search, with 157 exclusions due to duplicates. Following screening for inclusion and exclusion criteria at the title/abstract and full text levels, 17 studies remained in the final review. Socioecological risk factors of HDPs were identified at each level, with the most commonly identified influences including: low socioeconomic status (SES), lacking community education and knowledge on HDP management and prevention, and lacking prenatal HDP screening.ConclusionThis study determined that the high risk for HDPs in India is influenced by many intertwined socioecological factors. Women in rural and low SES areas need more health education on HDP management and prevention. There also needs to be more adequate prenatal HDP screening, with at least 4 and ideally 8 prenatal visits. Prenatal screenings should be accompanied with culturally appropriate patient education, especially for low SES women who have limited literacy, so that they can effectively make individual and microsystemic lifestyle decisions aimed at either managing or preventing HDPs.

"Not Only a Matter of Personal Interest"-Vaccination Narratives and the Model of Moral Motives in China and Germany.

Understanding vaccination decision-making processes is vital for guiding vaccine promotion within pandemic contexts and for routine immunization efforts. Vaccine-related attitudes influencing individual decision-making can be affected by broader cultural and normative contexts. We conducted 73 qualitative interviews with adults in China (n = 40) and Germany (n = 33) between December 2020 and April 2021 to understand COVID-19 vaccination intentions and preferences, and we analyzed transcripts using a five-step framework approach. During early analysis, we identified moral considerations in line with the tenets of the Model of Moral Motives (MMM) as a recurrent theme in the data. The MMM guided further analysis steps, particularly with its distinction between motives that are proscriptive (focus on avoiding harm by inhibiting "bad" behavior) and prescriptive (focus on actively seeking positive outcomes). Proscriptive vaccination arguments that compelled vaccination in our data included avoiding negative attention, being a law-abiding citizen, preventing harm to others, and protecting one's country. Prescriptive motives focused on self-efficacious behavior such as protecting the health of oneself and others via widespread but voluntary vaccination, prioritizing elderly and predisposed individuals for vaccination, and favoring a fair and equitable distribution of vaccines at the global level. In the interviews in China, both lines of arguments emerged, with a general tendency toward more proscriptive reasoning; interviews conducted in Germany tended to reflect more prescriptive motives. We encourage research and vaccine promotion practice to reflect moral considerations when aiming to understand public health preventive behavior and when developing tailored health promotion campaigns.

Mapping interpretations of the law in online content moderation in Germany

Content moderation is a vital condition that online platforms must facilitate, according to the law, to create suitable online environments for their users. By the law, we mean national or European laws that require the removal of content by online platforms, such as EU Regulation 2021/784, which addresses the dissemination of terrorist content online. Content moderation required by these national or European laws, summarised here as ‘the law’, is different from the moderation of pieces of content that is not directly required by law but instead is conducted voluntarily by the platforms. New regulatory requests create an additional layer of complexity of legal grounds for the moderation of content and are relevant to platforms’ daily decisions. The decisions made are either grounded in reasons stemming from different sources of law, such as international or national provisions, or can be based on contractual grounds, such as the platform's Terms of Service and Community Standards. However, how to empirically measure these essential aspects of content moderation remains unclear. Therefore, we ask the following research question: How do online platforms interpret the law when they moderate online content?To understand this complex interplay and empirically test the quality of a platform's content moderation claims, this article develops a methodology that facilitates empirical evidence of the individual decisions taken per piece of content while highlighting the subjective element of content classification by human moderators. We then apply this methodology to a single empirical case, an anonymous medium-sized German platform that provided us access to their content moderation decisions. With more knowledge of how platforms interpret the law, we can better understand the complex nature of content moderation, its regulation and compliance practices, and to what degree legal moderation might differ from moderation due to contractual reasons in dimensions such as the need for context, information, and time.Our results show considerable divergence between the platform's interpretation of the law and ours. We believe that a significant number of platform legal interpretations are incorrect due to divergent interpretations of the law and that platforms are removing legal content that they falsely believe to be illegal (‘overblocking’) while simultaneously not moderating illegal content (‘underblocking’). In conclusion, we provide recommendations for content moderation system design that takes (legal) human content moderation into account and creates new methodological ways to test its quality and effect on speech in online platforms.

Data fusion of HS-SPME-GCMS, NIRS, and fluorescence, using chemometrics, has the potential to explore the geographical origin of gentian rhizomes

Gentiana lutea rhizomes are known for their bitter tasting properties conferred by its unique biochemical content. They are currently of interest in phytotherapy, animal nutrition, food processing, cosmetic applications and agroecology. In this study, a NIRS, fluorescence and HS-SPME-GCMS dataset of 55 rhizomes from four different French mountains (Alpes, Jura, Massif Central and Pyrénées) was collected with the aim of assessing the variability of Gentiana lutea composition at different scales. The feasibility of data fusion strategies was demonstrated to be effective in distinguishing the geographical origin of Gentiana lutea roots over a wide area. The results suggest that data fusion methods have the potential to be more effective in the quality of separation of studied sites of Gentiana lutea roots than individual decisions obtained from individual analytical tools. However, to guarantee the geographical origin of Gentiana lutea roots within a single massif using these techniques, environmental factors must be considered.

THE POSSIBILITY OF DONATION OF ORGANS AND TISSUES

Organ and tissue donation is a very important subject in our society in general. I intend to discuss what organ donation is. The importance of organ and tissue donation. About the importance of awareness. Organ or tissue donation is an act by which the living individual decides to help in the treatment of other people. Donation may be from organs (kidney, liver, heart, pancreas and lung) or tissue (cornea, skin, bones, heart valves, cartilage, bone marrow and umbilical cord blood). The donation of organs such as the kidney, part of the liver and bone marrow can be done in life. For the donation of organs of deceased persons, only after the confirmation of the diagnosis of brain death can the procedure be performed. The most common is that it happens to people who suffer some kind of accident that causes head trauma, or who are victims of a stroke (stroke) and evolved to brain death. To understand the transplantation of the organs it is necessary to emphasize that the right to separate parts of the living or dead body integrate the personality, according to the understanding of Maria Helena Diniz (2006, p.249). Most of the time, organ transplantation may be the only life expectancy or the opportunity for a fresh start to about 40,000 patients waiting in the queue for Brazil. The gesture of family members who lose a loved one and decide to donate is an act of life, altruism and generosity, as a single donor can benefit at least ten people and make the difference between life and death. Brazil has the largest public transplant system in the world, responsible for financing about 95% of transplants. It is the second country in absolute number of transplants, behind only the United States.

The Self and the Other: Individual Emotions and Ontological Security in Turkish Foreign Policy

Emotions and ontological security open up one of the latest avenues in International Relations (IR). An increasing number of interdisciplinary approaches have been engaging in emotions and ontological security, for example, foreign policy analysis. However, academic research is scarce concerning the triangulation of emotions, foreign policy, and individual ontological security. Driven by the gap in the literature, the study analyzes how Turkey’s foreign policy decisions influence individual existentialism in terms of ontological security during the AKP era. A subsidiary question addresses how Turkey’s foreign policy decisions adjust/affect individual emotions towards its most engaged and interacted countries. Based on Ontological Security Theory (OST), the study has conducted 20 interviews. The questions cover Turkey’s foreign policy milestones: the start of the EU accession negotiations, the “one minute incident,” the Mavi Marmara incident, and the Arab Uprisings and the Syrian Civil War. The questions aim to reveal people’s emotional reactions to and descriptions of such events. The interview transcripts are analyzed in a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) context. Through CDA, the individuals’ perceptions of risk, threat, and danger are analyzed to seek the determinants of growing existential uncertainty in tandem with significant foreign policy decisions of the AKP government. This study finds that foreign policy decisions in Turkey impact individuals’ emotions based on key events. Through the case of Turkey, the study contributes to the emerging literature on emotions and ontological security by studying the dimensions between foreign policy and individual insecurities and emotions.

How Well Does the F-10 Australian Curriculum Prepare Students to be Water Literate Citizens?

Abstract Global water availability and management are persistent challenges to sustainable futures, yet people may have limited understandings of water systems and may hold negative attitudes towards sustainable solutions. With education a mechanism for realising a water literate citizenry, this study asks: How well does the Australian curriculum prepare students to be water literate citizens? McCarroll and Hamann’s (2020) Dimensions of Water Literacy guided a document analysis of Version 9.0 of the F-10 Australian Science and Humanities and Social Sciences (HASS) curricula. Findings revealed that concepts related to water literacy were largely confined to the Year 4 Science and Year 7 Geography curricula. In Science, the dimensions of Science and Systems Knowledge and Local Knowledge were through concepts related to the natural and urban water cycle. In HASS, the Hydrosocial Knowledge dimension was privileged, owing to people’s interactions with water. While there were occurrences of Functional Knowledge in both curricula, the organisation of the curriculum according to knowledge and skills does not explicitly focus on the development of students’ positive attitudes and values towards water conservation, nor engage them in individual or collective decision-making and action. Implications for the Australian curriculum and what it means to be a water literate citizen are discussed.

Low Serum Alanine Aminotransferase Blood Activity Is Associated with Shortened Survival of Renal Cell Cancer Patients and Survivors: Retrospective Analysis of 1830 Patients

Background: Sarcopenia is characterized by a loss of muscle mass and function and is often associated with frailty, a syndrome linked to physical disability and shortened survival in various patient populations, including cancer patients. Low serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values, serving as a biomarker for sarcopenia, were previously associated with frailty and shortened survival in several cancers. In the current study, we aimed to test the association between low ALT and shorter survival in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients and survivors. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of RCC patients and survivors, both in- and outpatients. We defined patients with sarcopenia as those presenting with ALT < 17 IU/L. Results: We identified records of 3012 RCC patients. The cohort included 1830 patients (mean age 65.6 ± 13.3 years, 68% were men) of whom only 179 underwent surgical treatment. Out of the eligible cohort, 811 patients (44.3%) had ALT < 17 IU/L, with a mean ALT value of patients within the low-ALT group of 11.79 IU/L, while the mean value in the higher ALT level group was 24.44 IU/L (p < 0.001). Patients in the low-ALT group were older (67.9 vs. 63.7 years; p < 0.001) and had lower BMIs (26.6 vs. 28; p < 0.001). In addition, patients with low ALT had lower hemoglobin values (12.14 vs. 12.91 g/dL; p < 0.001), higher serum creatinine (1.49 vs. 1.14; p < 0.001) and higher platelet to lymphocyte ratios (178 vs. 156; p < 0.001). In a univariate analysis, low ALT levels were associated with a 72% increase in mortality (95% CI 1.46–2.02, p < 0.001). In a multivariate model controlled for age, gender, hemoglobin, platelets, LDH, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios and platelet to lymphocyte ratios, low ALT levels were still associated with a 27% increase in mortality (HR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.08–1.51; p = 0.005). Conclusion. Low ALT values, associated with sarcopenia and frailty, are also associated with shortened survival in RCC patients, and survivors and could potentially be applied for optimizing individual treatment decisions.

Factors Affecting Investment Decisions of Individuals: A Comparative Study Between Developed and Emerging Markets (The Case of Jordan)

This study aimed to analyze the factors influencing individuals' investment decisions in Jordan, comparing emerging markets (such as Jordan) and developed markets (such as Dubai). The sample included 100 individual investors (50 from Jordan and 50 from Dubai), and a 30-item questionnaire covering economic, psychological, social, and technical factors was used. The results showed that economic factors such as inflation and growth significantly influence investment decisions in both markets, but without significant statistical differences, as the T-statistic value for economic factors was 0.8665 and the P-value was 0.3883. On the other hand, psychological factors were more influential in developed markets, as the T-Statistic showed a value of -4.3778 and the P-value was 0.00003, indicating that Dubai investors bear more risks than Jordan. Technical factors significantly impacted developed markets, as the F-statistic value was 9.623 and the P-value was 0.0025. In contrast, the study showed that investors in emerging markets face more significant challenges compared to developed markets, with a T-Statistic of 6.6154 and a P-Value of 0.0000000019. The study recommends increasing government support to enhance political and economic stability in emerging markets to mitigate investor challenges. It also recommends enhancing the use of technology in investing in emerging markets, and improving financial education to encourage informed risk-taking. In addition, it is suggested that regulators in developed markets adopt strategies that support greater transparency and clarity of investment opportunities to facilitate decision-making.

Love Unites Us in Our Differences, Faith Determines Our Path: Individual Decision-Making in Interfaith Dating Relationships

The purpose of this research is to describe the decision-making dynamics of individuals in interfaith dating relationships. The study employs a qualitative methodology with a phenomenological approach. Three participants were involved in semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to understand the unique experiences of each individual. The results identified 13 main themes in the decision-making process: relationship motives, environmental response, negative emotions, challenges and issues, coping strategies, social support, romantic belief, commitment, understanding, religiosity, compromise, hope, and relationship satisfaction. The decision-making dynamics are divided into three main stages: pre-dating, dating, and relationship continuation. Each stage highlights the importance of understanding, adjustment, and effective coping strategies to face challenges and build a strong and harmonious relationship despite religious differences.

12669 Oxytocin Levels Are Associated With Inhibitory Control In Young Female Individuals With A Low-weight Eating Disorder

Abstract Disclosure: M. Wronski: None. F. Plessow: None. M. Rogers: None. D.L. Kahn: None. E.R. Golden: None. M. Slattery: None. J.J. Thomas: None. L.M. Holsen: None. K.T. Eddy: None. M. Misra: None. E.A. Lawson: None. Background: Preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that the hypothalamic neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) impacts inhibitory control and reward processing. In male adults with overweight or obesity, we showed that exogeneous OXT increases inhibitory control and neural activation in associated brain regions while attenuating activation in reward-related brain regions. Low-weight eating disorders (LWEDs) are characterized by decreased endogenous OXT levels, altered inhibitory control over behavior, and reduced responsiveness to rewards. However, links between these characteristics are unknown in LWEDs. Here, we examined associations between endogenous OXT levels and performance in behavioral tasks requiring inhibitory control and reward-based decision-making in individuals with a LWED compared to healthy controls (HC). Methods: In 58 females with a LWED and 39 female HC (aged 11-23 years), we measured serum OXT concentrations fasting and 30, 60, and 120 minutes after a 400-kcal standardized meal and calculated OXT area under the curve (AUC) as a composite measure. After the meal (following the 60-minute blood draw), participants completed a Go/NoGo Task to assess inhibitory control over behavior and a monetary Delay Discounting Task to assess reward-based decision-making. We analyzed associations between OXT AUC and behavioral outcomes across groups using robust linear models with main effects of group (LWED vs. HC) and OXT AUC, the interaction effect of group*OXT AUC, and covariates age and body mass index (BMI) z score. Results: Per study design, individuals with a LWED had a lower BMI z score (t=10.90, p<0.001, d=2.00), whereas groups did not differ in OXT AUC (t=1.20, p=0.232, d=0.24). For the Go/NoGo Task, we observed a group effect on NoGo error rate (higher values indicating lower inhibitory control; NoGo error rate: adj. mean [std. error] LWED 35.6 [2.7] % > HC 26.6 [3.4] %) as well as an interaction effect of group*OXT AUC, independent of age and BMI z score (t=2.73, p=0.008, d=0.72). Follow-up simple main effects analysis within each group revealed a significant negative relationship of OXT AUC and NoGo error rate in individuals with a LWED (t=-2.42, p=0.022, d=0.85), while this relationship emerged as nonsignificant but trend-level positive in HC (t=1.73, p=0.099, d=0.74). We did not detect group (t=0.69, p=0.493, d=0.17) or group*OXT interaction (t<0.01, p=0.996, d<0.01) effects on delay discounting rate. Conclusions: In females with a LWED, lower OXT exposure around a meal correlated with lower inhibitory control over behavior. In HC, however, our data yielded a trend of opposite directionality. Links between OXT exposure and reward-related decision-making were absent across groups. Our findings indicate potential relevance and mechanistic involvement of OXT in inhibitory control in LWEDs that warrants further causal investigations. Presentation: 6/3/2024

The role of loss aversion in social conformity: psychological and neural representations.

The impact of others' choices on decision-making is influenced by individual preferences. However, the specific roles of individual preferences in social decision-making remain unclear. In this study, we examine the contributions of risk and loss preferences as well as social influence in decision-making under uncertainty using a gambling task. Our findings indicate that while both individual preferences and social influence affect decision-making in social contexts, loss aversion plays a dominant role, especially in individuals with high loss aversion. This phenomenon is accompanied by increased functional connectivity between the anterior insular cortex and the temporoparietal junction. These results highlight the critical involvement of loss aversion and the anterior insular cortex-temporoparietal junction neural pathway in social decision-making under uncertainty. Our findings provide a computational account of how individual preferences and social information collectively shape our social decision-making behaviors.

Novel decision making approach for sustainable renewable energy resources with cloud fuzzy numbers

Decision making approaches depending on the assessments of individual decision makers produce inaccurate results due to the existence of multiple uncertainties. To model intrapersonal uncertainty, interpersonal uncertainty and randomness in decision making assessments, this research study proposes a novel approach by integrating linear and non-linear type of fuzzy numbers with cloud model theory using novel technique of computing entropy of these fuzzy numbers. A novel mathematical model known as cloud fuzzy numbers is introduced using the concepts of fuzzy numbers and cloud theory. The self-evaluated relative weights of experts are computed using a non-linear optimization method which is based on maximum deviation method and Lagrange multipliers of cloud fuzzy numbers. The new cloud fuzzy numbers are then combined with CODAS (combinative distance based assessment) approach that is based on the largest Euclidean and Taxicab distances for the selection of suitable criteria. Firstly, the linguistics evaluations are converted into the fuzzy numbers and then cloud fuzzy numbers using formulae of expectation and entropy ensuring that the obtained interval cloud values follows a normal distribution. Secondly, the cloud fuzzy weighted arithmetic averaging operator is used to aggregate cloud fuzzy numbers using the self-evaluated fuzzy weights Thirdly, the assessment score is determined to rank the alternatives by computing the distance between normalized weighted matrix and the negative ideal solution. Finally, a case study is discussed for the selection of best renewable energy resource in Turkey to elaborate the significance of the proposed research. The convergence and accuracy of the proposed model is proved with certain mathematical and theoretical results.

Rational Individual and Managerial Decision Model: A Critical Review of the Standard Rationality Hypothesis

Classical economic analysis is based on the hypothesis of perfect rationality attributed to economic agents. Their behavior is considered, according to this analysis, in a narrow sense represented by Homo-oeconomicus. The latter is a calculating agent in the true meaning of the term, who calculates to optimize his choice and maximize a utility function. However, in a decision-making process, the economic agent finds himself interacting with a complex and uncertain environment. To decide, he adapts his choice behavior to an end, considering the constraints of this environment. He does not always seek the optimal solution, but he can be satisfied with the solution that he considers satisfactory. This solution highlights the role of deliberation, which considers the norms and customs of society, as well as environmental constraints. This work revisits rationality by examining the assumptions underlying decision-making behaviors. This analysis considers the real motivations of the decision-maker and their implications in his decision-making process, both in the individual context and in that of the organization. It studies the sources of the limitation of rationality and seeks to know why the decision-maker abandons optimization and is interested in satisfactory solutions in his choice. The results of this analysis recommend that bounded rational behavior can still be considered when motivations are considered. They advocate that their understanding is fundamental to refound the economic behavior of choice on hypotheses, which correspond well to the social and economic context of the decision.

MobCovid: Confirmed Cases Dynamics Driven Time Series Prediction of Crowd in Urban Hotspot.

Monitoring the crowd in urban hot spot has been an important research topic in the field of urban management and has high social impact. It can allow more flexible allocation of public resources such as public transportation schedule adjustment and arrangement of police force. After 2020, because of the epidemic of COVID-19 virus, the public mobility pattern is deeply affected by the situation of epidemic as the physical close contact is the dominant way of infection. In this study, we propose a confirmed case-driven time-series prediction of crowd in urban hot spot named MobCovid. The model is a deviation of Informer, a popular time-serial prediction model proposed in 2021. The model takes both the number of nighttime staying people in downtown and confirmed cases of COVID-19 as input and predicts both the targets. In the current period of COVID, many areas and countries have relaxed the lockdown measures on public mobility. The outdoor travel of public is based on individual decision. Report of large amount of confirmed cases would restrict the public visitation of crowded downtown. But, still, government would publish some policies to try to intervene in the public mobility and control the spread of virus. For example, in Japan, there are no compulsory measures to force people to stay at home, but measures to persuade people to stay away from downtown area. Therefore, we also merge the encoding of policies on measures of mobility restriction made by government in the model to improve the precision. We use historical data of nighttime staying people in crowded downtown and confirmed cases of Tokyo and Osaka area as study case. Multiple times of comparison with other baselines including the original Informer model prove the effectiveness of our proposed method. We believe our work can make contribution to the current knowledge on forecasting the number of crowd in urban downtown during the Covid epidemic.

Television and family demography: Evidence from a natural experiment in East Germany

This paper examines the causal effects of television exposure on individual decisions regarding marriage, divorce, and family planning by utilizing a natural experiment in the German Democratic Republic during the period of German division. I exploit the fact that individuals in some East German areas could not receive Western television due to their place of residence before reunification in 1990. By analyzing survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, my results reveal that exposure to Western TV significantly reduced the likelihood of marriage and childbirth while increasing the probability of divorce among East Germans. Analyzing administrative data at the county level supports these findings. In addition, survey data from the late 1980s indicates that the observed effects are primarily due to changes in attitudes towards relationships and family life, particularly among women.

Mind Over Misinformation: Investigating the Factors of Cognitive Influences in Information Acceptance

ABSTRACTMany scholars have tried to investigate the identification, characterization, dissemination, and prevention of misinformation in recent years. But a fundamental question that lies behind these investigations is ‘Why do people believe in a piece of information, whether true or false?’. The primary objective of this study is to understand the psychological drivers of belief systems that makes individuals believe any information prior assessing its veracity. The study specifically tries to understand cognitive biases that influence an individual's decision making about information in digital settings. Based on a quantitative survey with 41 participants, we try to induce cognitivity among the participants and try to measure the effect in their decision making. We find a major portion of our participants being cognitively induced which in turn had a significant effect on their decision making while engaging with information. Furthermore, we try to assess whether an individual's political affiliation has any effects in perceived truthfulness while engaging with political information. This study shows us how easily cognitive bias can be induced and how it affects an individual's belief structure in digital platforms.

Human-robot collaborative decision method of hexapod robot based on prior knowledge and negotiation strategy

Against the unstructured terrain environment, human drivers often rely on remote operating patterns to accomplish tasks with robots. With the gradual improvement in robot intelligence, a key problem that urgently requires attention is how to bridge cognitive and perceptual differences between human and robot in collaborative decision-making processes. Particularly effective resolution of differences in decision outcomes is crucial. Therefore, this paper utilizes the decision logic process and prior knowledge model of human drivers to form a robot's decision framework, narrowing the cognitive differences between human and robot. Besides, embedding the human-robot-environment features that affect the decision-making process as prior knowledge into the robot's decision-making system can effectively reduce perceptual gaps. Under the same decision framework, a negotiation strategy is proposed for forming a unified decision outcome between human and robot by finding an optimal concession rate. This study utilizes a hexapod robot simulated driving platform to gather experimental data and develop prior knowledge for robots. It also leverages virtual reality equipment and visual augmentation technologies to establish a remote human-robot collaborative decision-making experimental system. The experimental results conducted in complex obstacle terrain demonstrate the effectiveness of adopting the negotiation strategy for human-robot collaborative decision-making. Compared with the individual human or robot decision, the human-robot collaborative decision method significantly enhances robot stability, reduces energy consumption, and minimizes collisions.

Case C-634/21, OQ v. Land Hessen (C.J.E.U.)

On December 7, 2023, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) delivered its judgment on a preliminary ruling under Article 267 TFEU from a request of the Verwaltungsgericht Wiesbaden (Administrative Court, Wiesbaden, Germany). The CJEU examined the interpretation and application of Article 22 of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) regarding automated individual decision-making, including profiling, in the context of the probability values (or scorings) that are made to evaluate and predict the future payment capacity of individuals when they request credits to financial institutions.