Aspects Of Decision Research Articles

The Importance of Medical Decision Making in the Physician's Practice

Background: Everyday, doctors and individuals in the field of healthcare must make calculated decisions which have important consequences, impacting patients on the individual level, and communities and nations on a more global level. Healthcare professionals must at times make these choices with limited information, resources, and knowledge, and yet is is expected that these decisions are highly calculated and accurate. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe and explaine the importance of medical decision making in physician's practice. Methods: It is cross-sectional study based on reviewing of apropriate scientific literaure stored in scientific databases like PubMed Central Scopus, Embase, Hinary, etc, Results and Discussion: Medical decision making certainly be continuously exposed to it, which is the reason why it could not be of more important. The intricate aspects of medical decision making has been discussed in this article. A decision is a choice varying between several different courses of action that may be pursued. Each decision comes as a result of complex processes which provide two or more options providing results, as well as intro and retrospection, and examination or perspective into the future. As is in everyday life, the principles of decision making are present in medicine as well. In the world of biomedicine, decisions may rely on the available systems of information provided to the decision maker through medical documentation. Additionally, it may ease and expedite the process of medical decision making, a luxury which was not always present for physicians. Conclusion: Medical decision making is highly important to doctors and patients alike, as well as the broader population. Medical decisions are vital - to medical professionals, patients and society. They are difficult, and may provide positive outcomes, or poor complications. They test doctors maximally, and provide insight into the effectiveness of doctors. And finally, from the presented strategy, we can conclude that the mathematical models provides support in diagnosis and therapeutic selection in patients with heart damage by cardiovascular diseases and its helped to pysician, as decision maker, to decide which and when appropriate decision will be used. In health care, shared decision-making is increasingly embraced and recommended. It is important to involve patients in health care decisions, to communicate with them, and to provide patient-centered care, however formal models and evaluations in cardiovascular care are still in their infancy.

Макроэкономические аспекты принятия решений в области управления персоналом

Макроэкономические аспекты принятия решений в области управления персоналом

J. Savulescu's "The God Machine" as a Moral Agent and the Problem of Responsibility

This article is devoted to the issue of moral responsibility in connection with artificial intelligence technologies. In recent years, artificial intelligence has been actively developing towards greater autonomy, which makes the philosophical analysis of artificial moral agency extremely relevant. The relevance of the work is also determined by the increasing spread of artificial intelligence in professional areas, including those related to the adoption of responsible managerial, financial, etc. solutions. The main object of research in the article is a thought experiment — the project of the so-called “The God Machine” by the Western philosopher J. Savulescu, which allows us to turn to such an important aspect as the possibility of the influence of artificial intelligence on the development of human moral consciousness, since modern technologies, along with projects of biological moral human enhancement, claim the ability to create artificial moral agents. The authors give a comprehensive analysis of this project, correlating it with other concepts of modern analytical philosophy of consciousness, incl. Н. Frankfurt. The theoretical focus of the study is directed to the concepts of responsibility and freedom as key in formulating the criteria of moral agency. At the same time, the article considers the features of the implementation of the criteria of moral agency in relation to artificial intelligence. The article assesses the viability of J. Savulescu's project, in particular: to what extent artificial intelligence like the The God Machine can be considered as a moral agent, whether a person can acquire the characteristics of a moral, responsible and free person with the help of such an artificial mediator, and to what extent such projects contribute to the moral enhancement of mankind. It also points to the risks of paternalistic interference in the development of morality. Separately, the phenomenon of moral dilemmas is considered in connection with the problems of embedding artificial intelligence in the life of modern society, as well as the logical aspects of decision-making in the context of moral conflicts. The conclusion is formulated about the key importance of the category of responsibility for modeling the relationship between man and artificial intelligence in machine ethics.

Speed-accuracy tradeoffs in decision making: Perception shifts and goal activation bias decision thresholds.

A fundamental aspect of decision making is the speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT): slower decisions tend to be more accurate, but because time is a scarce resource people prefer to conclude decisions more quickly. The current research adds to the SAT literature by documenting two previously unrecognized influences on the SAT: perception shifts and goal activation. Decision makers' perceptions of what constitutes a fast or a slow decision, and what constitutes an accurate or inaccurate decision, are based on prior experience, and these perceptions influence decision speed. Similarly, previous experience in a decision context associates the context with a particular decision goal. Thus, in later decisions the decision context will activate this goal, and influence decision speed. Both of these mechanisms contribute to a specific decision bias: decision speeds are biased toward original decision speeds in a decision context. Four experiments provide evidence for the bias and the two contributing mechanisms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Collaborative agri-environmental governance in the Netherlands: a novel institutional arrangement to bridge social-ecological dynamics

The theoretical benefits of collaborative landscape-scale approaches to agri-environmental land management have been widely discussed. However, there is little empirical study of the practical governance mechanisms through which such collaborative management may be realized. In 2016, an innovative collaborative agri-environmental scheme was established in the Netherlands. In this scheme, “agricultural collectives”—i.e., groups of farmers organized as certified conservation organizations—are collectively responsible for the implementation of agri-environmental policies at the local level. With a focus on the Dutch model’s multi-level governance dimensions, this article examines how devolving important aspects of decision making on agri-environmental management to the level of a collective body of farmers shapes the implementation of agri-environmental policies on the ground. Based on new empirical data, we highlight the important roles of agricultural collectives in balancing trade-offs between ecological and social targets when setting environmental objectives, coordinating landscape-scale management, and contracting individual farmers. At the same time, the local embeddedness of agricultural collectives and close interpersonal ties can give rise to new governance risks that need to be considered, including goal divergence between the collectives and public bodies, as well as cases of prioritization of social interests over ecological interests in agri-environmental management. As we argue, combining governance through agricultural collectives with a high level of transparency regarding contracting decisions, as well as enhancing the inclusivity of the scheme through new funding opportunities for agri-environmental management, can optimize the benefits of these collectives.

Collaborative Decisions in Knowledge Management for Intelligent Cyber-Enterprises

The faster and faster IT integration of various categories of activities - from production to administration, passing through medicine, transport, education, government, etc. - led to important changes in terms of obtaining, storing and using data. On the other hand, the increasingly rapid accumulation of societal challenges has exerted immense pressure on the relatively nascent discipline of knowledge management, which is expected to help address increasingly complex issues, primarily related to decision-making aspects that necessitate the selection and transformation of data into information and knowledge.This article focuses on establishing a framework for developing a collaborative, dynamic, heterogeneous decision-making system that includes both human and cybernetic agents as well as digital twins. Such a system creates and sustains a knowledge management flow that is essential for making informed decisions, achieved by selectively collecting and appropriately transforming data into information.

Analytics Saves Lives During the COVID-19 Crisis in Chile

During the COVID-19 crisis, the Chilean Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Sciences, Technology, Knowledge and Innovation partnered with the Instituto Sistemas Complejos de Ingeniería (ISCI) and the telecommunications company ENTEL, to develop innovative methodologies and tools that placed operations research (OR) and analytics at the forefront of the battle against the pandemic. These innovations have been used in key decision aspects that helped shape a comprehensive strategy against the virus, including tools that (1) provided data on the actual effects of lockdowns in different municipalities and over time; (2) helped allocate limited intensive care unit (ICU) capacity; (3) significantly increased the testing capacity and provided on-the-ground strategies for active screening of asymptomatic cases; and (4) implemented a nationwide serology surveillance program that significantly influenced Chile’s decisions regarding vaccine booster doses and that also provided information of global relevance. Significant challenges during the execution of the project included the coordination of large teams of engineers, data scientists, and healthcare professionals in the field; the effective communication of information to the population; and the handling and use of sensitive data. The initiatives generated significant press coverage and, by providing scientific evidence supporting the decision making behind the Chilean strategy to address the pandemic, they helped provide transparency and objectivity to decision makers and the general population. According to highly conservative estimates, the number of lives saved by all the initiatives combined is close to 3,000, equivalent to more than 5% of the total death toll in Chile associated with the pandemic until January 2022. The saved resources associated with testing, ICU beds, and working days amount to more than 300 million USD. Funding: This work was supported by the ANID PIA/APOYO [Grant AFB180003 and AFB220003], used to hire research assistants for developing solutions, information systems, data management, and training of field staff. Fieldwork was funded by the Ministry of Health of the Government of Chile. M. Goic acknowledges the financial support of Fondecyt [Project 1221711] and the Institute for Research in Market Imperfections and Public Policy [Grant IS130002 ANID]. D. Sauré acknowledges the financial support of Fondecyt [Project 1211407]. Finally, G. Weintraub and A. Carranza thank the Stanford RISE COVID-19 Crisis Response Faculty Seed Grant Program for helpful financial support.

Staged history: Concept of theatricality in the modern utopia (England, England by Julian Barnes)

The work explores the concept of theatre and the role of theatrical conventions in Julian Barnes’s utopian novel England, England. This article discusses theatricality as the principal artistic strategy of the novel, heavily influencing its formal and thematic structure. It outlines the main characteristics of the theatrical chronotope, and considers the similarities between theatricality and the conventions of the utopian novel per se. It examines closely the way Barnes exploits the various semantic implications of the chronotope in his critique of contemporary society. Methodologically the article is based on the findings of theatre semiotics and employs them as its theoretical framework (Alter, Fischer-Lichte, Pavis), while also considering sociological (Debord), anthropological (Milton Singer, Geertz Clifford), and psychological (Erving Goffman) approaches to the phenomena of theatre. Tightly intertwined with actual cultural and social strategies, theatre has always been an essential integrative part of social life. The author uses theatricality to take a reflective attitude towards the contemporary culture, to examine and display the political and social strategies which are considered as immanently theatrical. Under the theory of theatrical semiotics, the decisive aspects of theatre as an aesthetic system are theatrical space and time. The main characteristics of the theater are conceptualized primarily in the theatrical chronotope. On this ground, it can be argued that the significant structural element through which theatricality is incorporated in novelistic discourse is that of the artistic chronotope. The specific enclosure of the theatre universe manifested within the typical utopian locus serves to arrange it as the space of utopian social experiment perfecting the latent tendencies of the culture and exposing them to critical observation. Theatrical “a-temporality” correlates with utopian “a-historicity” and unfolds the rupture with the historical continuum which gives free rein to its purposeful reconstructions. Theatrical images are subjected to regrouping in eclectic totality and re-combinations of disrupted elements of the historical continuum. The cyclicity of the performances representing historical and mythical figures and the re-enacting events essential for national identity involves the spectators in pseudo-communication. It actually deprives them of experiencing real time and space, replacing it with the comfortable pseudoexperience of consuming surrogate images. Thus, the main characteristics of theatrical chronotope are employed to develop the novel’s essential concerns with such issues as reconstruction of individual and national identity and their subjection to distorting speculations. Theatricality reveals the nature of a forward-looking industrial society as a commercial spectacle turning national culture and history into a manipulated commodity.

Examining Behavioural Aspects of Financial Decision Making: The Working Women Perspective

In the challenging and volatile financial markets, an investor needs to change his financial objectives frequently, leading to a diversified portfolio of investments. The financial future of the individual investor depends on his rational decisionmaking. This research aims to evaluate various determinants of financial decision-making concerning working women in the National Capital Region, India. It examines the association of financial literacy, personal finance planning, and riskbehaviour with the financial decision-making of working females. The research also studies the different exogenous variables of financial literacy, including financial attitude (FA), financial behaviour (FB) and financial knowledge (FK). It utilises a quantitative approach for predicting relationships between the identified variables. The study is based on primary data collected through a structured questionnaire designed on a 5-point Likert scale and was analysed through a partial least square-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach. The study results suggest a positive and significant association of financial literacy and personal finance planning with financial decision-making by working women. On the other hand, risk behaviour negatively affects financial decision-making. The findings also reveal that all three exogenous variables, financial attitude, financial behaviour and financial knowledge, have a strong relationship with financial literacy. The research is relevant for individual women investing in various financial avenues to take better decisions. This study also benefits financial managers and institutions to target as women are potential investors in a developing country like India.

Instrument development for measuring determinants in defense R&D policy

The Korean military's defense research and development (R&D) policy was often shortsighted because of environmental changes, such as the Korea–U.S. alliance, security policies under the regime, and limited budgets. In addition, there was a lack of prior research focusing on identifying the determinants of defense R&D policy, making it difficult for stakeholders in defense R&D policies to determine the appropriateness or validity of decision making. To this end, the purpose of the present study was to suggest a basic reference for defense R&D decision making through the conceptualization of determinants in defense R&D policy and development of measurement items. For this, we developed operational definitions of influencing factors and preliminary items related to defense R&D policy decisions, considering the Republic of Korea Armed Forces. To test reliability and validity, we performed exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses based on discussions with experts. The results show a six-factor structure (security policy, defense posture, technological ambition, dominant and shifting paradigm, science and technology, industry knowledge base, and resources) and 24 items. It is concluded that the use of questionnaire results might better reflect multiple aspects of decision making in defense R&D policy. Future studies need to elaborate on the measurement indicators for defense R&D policy determinants and theorize on policy directions according to changes in future defense and private technology development.

ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ МЕХАНІЗМИ ПРИЙНЯТТЯ УПРАВЛІНСЬКИХ РІШЕНЬ: РАЦІОНАЛЬНІСТЬ ЧИ ІНТУІЦІЯ

The existence of Ukrainian enterprises and organizations in emergency conditions of martial law exacerbated the problem of decision-making in a situation of uncertainty. The publication provides a theoretical analysis of the psychological aspects of decision-making in the context of two opposing approaches based on rational and intuitive principles. A review of classical theories that consider decision-making as a rational-intellectual, step-by-step process of finding and selecting alternatives in accordance with predetermined criteria for successfully overcoming a difficult situation. On the other hand, the intuitive-emotional approach suggests considering decision-making as a quick, unconscious, insight based on the manager's past experience. The advantages and limitations of both approaches are revealed, with an emphasis on the dimensions that determine the problem of the situation. The high degree of variability of internal and external conditions, characteristic of Ukrainian society in recent years (as well as the global socio-economic situation), makes the process of decision-making by subjects of managerial activity extremely difficult: it increases risks, complicates planning, and makes impossible to predict likely changes in the near future and distant perspective. The results of researches of the personal qualities promoting realization of rational and intuitive ways of decision-making are resulted. It is concluded that the need for a comprehensive consideration of rational and intuitive mechanisms as two poles of a single continuum: emotional regulation is an important factor in activating and regulating intellectual strategies. Making productive decisions in the activities of the manager requires a holistic interaction of rational, analytical, emotional and intuitive processes, which is especially important in situations of uncertainty.

What do childcare professionals agree on when they propose non-kin foster care?

ABSTRACT Decision-making around foster care is a highly complex process, both because of the nature of the issues to be decided and because of the positive or negative implications it may have, mainly on the lives of the children, but also for foster carers and birth families. To focus research on decision-making is to go to the core of the child protection system. The aim of this article is to analyse the factors that intervene in decision-making by childcare professionals regarding non-kin foster care in the north-east of Spain, given that three services intervene throughout this process for the same child. Moreover, coincidences and discrepancies in the weight given to the factors involved in the decision-making process have been analysed. Firstly, we analysed 90 cases of children in foster care assessed by the three services involved, and secondly, we obtained the evaluation made by 57 professionals from 28 childcare teams on general aspects of decision-making. The results highlight how the child’s young age and the likelihood of the birth parents not recovering are factors that play an important role in the decision to propose foster care, thus opening the debate on the current role of foster care within the care system.

Family Communication Patterns in Gender Relations in Coastal and Mountain Communities in Aceh

This research examines gender relations and family communication patterns to maintain harmony in coastal and mountain communities in Aceh. This research is a qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. Data collected by means of interviews, observation, FGD and documentation, informants 10 families in North Aceh District and 10 families in Central Aceh District. The validity of the data was obtained using source triangulation techniques and data analysis using the Miles and Huberman model analysis starting from data reduction, display and data verification. The results of the study show gender relations in mountain communities in the division of roles in implementing gender partnerships. Coastal communities differentiate the roles of women in the domestic sphere and men in the public sphere, and are adaptive to certain conditions. In the aspect of decision making, there are similarities, namely it is in the hands of the man (head of the family), although other family members are included in the deliberations. Family communication patterns in coastal communities are patterns of equality and separate unbalanced patterns. The pattern of communication in mountain communities applies a separate balanced pattern which is internalized in the manganese iyo tradition. This communication pattern creates an attitude of mutual understanding, openness and mutual trust which has an impact on the realization of harmony in the family so as to reduce the divorce rate.

SHARED DECISION-MAKING WITH COST INFORMATION IN THE CONTEXT OF AGE-FRIENDLY CARE

Abstract The proposed poster session will explore shared decision making—the patient-clinician communication to decide on tests, treatment and care based on clinical evidence, balancing risks and outcomes with patient and caregiver preferences and values—and how evidence-based strategies, such as shared decision-making tools, or decision aids, can support older adults and their caregivers/care partners as they navigate the healthcare system. Notably, the session will share findings from FAIR Health’s grant-funded initiatives to advance shared decision making through decision aids, which combine clinical and cost information for specific clinical scenarios, and are freely available for consumers on fairhealthconsumer.org and for healthcare providers on fairhealthprovider.org. As such, the session will offer diverse perspectives and a unique spotlight on the financial and patient- and caregiver-centered aspects of healthcare decision making. Through FAIR Health’s needs assessment for a current project funded by The John A. Hartford Foundation, which has as its goal to advance shared decision making among older adults with serious illness and family caregivers, FAIR Health collected qualitative feedback from older patients, family caregivers and healthcare providers regarding perspectives on navigating the healthcare system. Through a national survey of older patients and family caregivers, FAIR Health found that: (1) though a significant proportion of older adults consider healthcare costs to be an important factor when making healthcare decisions, more than a third have difficulty getting such cost information; and (2) family caregivers/care partners expressed an appetite and need for healthcare information, resources and tools that facilitate better decisions about their care receiver’s care.

Feminization of Agriculture in Nepal and its implications: Addressing Gender in Workload and Decision Making

The study assesses the two approaches of feminization: labor and managerial, and explores the implication of feminization in agricultural production in Gorkha and Chitwan district of Nepal. We examine the degree to which men, women or men and women jointly make agriculture-related decisions, and discuss the labor feminization and managerial feminization using five domains of the Women Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI), relative to the degree to which women’s decision-making power relates to the feminization of agriculture leading to women empowerment and food security. The results revealed that the average workload for women (86.50 hours/week) was more than that for men (55.52 hours/week). Workload was found significantly affected by the total cultivated area (ha), gender of household head, occupation, number of livestock holdings, number of children, number of elders and household location.All aspects of operational and strategic decision making were dominated by jointly made decisions, except in the case of income utilization where female showed dominance. The implication of feminization in agriculture is reflected by reduction in cropping cycle, lower productivity of cereals and vegetables which led to food insecurity by own production. The income from remittance was observed to be mainly used for consumption purposes to ensure food security. It appears that the feminization of agriculture leads to women playing not only important role in decision-making but also more responsibilities and heavier workloads without necessarily resulting in empowerment and improvement in well-being.

The Analysis of the Marketing Strategy of MARS Regarding Social Media and Decision-Making Aspect

The confectionery sector, as a segment of the fast-moving consumer industry, represents a rapidly changing market. This has led to continuous innovation in the field of confectionery products that may drive consumption because consumer behavior in this industry is constantly changing and evolving. As confectionery items are frequently purchased as a result of impulsive buying, brands keep concentrating on developing distinctive strategies to seek consumer attention. This paper focuses on Mars, one of the most successful confectionery companies, with the analysis of the marketing strategy it uses to create consumer centricity and drive consumers’ purchasing behavior based on social media and consumer decision-making perspective. A questionnaire is designed to identify consumer behavior and psychology, with 70 respondents finishing it. It can be found that the strategies of Mars focus on using high-impact emotional motivators to gain consumers’ attention and influence their purchasing behavior, which establishes consumers' resonance and leaves a deep impression in their minds. This result could help Mars to keep optimizing the brand marketing tactics in the post-pandemic era when consumers are more complex than before.

Decisions Decisions – A Farmer's Mitigation Dilemma

Livestock producers are under rising pressure to nourish a growing population while simultaneously reducing the impact of meat/milk production on the planets’ climate. Decision Support Tools (DST) provide a valuable evidence-based decision-making framework in agriculture to improve productivity and environmental outputs. Decision Support Tools are often developed and designed by local stakeholders and tend to represent their national system. While current DSTs may be used to examine the impact of management choices on farm emissions, there are relatively few tools available for Irish farms that take into account both the environmental and financial aspects of decision-making. This research will improve existing farm scale descision support systems designed to cost effectively mitigate Green House Gas emissions from livestock production systems.

Inactivation of the dorsal CA1 hippocampus impairs the consolidation of discriminative avoidance memory by modulating the intrinsic and extrinsic hippocampal circuitry

Despite progress in understanding the role of the dorsal hippocampus in the acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of episodic-like memory, plastic changes within the intra- and extrahippocampal circuits for aversive memory formation and anxiety-like behaviours must still be identified since both processes contribute to multiple aspects of flexible decision-making. Here, we investigated the effect of reversible inactivation induced by a muscimol microinfusion into the dorsal CA1 subfield (dCA1) either prior to acquisition or to retrieval testing of a discriminative avoidance task performed in a plus-maze apparatus (PM-DAT). Differential cAMP-response-element-binding protein 1 (CREB-1) expression in the dorsal and ventral CA1 and CA3 of the hippocampus (dCA1, dCA3, vCA1, and vCA3), dorsal dentate gyrus (dDG), and infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic (PrL) regions of the medial prefrontal cortex was also assessed to investigate the molecular changes associated with the consolidation or retrieval of episodic-like memory and anxiety. Adult male Wistar rats were assigned to two control groups, learning (no surgery/no microinfusion, n = 7) and sham-operated (sham surgery/no microinfusion, n = 6) groups, or four experimental groups, in which the vehicle (0.5 µl per side, n = 8/per group) or a GABAA receptor agonist (0.5 µg/0.5 µl muscimol/per side) was bilaterally microinfused in the dCA1 30 min prior to training (n = 9) or prior to testing sessions (n = 6) with a 24 h intertrial interval. Memory was evaluated using the percentage of time spent in the nonaversive enclosed arms, whereas anxiety was measured by calculating the percentages of time spent and entries into open arms and the percentage of time spent self-grooming. Our findings corroborated previous data showing that the dCA1 is required for discriminative avoidance consolidation. Furthermore, additional information indicated that impaired long-term memory was associated with downregulated CREB-1 expression in the dDG and vCA3. Moreover, memory retrieval was not impaired by dCA1 inactivation prior to the testing session, which was associated with the upregulation of CREB-1 in the dCA3 and vCA1 and downregulation in the dCA1 and vCA3. Differential expression of CREB was not identified in the IL or PrL areas. These results improve our understanding of how the hippocampal circuitry mediates the acquisition and retrieval of aversive memory and anxiety.

2-tuple linguistic decision-making with consistency adjustment strategy and data envelopment analysis

2-tuple linguistic preference relations (2-TLPRs) are useful tools for addressing decision-making issues where the decision makers (DMs) are inclined to apply linguistic variables to express evaluation information. To retain the DM’s initial preference information as much as possible, this paper provides a 2-tuple linguistic decision-making method that incorporates a consistency adjustment algorithm and a 2-tuple linguistic data envelopment analysis (DEA) model. As two important aspects of decision-making, it is worthy to further study the improvements in consistency and weight generation for alternatives with 2-TLPRs. In this paper, in order to adjust the consistency of an original 2-TLPR to a predetermined level, a convergent consistency-improving algorithm is first presented, and we employ a minimum adjustment strategy to preserve the DM’s initial evaluation information. A 2-tuple linguistic DEA model is then developed to generate a vector of weights for the alternatives and we can derive reliable decision-making results. Finally, we provide a numerical example that can identify the most influential factor in Fog–haze weather to indicate the applicability of the 2-tuple linguistic decision-making method. The comparative analysis highlights the advantages and effectiveness of the 2-tuple linguistic decision-making method.

The One-Man Show: The Effect of Joint Decision-Making on Investor Overconfidence

AbstractThis study examines the impact of shared decision-making on investor overconfidence. Data from 2,000 investors, 6,394 consumers, and 657 experimental participants shed light on whether consumers who engage in joint financial decision-making are less affected by investor overconfidence than those who decide on their own. The findings show that investors who jointly decide are substantially less overconfident. However, family- or friend-inclined interactions are more effective in reducing overconfidence than relying on a financial advisor. The current research theoretically argues and empirically shows that shared metaknowledge drives this diminishing effect by highlighting unknown aspects of a financial decision. Compared to providing investors with solutions, problem reformulation, validation, or legitimation, only metaknowledge consistently decreases overconfidence in joint financial decision-making. It is argued that the process of highlighting unknowns can explain why interactions with family and friends have a more pronounced impact on investor overconfidence than consulting a professional advisor. The study provides a feasible debiasing tool to consumers, financial institutions, and other financial service providers to decrease overconfidence by emphasizing unknown aspects of an investment toward improving the quality of a consumer’s financial decisions under uncertainty.