Deceptive Actions Research Articles

ИКОНОГРАФИЯ ТЕТРОБОЛА ФЕОДОСИЙСКОЙ ЧЕКАНКИ С ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЕМ АРЕСА И АФРОДИТЫ АРЕИ

The article presents new finds of Theodosian coins issued in 480-470 BC. The coins were found in ancient settlements of the steppe zone of Southeastern Crimea and are tetroboles with images of Ares on the obverse and Aphrodite Ares on the reverse. It is assumed that their release was associated with the victorious completion of the first stage of the Bosporan-Feodosian war, in which Theodosia, with the help of Heraclea of Pontus, defeated Bosporus. Given the religious beliefs of the time and the deceptive actions of navarch Tinnich, the Theodosians could associate this significant event with the divine help of Ares and Aphrodite. This was reflected in the iconography of the coins with the placement of marked mythological characters on them. The deities are represented with unusual hairstyles: Ares with long hair, Aphrodite with short hair, which indicated past military events. Both deities depicted on the tetrobol were part of the pantheon of the Feodosian polis.

The Activity of the Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus and the Error Detection Brain Mechanism During Deception Under Conditions of Different Monetary Benefit

This research is aimed at investigating the characteristics of activity of brain areas that underlie action execution and are modulated by the error detection mechanism under conditions of various potential monetary benefits of manipulative truthful and false actions. It is shown that the implementation of potentially less profitable deceptive actions is associated with a relatively higher level of functional activity of the inferior frontal gyrus, a structure that receives information from structures associated with the error detection mechanism. This effect was revealed in experimental conditions with less reinforced deceptive actions, both in comparison with relatively more rewarded deception, and with manipulative truthful actions, regardless of their reward. Moreover, the increase in the profit of deceptive actions is accompanied by the disappearance of a statistically significant difference in the activity of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, which has been observed in the comparison of equally low profitable truthful and false actions. These results indicate a possible mechanism of expected monetary benefit influence on the manipulative decision to lie, according to which, the prefrontal structures underlying control of behavior show less susceptibility to the involvement of the error detection mechanism in maintaining deceptive actions.

Goalkeepers benefit from using deceptive actions in the soccer penalty kick

ABSTRACT Most studies on deception in soccer penalty kicks have focused on the deceptive actions used by penalty takers. However, it is worth noting that deception can also be played out by goalkeepers. To examine the effectiveness of goalkeepers’ deceptive actions in professional competition, we analysed 714 penalty kicks taken during matches in the English Premier League and German Bundesliga, spanning the seasons from 2016–2017 to 2019–2020. We scored whether goalkeepers used deception, and if so, what type of deception, the outcome of the penalty and the kicking strategy of the penalty taker. The results showed that goalkeepers used deception in half of the penalty kicks, resulting in significantly less goals compared to penalties without deception. This advantage was similar for the different types of deception, but larger when penalty takers paid attention to goalkeepers. We propose that the deceptive actions by goalkeepers are effective, mainly because it leads the penalty taker to lose focus. The practical implications of these findings are discussed for both goalkeepers and penalty takers.

The kinematics of false intent Conveyed by deceptive sidestep actions

Researchers have identified kinematic differences between deceptive and non-deceptive rugby reorientation actions. However, the honest and deceptive signals corresponded to ‘deception detection’ (accuracy increasing) rather than signals that caused deception (accuracy decreasing). In this study, statistical parametric mapping and multilevel modelling were applied to examine the kinematic differences between sidestep and non-deceptive actions during the time window of deception. The analysis compared three-dimensional motion capture data from 144 deceptive actions and 144 genuine actions performed by six high-skilled rugby players. Results indicated that the kinematics of deceptive actions were characterized by a combination of exaggerated head roll, outside foot and centre-of-mass displacement, and attenuated thorax roll and yaw relative to genuine actions. These are candidate sources for the cause of deception, either individually or in combination with other sources. Furthermore, the results indicate that previously identified ‘honest’ signals may not be reliable sources of information earlier in the action sequence.

You can’t con a conman: the perception of deceptive actions performed by the self and others

ABSTRACT Understanding the actions of others is important for predicting whether their intentions are honest or deceitful. Common-coding theory [Prinz, W. (1997). Perception and action planning. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 9(2), 129-154. https://doi.org/10.1080/713752551] suggests that the capability to produce a deceptive action could influence the ability to perceive the same action (and vice versa), but can an actor easily fool themselves? The aim of this study was to investigate whether individuals are better able to anticipate the outcome of their own deceptive actions than when others anticipate those same actions. Eighteen skilled rugby players were filmed performing deceptive (side-step) and non-deceptive actions. Eight equally skilled rugby players anticipated the outcomes of the filmed actions (i.e., viewing deceptive actions generated by others) and, six-months after filming, the original group of eighteen rugby players anticipated the action outcome of their own deceptive actions (i.e., viewing self-generated deceptive actions). Results revealed that players were no better at anticipating the outcomes of their own actions than others were. Instead, the response behaviour of the individuals viewing their own actions was indistinguishable from that of others viewing the same actions. In contrast with what might be expected based on common-coding theory, these findings suggest that the typical advantage of self-observation might be negated when the observer has acquired considerable amounts of visual experience in that observation task.

On developing Block‐Chain based Secure Storage Model (BSSM) with auditing and integrity analysis in the cloud

SummaryIn present scenario, Cloud Computing is developing vast, as the resources are utilized by many people and provided on‐demand. Recent works on cloud reports the success rates of cyber activities using cloud models for deceptive actions, because of its significant features and lack of apposite forensic models for cloud. For developing a cloud model for forensic support is an important and intricate issue like, directorial and technical challenges due to system distribution, virtualization, and dynamic characteristic of nodes. Considering the issues, this article develops a Block‐chain based Secure Storage Model (BSSM) incorporating Integrity and Auditing Examination Model for evaluating reliability of forensic data and auditing for validation. Moreover, this model effectively works on the domain of Forensic as a Service (FaaS) in cloud. The forensic data are formed into block‐chain for ensuring security. The model also aids in reducing the storage space effectively and the auditing and integrity analysis model incorporated in this work minimizes the dependency of trusts on Cloud Service Provider (CSP). And, the evaluation results show that the proposed model effectively achieves the objective in better way than compared works.

Timecourse of two-dimensional decision-making to offensive actions.

Decision-making is an important component in the perception-action coupling required for athletes to achieve fine performance. Signal detection theory (SDT) provides a means of quantifying athletes' decision-making processes, based on their ability to discriminate between different types of stimuli (sensitivity) and the locations of their response criteria along a decision axis in a given situation. Studies have shown differences in these two indices between athletes and less-experienced counterparts, although these studies were limited to unidimensional decision-making problems. In the present study, SDT analysis was applied to two-dimensional decision-making by volleyball players regarding their opponents' attacks, using a four-alternative forced-choice task combining judgments of the type (spike or tip) and direction (cross-court or down-the-line) of attacks. Furthermore, a temporal occlusion task was used to reveal the timecourses of changes in sensitivity and the location of response criteria relating to judgments of attack type and direction. There were three groups of participants, eight top-league players, ten collegiate players, and ten novices. The results showed clear effects of expertise and distinct timecourses for the two types of judgment. For the attack type judgments, the sensitivities of the top-league players were relatively low at the early occlusion points, and their response criteria were biased toward judging attacking actions as spikes. At the late occlusion points, their sensitivity peaked, and there was no bias in their response criteria. For the directional judgments, the sensitivity of the three groups improved as the occlusion point advanced, while their response criteria tended to become more similar, which was not the case for the attack type judgments. These results are discussed together with previous studies of volleyball players' decision-making and judgments regarding deceptive actions in sports.

‘DON’T FOOL ME, AS IT IS YOUR LOSS’ - IMPACT OF DECEPTION ON INFORMATION PRIVACY

ABSTRACTWith the explosion of e-commerce, the potential for new internet portals to mislead or fool consumers has grown significantly. This study investigates the influence of these deceptive actions on customer privacy and their information-sharing behavior. We have used online experimental research to demonstrate the influence of deception on information privacy and information-sharing behavior. We demonstrate that misleading activities such as falsification, concealment and equivocation reduce customers’ trust in the platform and increase their privacy concerns, resulting in a lower willingness to disclose any information on the platforms. We further explain the impact of several types of deceptive tactics in the online purchasing environment and present a mediation model to understand the impact of deception. The study has implications for category managers and consumers of e-commerce platforms.

Planning Deception at the Operational Level of War

Deception has long been an essential component of military operations. It can be considered a tactic as old as warfare, having been used since immemorial times. From Sun Tzu’s “Art of War” to the present days, military strategists have recognized its power to turn the tide of conflict. Although, over the years, the methods, means and techniques specific to it have continuously evolved, along with technological developments, its basic principle remains the same: portraying a false reality to the adversary that leads to the materialization of operational opportunities, by causing the adversary to adopt courses of action disadvantageous to him. As the battlefield has become increasingly complex, the ability to deceive the adversary has also become an increasingly important asset to the success of military operations. Today, in an era of instant and abundant information, deception has paradoxically become more difficult to achieve and more critical to operational success. The deceptive action of the Ukrainians at Kherson last September against the Russians once again demonstrated its importance on the modern battlefield. However, many military planners tend to overlook this key aspect of military strategy despite its importance. This oversight can lead to grave consequences in the modern battlefield, where the enemy’s ability to gather intelligence can hinder operational success. For this reason, the present paper is an analysis of how deception actions can be integrated into the operational planning process at the operational level in order to maximize the chances of their success and, consequently, the military operation success. The need for such a scientific approach arises from the complexity of the deception process, which places a special emphasis not only on the thoroughness in planning these actions but also on the need to integrate and synchronize them with other military actions.

Tinjauan Yuridis Pelepasan Terdakwa dari Segala Tuntutan Hukum Dalam Kasus Tindak Pidana Penipuan Menurut Perspedktif Hukum Positif dan Hukum Islam:


 Fraud is someone's act of deception, a series of lies, false names and false circumstances with the intention of benefiting oneself without rights, a series of lies is an arrangement of false sentences arranged in such a way that is a story of something that seems to be true. The problem raised in this study is a case of criminal fraud which was processed before the court and then decided regardless of all lawsuits by the panel of judges. Based on this, the author raises issues related to how the provisions and basic considerations of the Medan District Court judge Number 1772/Pid.B/2021/PN.Mdn released the defendant from all lawsuits in the criminal case of fraud and the views of Islamic criminal law on criminal acts fraud crime. In this study the authors used normative legal research methods. The purpose of this study was to find out the provisions of positive law and Islamic criminal law against criminal acts of fraud, and the basis for the judges' considerations at the Medan District Court in case Number 1772/Pid.B/2021/PN.Mdn to release the defendant from all lawsuits in the criminal case fraud. In this case it can be concluded that the crime of fraud in positive criminal law and Islamic criminal law is an act that is forbidden to do (haram), the punishment for the crime of fraud is in the Criminal Code Article 378; Sanctions according to Islamic Criminal Law for criminal acts of fraud are subject to Ta'zir sanctions, and the basis for the judge's considerations in imposing an acquittal decision in this case is because it does not fulfill the elements of a criminal act of fraud.
 Keywords: Fraud; Islamic criminal law; Medan district court decision number 1772/Pid.B/2021/PN.Mdn.

PERAN AUDIT INTERNAL DALAM MENCEGAH FRAUD DI PERUSAHAAN

This study aims to analyze the role of internal audit in preventing fraud within the company. Fraud is an act of deception or manipulation that is carried out with the aim of gaining illegal profit, and can cause significant financial losses for the company. Internal audit, as an independent and objective function, is responsible for assessing the effectiveness of the internal control system and ensuring compliance with applicable policies and procedures. In this study, a qualitative approach was used by conducting literature studies and case analysis related to fraud in companies. The results of the analysis show that the role of internal audit is very important in preventing and detecting fraud within the company. Internal audit can help identify gaps or weaknesses in the internal control system, as well as provide recommendations to improve business processes that are vulnerable to fraud. Several strategies that can be carried out by internal audit in preventing fraud include assessing fraud risk, testing and evaluating internal control systems, checking transactions regularly, as well as educating and training employees regarding business ethics and corporate governance. In addition, internal audit can also act as a channel for complaints (whistleblowing) which allows employees to report fraud without fear of retaliation. This study concludes that internal audit has a crucial role in preventing and reducing the risk of fraud within a company. By conducting a comprehensive and proactive audit, internal audit can help create a business environment that is transparent, ethical and with integrity. The results of this study are expected to provide insights and recommendations for companies in optimizing the role of internal audit in preventing and managing fraud risk.

The effectiveness of penalty takers' deception: A scoping review

Attackers are supposed to take advantage of producing deceptive actions in competitive ball sports, particularly in penalty situations. We conducted a scoping review of the experimental literature to scrutinize whether penalty takers do indeed benefit from using deceptive actions in penalty situations, especially by increasing the likelihood to score a goal. Studies using video-based and in-situ tasks in which soccer and handball goalkeepers try to save a penalty were evaluated. Results showed that penalty takers' manipulation of spatial information available to the goalkeeper during deception (i.e., by using misleading and/or disguising actions) is less effective in in-situ than video-based studies. We argue that this difference occurs because goalkeepers adapt differently to the spatiotemporal constraints in the video-based and in-situ tasks. Goalkeepers appear to prioritize picking up spatial information in video-based tasks while prioritizing temporal information in-situ tasks. Therefore, the manipulation of spatial information appears to be less effective in the more representative in-situ studies than in video-based studies. In order to deceive, penalty takers are advised to manipulate temporal information during on-field penalty situations.

KEANDALAN VALIDITY VERIFICATION SYSTEM BUKTI TRANSAKSI:MAMPUKAH MENCEGAH FRAUD ACCOUNTING?

Fraud is defined as an intentional act of deception done by one or more people. This fraud can occur in management, either directly or through a third party. Many things can be done by the company in the deployment of accounting fraud prevention. One of them is confirming the validity of transaction evidence, which is critical since transaction evidence is basic transaction papers, both self-made and from third parties, that are used as sources for a company's recording or preparation of financial statements. Proof of transactions is critical in averting the creation of future financial issues. Fraud detection uses machine learning, statistical analysis, and behavioral tracking to uncover the patterns and strategies criminals use to commit fraud. When fraud is detected, the system can prevent fraud before it causes damage to your business or organization. It can be used to prove that an entity or organization has a good anti-fraud system in place.

Action outcome probability influences the size of the head-fake effect in basketball

Both kinematic and contextual information (e.g., action outcome probability) play a significant role in action anticipation. However, few researchers have examined the reciprocal influence of the two types of information and fewer still have investigated this issue for deceptive actions in sports. In the present study, we investigate the impact of action outcome probability on the processing of deceptive kinematic cues for the head fake in basketball. We manipulated the probability of the action outcome to either pass the ball to the left or to the right side (i.e., 75%, 50%, 25%) and examined how this contextual information affected the influence of head orientation on pass direction judgments. Outcome probability information was either provided explicitly (Experiment 1) or implicitly (Experiment 2). Both experiments indicated an increased head-fake effect with increasing outcome probability. Moreover, the bias to respond in line with the player’s head direction increased linearly with outcome probability. Also, discriminability between deceptive and genuine actions was poorer for high outcome probability (75%) associated with head orientation than for the 25% and 50% values. Last, a stronger response bias toward the higher probability side for deceptive trials than for genuine trials was only significant when the outcome probability information was processed implicitly in Experiment 2. The results of this study fit well with recent literature on contextual information in action prediction and are discussed in light of confirmation bias and signal detection theory.

Skilled deceivers are better action perceivers and vice versa

Skilled actors rely on deception to disrupt the perceptual ability of opponents who seek to anticipate action intentions. Common-coding theory (Prinz, 1997) purports that action and perception share common origins in the brain, and therefore it seems plausible that the ability to ‘see through’ a deceptive action would be associated with a capacity to perform the same action. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the ability to perform a deceptive action would be related to the ability to perceive the same type of action. Fourteen skilled rugby players performed deceptive (side-step) and non-deceptive actions while running towards a camera. The deceptiveness of those participants was determined by testing the ability of a separate group of eight equally skilled observers to anticipate the impeding running directions using a temporally occluded video-based test. Based on the overall response accuracies, participants were separated into high- and low-deceptiveness groups. These two groups then themselves took part in a video-based test. Results revealed that the skilled deceivers had a significant advantage in their ability to better anticipate the action outcomes of highly deceptive actions. The skilled deceivers’ sensitivity to discriminate deceptive from non-deceptive actions was significantly better than that of less-skilled deceivers when viewing the most-deceptive actor. Moreover, the skilled perceivers performed actions that appeared to be better disguised than those of the less-skilled perceivers. These findings suggest that, consistent with common-coding theory, the perception of deceptive and non-deceptive actions is associated with the capability to produce deceptive actions and vice versa.

Timing a fake punch: Inhibitory effects in a boxing-specific spatial attention task

The ability to respond quickly and accurately to spatial cues is of great importance to performance on any task where quick decision-making is required. The two main effects of spatial attention are priming, when a response to a target is facilitated after being cued at the same location, and inhibition of return (IOR), when the response to the target is slower to the cued area. Whether priming or IOR occurs is largely dependent on the length of the interval between the cue and the target. To determine whether these effects are relevant to dueling sports with deceptive actions we created a boxing-specific task that mimicked combinations of feints and punches. Altogether, we recruited 20 boxers and 20 non-boxers and found significantly longer reaction times to a punch thrown on the same side as a fake punch after a 600 ms interval, consistent with the IOR effect. We also found a moderate positive correlation between years of training and the magnitude of the IOR effect. This latter finding indicates that even athletes trained to avoid deception can be as susceptible as novices if the timing of the feint is right. Finally, our approach highlights the benefits of studying IOR using more sport specific settings, broadening the scope of the field.

Explanations in warning dialogs to help users defend against phishing attacks

Phishing, the deceptive act of stealing personal and sensitive information by sending messages that seem to come from trusted entities, is one of the most widespread and effective cyberattacks. Automated defensive techniques against these attacks have been widely investigated. These solutions often exploit AI-based systems that, when a suspect website is detected, show a dialog that warns users about the potential risk. Despite significant advances in creating warning dialogs for phishing, this type of attack is still very effective. To overcome the limitations of existing warning dialogs and better defend users from phishing attacks, this article presents a novel technique to create warning dialogs that not only warn users about a possible attack, as in traditional solutions, but also explain why a website is suspicious, addressing in the explanation the most malicious feature of the suspect website. An experimental study that consisted of a remote survey and analyzed data from 150 participants is reported. The goal was to evaluate the proposed warning dialogs with explanations and to compare them with the dialogs presented by Chrome, Firefox, and Edge. The study revealed interesting results: most explanations were understandable and familiar to users; they also showed some potential of diverting users from visiting malicious sites. However, more attention should be devoted to aspects such as features to be explained, as well as user interest and trust in warning dialogs. The lessons learned that might drive the design of more powerful warning dialogs are provided.

Large losses from little lies: Strategic gender misrepresentation and cooperation.

This paper investigates the possibility that a small deceptive act of misrepresenting one's gender to others reduces cooperation in the Golden Balls game, a variant of a prisoner's dilemma game. Compared to treatments where either participants' true genders are revealed to each other in a pair or no information on gender is given, the treatment effects of randomly selecting people to be allowed to misrepresent their gender on defection are positive, sizeable, and statistically significant. Allowing people to misrepresent their gender reduces the average cooperation rate by approximately 10-12 percentage points. While one explanation for the significant treatment effects is that participants who chose to misrepresent their gender in the treatment where they were allowed to do so defect substantially more, the potential of being matched with someone who could be misrepresenting their gender also caused people to defect more than usual as well. On average, individuals who chose to misrepresent their gender are around 32 percentage points more likely to defect than those in the blind and true gender treatments. Further analysis reveals that a large part of the effect is driven by women who misrepresented in same-sex pairs and men who misrepresented in mixed-sex pairs. We conclude that even small short-term opportunities to misrepresent one's gender can potentially be extremely harmful to later human cooperation.

Hive Mind Online

This study investigates the efficacy of collective sensing as a mechanism for unveiling disinformation in group interaction. Small group interactions were simulated to experiment on the effects of a group reaction to incentivized deceptive behavior when initiated by social influencers. We use multilevel modeling to examine the individual communication data nested within group interactions. The study advances the use of computational efficacy to support the supposition of collective sensing—by analyzing individual social actors’ communicative language and interaction within group contexts. Language-action cues as stigmergic signals were systemically extracted, compared and analyzed within groups as well as between groups. The results demonstrate that patterns of group communication become more concentrated and expressive after a social influencer becomes deceptive, even when the act of deception itself is not obvious to any individual. That is, individuals in the group characterize deceptive situations differently, but communication patterns depict the group’s ability to collectively sense deception from circulating disinformation. The study confirms our postulation of using collective sensing to detect deceptive influences in a group.

Deception and Distress

AbstractIn the lead article in the January‐February 2023 issue of the Hastings Center Report, Abram Brummett and Erica Salter provide a conceptual framework to help physicians think through the ethics of deceiving a patient or someone closely connected to the patient. Brummett and Salter identify four main ethical features of any act of clinical deception and elaborate on how, in a given case, these features together influence the degree to which a deception could be justified. A second article in this issue presents an ethnographic study of the effect of the Covid‐19 pandemic on critical care workers in an intensive care unit. The authors describe a level and form of moral distress that, they argue, goes beyond what the term “moral distress” captures. The authors offer “distressed work” to better mark the broad consequences for care workers’ roles, occupations, and vocations.