Deceptive Behavior Research Articles

“Kill the familiar effect”: the impact of anger on deceptive behavior

“Kill the familiar effect”: the impact of anger on deceptive behavior

An EEG Dataset of Neural Signatures in a Competitive Two-Player Game Encouraging Deceptive Behavior

Studying deception is vital for understanding decision-making and social dynamics. Recent EEG research has deepened insights into the brain mechanisms behind deception. Standard methods in this field often rely on memory, are vulnerable to countermeasures, yield false positives, and lack real-world relevance. Here, we present a comprehensive dataset from an EEG-monitored competitive, two-player card game designed to elicit authentic deception behavior. Our extensive dataset contains EEG data from 12 pairs (N = 24 participants with role switching), controlled for age, gender, and risk-taking, with detailed labels and annotations. The dataset combines standard event-related potential and microstate analyses with state-of-the-art decoding approaches of four scenarios: spontaneous/instructed truth-telling and lying. This demonstrates game-based methods’ efficacy in studying deception and sets a benchmark for future research. Overall, our dataset represents a unique resource with applications in cognitive neuroscience and related fields for studying deception, competitive behavior, decision-making, inter-brain synchrony, and benchmarking of decoding frameworks in a difficult, high-level cognitive task.

Deceptive Knowledge Hiding in Organizations: Psychological Distress as an Underlying Mechanism

This study investigates the role of employee cynicism and perceived organizational politics in deceptive knowledge-hiding behaviors (evasive hiding and playing dumb). Besides, this work aims to measure the mediating role of psychological distress between employee cynicism, perceived organizational politics, and deceptive knowledge-hiding behaviors. Using a time lag strategy, the data were collected in three waves from 478 employees working in research and development institutions in Pakistan. A structured questionnaire and PLS-SEM technique were employed for data collection and analyses. The results indicate that employee cynicism and perceived organizational politics significantly promote playing dumb behavior in employees. Employee cynicism has no significant association with evasive hiding. However, perceived organizational politics promotes evasive hiding. Psychological distress as a mediator supports employee cynicism and perceived organizational politics to develop deceptive knowledge-hiding behaviors. The outcomes of this research have significant implications for organizations, especially for research and development departments. Putting down the cynicism level among employees and controlling the organizational politics can motivate the employees to share knowledge and avoid deceptive knowledge hiding. Managers with positive signals can rebuild trust with subordinates and encourage them to be involved in knowledge-sharing activities. The findings of this study could also serve the theory and practice by showing how employees act psychologically when they are cynical and think their company is playing politics.

Interactions between Machiavellianism and verbal reasoning in “bullshit” production

Persons high in the manipulative, misanthropic trait Machiavellianism make use of various forms of deception to attain their goals. A recent study demonstrated that different facets of Machiavellianism account for different kinds of deception (Blötner & Bergold, 2023; doi:10.1111/bjso.12559). Intelligence could be another predictor of deception production. This research examined the interactions between different facets of Machiavellianism and verbal reasoning to predict the production of empty, vague pseudo-information that is supposed to help achieve desired states or prevent undesired ones (co-called “bullshit”). In a sample of 525 participants, and consistent with the hypotheses, individuals with high scores in the goal-oriented facet of Machiavellianism produced “bullshit” more frequently to achieve certain goals if they also scored high in verbal reasoning. Thus, and opposing common assumptions, Machiavellianism is not sufficient to explain engagement in deceptive behavior as it only reflects the motivation to do so. Especially in the case of verbally expressed deception, verbal skills are also required to be successful.

Blaming the smurf: Using a novel social deception behavior in online games to test attribution theories

Despite their popularity, online video games possess pervasive toxicity. However, players do not categorically judge toxic behaviors as wrong. Attribution theories are well suited to disambiguate such judgment variance, but debate exists on the usefulness of motivated versus socially regulated blame perspectives. By exploring a new, potentially toxic behavior called “smurfing,” we innovate on methodological barriers that make experimentally disentangling socially regulated and motivated attribution perspectives difficult. In Study 1, we empirically present, describe, and explore smurfing and its perceived effects as a novel cheating behavior in online gaming. In Study 2, we extracted player-generated reasons for smurfing and manipulated the stakes of games to manipulate transgression salience (a key factor of blame attribution) across a moral continuum. By having participants use a mock crowd-sourced judgment platform, we observed the (in)stability of stakes across a continuum of reasons. We subsequently replicated our findings with a novel sample in Study 3.

Aging with robots: A brief review on eldercare automation

Abstract Robotic solutions designed to cater to the needs of the elderly, commonly known as eldercare robots or nursing robots, hold the promise of delivering intelligent elderly care, alleviating societal caregiving pressures, and reducing financial burdens on nations. Scholars across various disciplines have delved into the realm of eldercare robotics from different perspectives. Four types of robots at the design level are currently used in the elderly care industry: (1) anthropomorphic, (2) zoomorphic, (3) cartoon, and (5) mechanical functional. They can play such roles as assistants, companions, and even surrogate pets, providing support for the elderly’s daily routines, cognitive enhancement, and emotional well-being. Acceptance of eldercare robots hinges on 3 key factors: (1) technical attributes, (2) user-specific characteristics, and (3) the surrounding social environment. The utilization of eldercare robots has the potential to positively impact various aspects of the elderly population, such as their physiological health, cognitive abilities, psychological well-being, and social interactions. However, it can also lead to social isolation, reduced autonomy, increased sense of objectification, blurred responsibility attribution, and tendencies towards deceptive and childish behavior. In addition, eldercare robots also influence healthcare professionals in terms of workload, working conditions, job satisfaction, and sense of purpose, both positively and negatively. This paper examines these research findings within the context of theories in communication, technology ethics, and medical ethics, shedding light on the multifaceted landscape of eldercare robotics.

Diagnostic Utility of EWSR1 in Clear Cell Odontogenic Carcinoma: A Systematic Review.

In the 2022, World Health Organisation classification of odontogenic tumours, the clear cell odontogenic carcinoma is designated as a malignant odontogenic tumour with high recurrence and aggressive behaviour. Deceptive behaviour in the context of a wide range of differentials presents a significant diagnostic problem. It is the fifth most commom type of malignant odontogenic tumor. A systematic assessment of published cases, case series, and retrospective investigations of diagnostic significance of EWSR1 gene in clear cell odontogenic carcinoma is presented to determine trends in presentation, diagnostic characteristics, treatment, and patient outcome. To locate papers reporting clear cell odontogenic carcinoma and EWSR1, extensive database searches were carried out. Demographics, tumour location, immunohistochemical and molecular tests, treatment, follow-up, and recurrence were the variables. 34 cases were detected; 52.9% (n = 18) of the cases were females. The average age was 62.5years, with a range of 43-82years. The average size ranged from 3.4 to 8cm. The mandibular body was the most common location, followed by the maxilla. Maximum immunohistochemistry positivity revealed by CK 19, CKAE1/3, EMA and p63. Most common gene fusion detected was EWSR1-ATF1 in 62.4% of cases contributing to its diagnostic attributes. Surgical treatment was used in 97% of cases. The average follow-up period was 30.3months, and recurrence was reported in 52.4% of the cases. CCOC can metastasize, and the prognosis is fair. This is first systematic review, where we have attempted to consolidate the mutational expression of EWSR1 in Clear cell odontogenic carcinoma. It is difficult to identify from other clear cell tumours of the head and neck region. It is crucial to distinguish it from other clear cell lesions because of its aggressiveness.

Forgive, not forget: Exploring the influence of perception of dating infidelity to forgiveness behaviour in women

Infidelity in relationships is increasingly common in marriage and dating relationships. Its strong effect on mental health makes this topic worthy of further research, especially in perceptions of dating infidelity relationships. Perceptions of dating infidelity have three dimensions: ambiguous, deceptive, and explicit infidelity. This study uses a quantitative design with a total of 77 women and using convenience sampling. We analyzed using simple regression analysis. Data collection used The Forgiveness Scale and Perception of Dating Infidelity Scale. The results of this study indicate a significant negative effect between the perception of dating infidelity and forgiveness behavior in the women population who are victims of infidelity value F(1,75) = 5,114, p= 0.027, adj. R2= 0.051, and regression coefficient (β=-0,091). Ambiguous behavior F(1,75) = 4,582, p= 0.036, adj. R2= 0.045, and regression coefficient (β=-0,077) and deceptive behavior F(1,75) = 4,035, p= 0.048, adj. R2= 0.038, and regression coefficient (β=-0,054) dimensions have a significant relationship with forgiveness. Whereas explicit behavior is not significant F(1,75) = 1,425, p= 0.236, adj. R2= 0.006, and regression coefficient (β=-0,028). This research is an initial study on the perception of dating infidelity in Indonesia. It can be expected to be helpful as a study material in designing educational activities such as preventing infidelity in marriage preparation.

An Examination of the Motives for Attributing and Interpreting Deception in People with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment.

The aim of the present study was to examine how a person with amnestic mild cognitive impairment perceives the phenomenon of deception. Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) usually represents the prodromal phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD), with patients showing memory impairment but with normal activities of daily living. It was expected that aMCI patients would face difficulties in the attribution and interpretation of deceptive behavior due to deficits regarding their diagnosis. The main sample of the study consisted of 76 older adults who were patients of a daycare center diagnosed with aMCI. A sample of 55 highly educated young adults was also examined in the same experiment to qualitatively compare their performance with that of aMCI patients. Participants were assigned a scenario where a hypothetical partner (either a friend or a stranger) was engaged in a task in which the partner could lie to boost their earnings at the expense of the participant. The results showed that aMCI patients, even if they understood that something was going wrong, did not invest in interpretations of potential deception and tended to avoid searching for confirmative information related to the hypothetical lie of their partner compared to highly educated young adults. It seems that aMCI patients become somehow "innocent", and this is discussed in terms of cognitive impairment and/or socioemotional selectivity.

Mining Bodily Cues to Deception

A significant body of research has investigated potential correlates of deception and bodily behavior. The vast majority of these studies consider discrete, subjectively coded bodily movements such as specific hand or head gestures. Such studies fail to consider quantitative aspects of body movement such as the precise movement direction, magnitude and timing. In this paper, we employ an innovative data mining approach to systematically study bodily correlates of deception. We re-analyze motion capture data from a previously published deception study, and experiment with different data coding options. We report how deception detection rates are affected by variables such as body part, the coding of the pose and movement, the length of the observation, and the amount of measurement noise. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of a data mining approach, with detection rates above 65%, significantly outperforming human judgement (52.80%). Owing to the systematic analysis, our analyses allow for an understanding of the importance of various coding factor. Moreover, we can reconcile seemingly discrepant findings in previous research. Our approach highlights the merits of data-driven research to support the validation and development of deception theory.

P-26 Recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis-like symptoms and factitious hyperglycemia as a Munchausen syndrome in diabetes mellitus type 1: A case report

Abstract Introduction Factitious disorder (FD) is diagnosed by pretending to be sick with no abnormal examination or paraclinical study in the presence of psychiatric symptoms which also is named Munchausen's syndrome. The prevalence of the disease among hospitalized patients is approximately 9%. Clinical Case A 17-year-old girl with type 1 diabetes mellitus was referred to endocrinology clinic with uncontrolled diabetes, dizziness, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. She was treated with multiple daily insulin during 4 years but in last 8 months her self-monitoring of blood glucose ranges was out of control and have BG (blood glucose) different ranges of 40-560mg/dl. She was admitted to control her brittle diabetes with insulin infusion but even with high dose insulin infusion up to 20 IU/hr mostly her BS were above 400mg/dl. The notable point was that BG level was measured by laboratory was lower than glucometer. She also complained of severe abdominal pain and nausea during admission that mimics diabetic ketoacidosis in the presence of hyperglycemia despite the lack of ketonuria and metabolic acidosis. She admitted to hospital several times over the last year to control high level of BG. In psychiatric examination, she has good cooperation in response to questions. Mental Status Examination was not normal. Her mood was depressive and behavior was aggressive. Mild depressive symptoms and borderline features were seen in her Rorschach test. Finally because of high suspicion to associated psychiatric problems, to find the cause of high BG despite high insulin dose prescription, patient behaviors were monitored insensible. We found that she impregnated her finger to the date palm a few minutes before blood glucose check with glucometer devices at times when she is alone in the room. The patient had different deceptive behaviors depending on the method of treatment. But the answer to the question of why the patient was not suffering from hypoglycemia despite high doses of insulin injection is, when insulin infusion by pump was started to control high BG, intravenous cannula secretly separated from insulin infusion set and insulin thrown away. Also she secretly eats fruit juice and jam to prevent hypoglycemic attack for high-dose insulin injection. She took the water into the insulin pen instead of insulin and injected so that the nurses did not notice. Frauds were changed by switching the treatment methods. HbA1c was requested last week of hospitalization which shows 8%. Although all BGwas above 300 mg/dl during this prolonged hospitalization, it did not match with chronic hyperglycemia. Conclusion The main purpose of this article was in relation to a diabetic patient with brittle diabetes, difficulty in control BG level, discrepancies between patient symptoms and sings, factitious disorder or Munchausen syndrome should always be in our mind.

Self-Governing Hybrid Societies and Deception

Self-governing hybrid societies are multi-agent systems where humans and machines interact by adapting to each other’s behaviour. Advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have brought an increasing hybridisation of our societies, where one particular type of behaviour has become more and more prevalent, namely deception. Deceptive behaviour as the propagation of disinformation can have negative effects on a society’s ability to govern itself. However, self-governing societies have the ability to respond to various phenomena. In this paper we explore how they respond to the phenomenon of deception from an evolutionary perspective considering that agents have limited adaptation skills. Will hybrid societies fail to govern deceptive behaviour and reach a Tragedy of The Digital Commons? Or will they manage to avoid it through cooperation? How resilient are they against large-scale deceptive attacks? We provide a tentative answer to some of these questions through the lens of evolutionary agent-based modelling, based on the scientific literature on deceptive AI and public goods games.

Dark personality traits and deception, and the short dark tetrad (SD4) as integrity screening instrument

Dark personality traits (Machiavellianism, Narcissism, Psychopathy, and Sadism) have been associated with aversive, unethical, and criminal conduct. Concise measurement tools such as the Short Dark Tetrad (SD4) are popular, because they lend themselves as screening instruments. As such, the scores on these scales are used in various decision-making contexts, and they can have considerable effects on the lives of people who display an unfortunate scoring pattern. The present study explored to what extent high SD4 scores are actually predictive of deceptive behaviour in a matrix puzzle task, in a general community sample (N = 751). Results indicated that 9.9% of participants lied, that is, exaggerated their performance on the matrix task, hoping to increase their likelihood of financial reward. These cheating participants scored higher on all four dark traits. Nonetheless, the overlap between SD4 distributions made it impossible to determine cut-off scores in an attempt to consider scores as actual predictors of deception proneness. When framed in likelihoods, some scores can be diagnostic of deception proneness. Particularly in the context of statement validity assessment, characterized by tools with modest to poor accuracy, SD4 scores may add to diagnostic accuracy.

Deceptive Self-Presentation: The Role of Social Media User Motivation and the Dark Triad Personality

Online identity frauds such as love scams, catfishing, and fake content are associated with the freedom of personalization offered by social media platforms which can lead to deceptive self-presentation behavior and impressions. Therefore, this research aimed to examine the role of motivation to use Instagram and the dark triad personality on deceptive self-presentation. It was conducted quantitatively through structural equation model (SEM) analysis based on partial least squares (PLS) using data collected from 400 early adult Instagram users between the ages of 20 and 34 years in Indonesia. The results showed that motivation to use Instagram and the dark triad personality influenced deceptive self-presentation by 30.9% on ideal self-dimension and 41.9% on false self-dimension. Moreover, motivational dimensions of gaining new friendships, following and monitoring, social connectedness and social recognition had a significant influence on deceptive self-presentation. In the dark triad personality variable, only the narcissism dimension was observed to have a significant influence on deceptive self-presentation.

Artificial Intelligence based Approach to Analyze the Lie Detection using Skin and Facial Expression

Finding a secret fact that is known to one person but kept from others is the aim of lie detection. When it comes to security and legal concerns, it is crucial to be able to analyze human deceptive behavior. Based on the idea that lying causes specific emotions, which in turn cause certain physiological reactions depending on a person's level of stress, psychological lie detection is based on this premise. Modern lie detectors measure things like skin conductance, respiration, and blood pressure. The intended study presents a lie detection system that uses fuzzy analysis to integrate many factors, including skin conductance, facial expressions (eye blinking), and voice frequency, which is actually influenced by a person's degree of stress. Fuzzy is an AI technique based on graphical representations and mathematical calculations of an output which is affected by input parameters. In comparison to employing a single indicator alone, the integration of skin analysis, voice level, and facial expression using fuzzy analysis may improve the accuracy of lie detection. This analysis provides a way to predict that a person is lying when all three parameters i.e., Skin conductance, voice frequency, and blinking of eye increases which effect on stress level of a body.

Deceptive indicators

Correctly identifying when an individual is lying based on their nonverbal communication has been a central aim of researchers and practitioners. Traditionally, research has focused on individual ‘tells’ or indicators of deception. More recently, researchers have focused on clusters and sequences of nonverbal gestures; however, these methods can lead to complex outputs that are difficult to interpret. The current research uses a newly developed temporal method, Indicator Waves, to analyse the concurrent and sequential nonverbal communication of individuals caught verbally lying on tape. The analyses show the complexity of nonverbal behaviours in simplified wave diagrams and the importance of using linguistics to code nonverbal deceptive behaviours accurately. Statements made by individuals were analysed using Statement Analysis and nonverbal gestures related to lips, head, eyes and upper body were shown to change between deceptive and truthful individuals, both in the lead-up to lying and post-lying. This research is the first to use Indicator Waves in deception detection and provides a new simplified approach for understanding complex patterns of nonverbal communication in lying.

Comparing job applicant deception in asynchronous vs synchronous video interviews, with and without AI-assisted assessments

PurposeAsynchronous Video Interviews (AVIs) incorporating Artificial Intelligence (AI)-assisted assessment has become popular as a pre-employment screening method. The extent to which applicants engage in deceptive impression management (IM) behaviors during these interviews remains uncertain. Furthermore, the accuracy of human detection in identifying such deceptive IM behaviors is limited. This study seeks to explore differences in deceptive IM behaviors by applicants across video interview modes (AVIs vs Synchronous Video Interviews (SVIs)) and the use of AI-assisted assessment (AI vs non-AI). The study also investigates if video interview modes affect human interviewers' ability to detect deceptive IM behaviors.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted a field study with four conditions based on two critical factors: the synchrony of video interviews (AVI vs SVI) and the presence of AI-assisted assessment (AI vs Non-AI): Non-AI-assisted AVIs, AI-assisted AVIs, Non-AI-assisted SVIs and AI-assisted SVIs. The study involved 144 pairs of interviewees and interviewers/assessors. To assess applicants' deceptive IM behaviors, the authors employed a combination of interviewee self-reports and interviewer perceptions.FindingsThe results indicate that AVIs elicited fewer instances of deceptive IM behaviors across all dimensions when compared to SVIs. Furthermore, using AI-assisted assessment in both video interview modes resulted in less extensive image creation than non-AI settings. However, the study revealed that human interviewers had difficulties detecting deceptive IM behaviors regardless of the mode used, except for extensive faking in AVIs.Originality/valueThe study is the first to address the call for research on the impact of video interview modes and AI on interviewee faking and interviewer accuracy. This research enhances the authors’ understanding of the practical implications associated with the use of different video interview modes and AI algorithms in the pre-employment screening process. The study contributes to the existing literature by refining the theoretical model of faking likelihood in employment interviews according to media richness theory and the model of volitional rating behavior based on expectancy theory in the context of AVIs and AI-assisted assessment.

Privacy-Preserving Outsourcing of K-Means Clustering for Cloud-Device Collaborative Computing in Space-Air-Ground Integrated IoT

Facing the explosive growth of data, the introduction of cloud computing in the space-air-ground integrated Internet of things (SAGIIoT) can solve the problem of limited computing power of the terminals. At the same time, data security on the cloud is also a focus that cannot be ignored. Secure outsourcing computing is helpful in improving privacy-preserving. Due to the wide applicability of K-means clustering, outsourcing computing for K-means has become a major research hotspot in industry and academia. Most of the existing work on outsourcing K-means clustering is based on homomorphic encryption, which has a high computational overhead due to the mathematical puzzles’ nature of homomorphic encryption. In addition, the high computational overhead of designing a verification algorithm based on homomorphic encryption is unacceptable. To address the above issues, we design a K-means clustering outsourcing algorithm by sparse matrix transformation, which can verify the deceptive behavior of cloud while achieving high efficiency. In this paper, we theoretically prove the accuracy, security, efficiency and verifiability of the proposed algorithm. Extensive experiments indicate that our algorithm is efficient.

Intelligent Eye-Tracker-Based Methods for Detection of Deception: A Survey

Over the last few years, a large number of studies have been conducted on the monitoring of human behavior remaining beyond conscious control. One area of application for such monitoring systems is lie detection. The most popular method currently used for this purpose is polygraph examination, which has proven its usefulness in the field and in laboratories, but it is not without its drawbacks. Technological advances in data acquisition and automated analysis have ensured that contactless tools are in high demand in security fields like airport screening or pre-employment procedures. As a result, there has been a shift in interest away from traditional polygraph examinations toward the analysis of facial expressions, voice, and speech patterns, as well as eye-tracking signals to detect deceptive behavior. In this paper, we focus on the last aspect, offer a comprehensive overview of two distinct lie detection methodologies based on eye tracking, and examine the commonly used oculomotor feature analysis. Furthermore, we explore current research directions and their results within the context of their potential applications in the field of forensics. We also highlight future research prospects, suggesting the utilization of eye tracking and scan path interpretation methodologies as a potential fully functional alternative for the conventional polygraph in the future. These considerations refer to legal and ethical issues related to the use of new technology to detect lies.

Is Deceitful Autobiographical Memory Really Forgotten?

Autobiographical memory for deceitful events is said to be forgotten over time to reduce guilt and stress. People who engage in deceitful behavior continue to do so because they are able to stretch their memories to match their moral outlook. In this study, the authors wanted to see if participants who engage in deceitful behavior will change their behavior if they are reminded of their previous misdeeds and compare it with reminding them of past moral behavior and any neutral event. We also studied how the experience, or phenomenology of remembering, differs between immoral and moral memories. In Experiment 1, we found evidence to suggest that reminding deceptive autobiographical memory does not reduce deceptive behavior. In Experiment 2, we found evidence to suggest phenomenological characteristics of Immoral and moral memories are not significantly different from each other but they are both significantly different from that of neutral memory. This contradicts established results in the field. It is interesting to note that only emotional valence is significantly different between immoral and moral memory.