Deceptive Actions Research Articles

Fourteen years of manifestations and factors of health insurance fraud, 2006\u20132020: a scoping review

BackgroundHealthcare fraud entails great financial and human losses; however, there is no consensus regarding its definition, nor is there an inventory of its manifestations and factors. The objective is to identify the definition, manifestations and factors that influence health insurance fraud (HIF).MethodsA scoping review on health insurance fraud published between 2006 and 2020 was conducted in ACM, EconPapers, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Springer and WoS.ResultsSixty-seven studies were included, from which we identified 6 definitions, 22 manifestations (13 by the medical provider, 7 by the beneficiary and, 2 by the insurance company) and 47 factors (6 macroenvironmental, 15 mesoenvironmental, 20 microenvironmental, and 6 combined) associated with health insurance fraud. We recognized the elements of fraud and its dependence on the legal framework and health coverage. From this analysis, we propose the following definition: “Health insurance fraud is an act of deception or intentional misrepresentation to obtain illegal benefits concerning the coverage provided by a health insurance company”. Among the most relevant manifestations perpetuated by the provider are phantom billing, falsification of documents, and overutilization of services; the subscribers are identity fraud, misrepresentation of coverage and alteration of documents; and those perpetrated by the insurance company are false declarations of benefits and falsification of reimbursements. Of the 47 factors, 25 showed an experimental influence, including three in the macroenvironment: culture, regulations, and geography; five in the mesoenvironment: characteristics of provider, management policy, reputation, professional role and auditing; 12 in the microenvironment: sex, race, condition of insurance, language, treatments, chronic disease, future risk of disease, medications, morale, inequity, coinsurance, and the decisions of the claims-adjusters; and five combined factors: the relationships between beneficiary-provider, provider-insurance company, beneficiary-insurance company, managers and guānxi.ConclusionsThe multifactorial nature of HIF and the characteristics of its manifestations depend on its definition; Identifying the influence of the factors will support subsequent attempts to combat HIF.

Exploring the perceptual inabilities of Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius) using magic effects

In recent years, scientists have begun to use magic effects to investigate the blind spots in our attention and perception [G. Kuhn, Experiencing the Impossible: The Science of Magic (2019); S. Macknik, S. Martinez-Conde, S. Blakeslee, Sleights of Mind: What the Neuroscience of Magic Reveals about Our Everyday Deceptions (2010)]. Recently, we suggested that similar techniques could be transferred to nonhuman animal observers and that such an endeavor would provide insight into the inherent commonalities and discrepancies in attention and perception in human and nonhuman animals [E. Garcia-Pelegrin, A. K. Schnell, C. Wilkins, N. S. Clayton, Science 369, 1424-1426 (2020)]. Here, we performed three different magic effects (palming, French drop, and fast pass) to a sample of six Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius). These magic effects were specifically chosen as they utilize different cues and expectations that mislead the spectator into thinking one object has or has not been transferred from one hand to the other. Results from palming and French drop experiments suggest that Eurasian jays have different expectations from humans when observing some of these effects. Specifically, Eurasian jays were not deceived by effects that required them to expect an object to move between hands when observing human hand manipulations. However, similar to humans, Eurasian jays were misled by magic effects that utilize fast movements as a deceptive action. This study investigates how another taxon perceives the magician's techniques of deception that commonly deceive humans.

A question of (perfect) timing: A preceding head turn increases the head-fake effect in basketball

In many kinds of sports, deceptive actions are frequently used to hamper the anticipation of an opponent. The head fake in basketball is often applied to deceive an observer regarding the direction of a pass. To perform a head fake, a basketball player turns the head in one direction, but passes the ball to the opposite direction. Several studies showed that reactions to passes with head fakes are slower and more error-prone than to passes without head fakes (head-fake effect). The aim of a basketball player is to produce a head-fake effect for as large as possible in the opponent. The question if the timing of the deceptive action influences the size of the head-fake effect has not yet been examined systematically. The present study investigated if the head-fake effect depends on the temporal lag between the head turn and the passing movement. To this end, the stimulus onset asynchrony between head turn, and pass was varied between 0 and 800 ms. The results showed the largest effect when the head turn precedes the pass by 300 ms. This result can be explained better by facilitating the processing of passes without head fake than by making it more difficult to process passes with a head fake. This result is discussed regarding practical implications and conclusions about the underlying mechanism of the head–fake effect in basketball are drawn.

The History and Origin of Fraud as a Defect in Consent in Contractual Relationships

Fraud is a specific type of defect in consent that manifests the purpose of one of the parties to establish a contractual relationship through deceptive actions. As such, fraud is an unlawful and unethical action that emerged beginning with some of the earliest agreements in human society. Moreover, the practical treatment of fraud is likely to have occurred since the genesis of its appearance. More appropriate and advanced treatment of fraud can be seen after the implementation of the first legal systems, which focused on contractual relationships. Fraud in contractual relationships will be examined starting with Babylonian, Ancient Greek, Roman, and Islamic law and will continue with a focus on Albanian customary law and modern laws implemented in Kosovo. Furthermore, in this article, we will show how the treatment of fraud has evolved in the legal framework in Kosovo.

Convolutional Neural Networks Model for Emotion Recognition Using EEG Signal

A Brain-computer interface (BCI) using an electroencephalogram (EEG) signal has a great attraction in emotion recognition studies due to its resistance to humans’ deceptive actions. This is the most significant advantage of brain signals over speech or visual signals in the emotion recognition context. A major challenge in EEG-based emotion recognition is that a lot of effort is required for manually feature extractor, EEG recordings show varying distributions for different people and the same person at different time instances. The Poor generalization ability of the network model as well as low robustness of the recognition system. Improving algorithms and machine learning technology helps researchers to recognize emotion easily. In recent years, deep learning (DL) techniques, specifically convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have made excellent progress in many applications. This study aims to reduce the manual effort on features extraction and improve the EEG signal single model’s emotion recognition using convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture with residue block. The dataset is shuffle, divided into training and testing, and then fed to the model. DEAP dataset has class 1, class 2, class 3, and class 4 for both valence and arousal with an accuracy of 90.69%, 91.21%, 89.66%, 93.64% respectively, with a mean accuracy of 91.3%. The negative emotion has the highest accuracy of 94.86% fellow by neutral emotion with 94.29% and positive emotion with 93.25% respectively, with a mean accuracy of 94.13% on the SEED dataset. The experimental results indicated that CNN Based on residual networks can achieve an excellent result with high recognition accuracy, which is superior to most recent approaches.

Social robot deception and the culture of trust

Abstract Human beings are deeply social, and both evolutionary traits and cultural constructs encourage cooperation based on trust. Social robots interject themselves in human social settings, and they can be used for deceptive purposes. Robot deception is best understood by examining the effects of deception on the recipient of deceptive actions, and I argue that the long-term consequences of robot deception should receive more attention, as it has the potential to challenge human cultures of trust and degrade the foundations of human cooperation. In conclusion: regulation, ethical conduct by producers, and raised general awareness of the issues described in this article are all required to avoid the unfavourable consequences of a general degradation of trust.

Information manipulation and cognitive trust: an organizational replication and extension of IMT

ABSTRACT This research lays out the theoretical foundations and rationale for conducting an experimentally designed replication and extension of research using information manipulation theory to explore the effects of deception on trust in a professional context. There are four Grice's maxims of conversation: quantity, quality, relation, and manner; and information manipulation theory (IMT) later included that intentional violation of the maxims of conversation to mislead another is a deceptive act, which is framed as information manipulation theory (IMT). This study (N = 195) measured perceptions of cognitive trust, message honesty, and message competency after deception had occurred in a context of a professional relationship. The findings suggest intentional violations of the maxim of quality will be perceived as least honest. Additional findings provide evidence to support central claims of IMT and Grice’s maxims, indicating that intentional violations of Grice’s maxims led to perception of dishonesty and incompetency. Implications to further research are discussed.

Pay communication, justice, and affect: The asymmetric effects of process and outcome pay transparency on counterproductive workplace behavior.

Grounded on uncertainty management theory, the current research examines the role of employee justice perceptions in explaining the distinct effects of two forms of pay transparency-process versus outcome pay transparency-on counterproductive workplace behavior (CWB). Study 1, a field study of 321 employees, revealed that process pay transparency is inversely related to CWB targeting the organization (i.e., less CWB-O), with this effect explained by enhanced employee procedural justice perceptions. It also indicated, however, that among employees perceiving their pay position as being lower than that of referent others, outcome pay transparency is positively associated with both CWB-O and CWB-I (i.e., CWB targeting other employees), with this effect explained by reduced employee distributive justice perceptions. Study 2, using an online simulation-based experiment conducted on 394 employees and assessing actual deception behaviors (targeting both the agency sponsoring the study and other participants in the study), replicated these findings and extended our understanding of the negative consequences of outcome pay transparency on CWB. Specifically, when pay allocations were transparent (vs. secretive) and participant's pay was manipulated to be lower (vs. higher) than that of teammates, participants reported lower distributive justice perceptions leading to heightened deception behaviors, with this effect explained by a more negative emotional state. Theoretical and practical implications of both the positive and negative consequences of pay transparency on CWB are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Methods of commiting fraud in the field of provision of employment mediation services

It is emphasized that imperfection and the presence of conflicts in labor and civil legislation have led to the spread of abuses in the labor market. Somewhat «vulnerable» was the provision of employment services, where a fifth of the agreements between the intermediary, the employer and the employee are unpromising. It is emphasized that most employment agreements in the labor market are concluded in such a way that the terms of employment and the nature of the profession, as well as the responsibilities of the employer are very vague, resulting in Ukrainian citizens getting jobs that do not suit them, limit their rights but the terms of the agreement are not formally violated. Meanwhile, in the labor market is gaining momentum options that have elements of deception, and are no longer in the plane of civil law, and are subject to criminal law assessment. The article is devoted to the study of criminological significant features of fraud methods in the field of employment services. Attention is paid to the description of methods, clarification of their features, the implementation of their systematization. It is emphasized that fraudulent actions can be committed by persons related to the labor market - intermediaries, employers and the unemployed (61%), and persons who intentionally pretend to be such persons (49%). At the same time, fraudulent actions can be committed in different sectors of the labor market, in different periods, in different spaces. Based on different classification criteria, all options for fraudulent employment are summarized according to the following criteria: Depending on the subject: 1) persons related to the labor market; 2) persons who intentionally impersonate such persons. Depending on the industry affiliation: 1) fraudulent actions in the field of material production; 2) fraudulent actions in the field of goods and services - non-productive. Depending on the space: 1) deceptive actions in the domestic labor market; 2) fraudulent actions related to employment abroad; 3) fraudulent actions related to getting a job on the Internet (remote access). Depending on the location of employment intermediaries and employers: 1) fraudulent actions committed in offices that have a factual or legal address (fictitious and real employment firms); 2) fraudulent acts committed in "virtual employment centers". According to the legitimacy of labor activity: 1) deceptive actions when offering official employment; 2) fraudulent actions when offering illegal employment. Depending on the forms of employment: 1) fraudulent actions when offering full employment; 2) fraudulent actions when offering a flexible work schedule. Depending on the duration of employment: 1) fraudulent actions when offering long-term employment; 2) fraudulent actions when offering temporary employment (seasonal work, performing a certain type of work during a certain period, etc.).

The Parafiction as Counterpoint to the Gimmick

In her article “The Theory of the Gimmick,” Sianne Ngai makes the argument that the gimmick is found in every object bought and sold in a capitalist economy and, therefore, the aesthetic of the gimmick is a phenomenon specific to that of capitalism. In an attempt to understand this aesthetic category, Ngai proposes it may be due to the way in which the gimmick transforms idea into thing. This paper looks at the transformation of concept into object as exemplified by Duchamp’s readymade, and suggests how the increasingly gimmicky nature of conceptual art has resulted in an aesthetic condition wherein there is a collapse of the boundary between “art” and “nonart”—fiction and reality. The parafiction, an art practice that performs a deceptive act through use of stylistic mimicry, does not necessarily re-establish this boundary between the real and the fictive, but promotes a necessary awareness of this collapse; and insodoing distrupts the confused condition caused by the predominance of the gimmick.

Seeing the Bigger Picture: Susceptibility to, and Detection of, Deception.

An extended time window was used to examine susceptibility to, and detection of, deception in rugby union. High- and low-skilled rugby players judged the final running direction of an opponent "cutting" left or right, with or without a deceptive sidestep. Each trial was occluded at one of eight time points relative to the footfall after the initial (genuine or fake) reorientation. Based on response accuracy, the results were separated into deception susceptibility and deception detection windows. Signal-detection analysis was used to calculate the discriminability of genuine and deceptive actions (d') and the response bias (c). High-skilled players were less susceptible to deception and better able to detect when they had been deceived, accompanied by a reduced bias toward perceiving all actions as genuine. By establishing the time window in which players become deceived, it will now be possible to identify the kinematic sources that drive deception.

Examining the Perceptual-Cognitive Mechanism of Deceptive Actions in Sports.

In several kinds of sports, deceptive actions are used to hinder the anticipation performance of an opponent. During a head fake in basketball, a player turns the head to one side but passes the ball to the other side. A pass with a head fake generates a head-fake effect in the observer, which is characterized by slower and more error-prone responses to the pass direction as compared to passes without a head fake. Whereas the head-fake effect has been replicated several times, the question of its origin with dynamic stimuli has not been answered yet. The present study includes four experiments, which are conducted to examine the perceptual-cognitive mechanism underlying the effect by using the model of dimensional overlap (Kornblum et al., 1990) and the additive factors logic (Sternberg, 1969). Results point to multiple processes contributing to the head-fake effect for dynamic stimuli, which operate not only at a perceptual level but also at a level of response selection.

Obligations and responsibilities of flag states related to IUU fishing based on ITLOS case no. advisory opinion 21 and its impacts to Indonesia

Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing is still one of the biggest threats to the marine ecosystem. That is because IUU Fishing can damage a country’s national and regional efforts to manage fisheries in a sustainable manner and interface with efforts to conserve marine biodiversity. IUU Fishing has reached about 20 percent of the total world catch and up to 50 percent in some areas. IUU Fishing practices often use bonded labor, destructive fishing methods and deceptive actions to reap profits at the expense of the state’s local coastal fishing industry and the marine environment. Fisheries resources that should be available for fishermen are reduced due to IUU Fishing which can cause the collapse of local fisheries. Developing countries have proven to be very vulnerable because they have a large risk of being affected by illegal fishing, with the estimated total catch in West Africa reaching 40 percent higher than reported catches, such as exploitation rates severely almost sustainable management of marine ecosystems.

Greenwashing Study and Consumers’ Behavioral Intentions

The concern with the environment can change the consumer’s view, who seeks eco-friendly products. On the other hand, greenwashing is an act of disguising a weak environmental activity by companies. The aim of this paper is to analyze Greenwashing as a predictor variable of Consumer Perceived Confusion and Trust and how these two constructs influence Behavioral Intention. The research method is quantitative, with a cross-section, non-probabilistic and accessibility sample. The statistical analysis used Structural Equation Modeling. The analyzed product announces that has green marketing approach, but it is considered a deceptive action to deceive the consumer. The proposed hypotheses were statistically supported and as contributions this paper approached the existing relations between greenwashing and purchase intention, showing the importance of the Consumer Perceived Confusion and Trust constructs applied in the conceptual model. The study proved that consumer when perceiving Greenwashing tends not to trust in the product and in the brand. The biggest challenges for companies are taking actions that can represent a concern for the environment since consumers pay more attention to these factors and are less likely to accept the practice of greenwashing.

Knowledge is power? Outcome probability information impairs detection of deceptive intent

The benefits and costs of prior expectations that are (i.e., congruent) or are not in harmony (i.e., incongruent) with action outcomes appear to be balanced; however, researchers have yet to examine the influence on skilled detection of deception. In this study we investigated whether response bias resulting from probability information (a) is stronger for low-skilled than high-skilled participants, (b) is stronger for deceptive actions than genuine actions, and (c) impairs the discriminability of genuine and deceptive actions. High-skilled (n = 15) and low-skilled (n = 15) soccer players responded to life-sized projected video clips showing an oncoming opponent taking the ball to their left or right, with or without a deceptive ‘stepover’ action. Three probability conditions were used with respect to outcome direction: 50/50, 67/33, and 83/17. Participants responded by stepping on one of two corresponding pressure mats, as if attempting to intercept the player. Response accuracy for genuine and deceptive actions was used to generate measures of bias (c) and sensitivity (d’). The results confirmed stronger probability bias for deceptive actions than genuine ones, and for low-skilled than high-skilled participants. Congruence between high outcome probability and the direction of the fake significantly enhanced the effectiveness of the deceptive action. The study provides the first evidence that outcome probability information impairs skilled detection of deceptive intent.

Critical Review on Legal Theory of the Nominal trust of Depositor : Regarding an object of cancellation of deceptive act and restoration to the original - A Critical Review on the Supreme Court Case -

Critical Review on Legal Theory of the Nominal trust of Depositor : Regarding an object of cancellation of deceptive act and restoration to the original - A Critical Review on the Supreme Court Case -

The relations between deception, narcissism and self-assessed lie- and truth-related abilities

Seventy undergraduate students completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and the Lie- and Truth Ability Assessment Scale. They were then asked to share 100 points with an anonymous fellow student who was unaware of the amount of points designated for distribution. Participants were asked to allocate points to the other student bearing in mind that the transaction will be completed only if the other party accepts their offer. Participants’ goal was to retain as many points as possible, and for this end, they were permitted to tell the other person that fewer than 100 points were available for distribution. Both narcissistic features and lie-telling ability assessments predicted actual deception. Results suggest that the dominance of the truth telling bias is limited in a situation where no concrete victim is harmed by dishonesty. Self-assessed lying ability and features of narcissistic personality further challenge the intuitive truth telling model.

Deceptive Social Robots and the Culture of Trust

Human beings are deeply social, and both evolutionary traits and cultural constructs encourage cooperation based on trust. Social robots interject themselves in human social settings, and they can be used for deceptive purposes. Robot deception is best understood by examining the effects of deception on the recipient of deceptive actions, and I argue that the long-term consequences of robot deception should receive more attention, as it has the potential to challenge human cultures of trust and degrade the foundations of human cooperation. In conclusion: regulation, ethical conduct by producers, and raised general awareness of the issues described in this article are all required to avoid the unfavourable consequences of a general degradation of trust.

Deceptive Actions to Improve the Attribution of Rationality to Playing Robotic Agents

Play is a common activity providing not only pleasure but also physical and cognitive development. In the quest for new playing experiences, there is an increasing tendency to develop robots playing with people. Making believable playing robots able to keep human players engaged and satisfied by the playing experience is the main challenge. In this work, we investigate the possibilities of a playful interaction between a human player and a mobile robot. In particular, this paper focuses on the applicability of deception as a means to support engagement and the attribution of rationality to playing robotic agents. By analyzing the interaction situation between the human and robot players, by identifying the need for deception, and by deciding whether and how to deceive, we aim at increasing self-reported engagement and fun, which are also related to the perception of the robotic opponent as smart enough to compete at an appropriate level. Experiments were conducted on a sample of 78 subjects facing two different deceptive behaviors and a basic behavior without any deception. All participants responded to a post-interaction questionnaire from which it was possible to observe a positive acceptance of the perception of the robot as a rational agent aimed at winning. In general, deception was perceived by most of the players as one of the robot’s abilities, when actuated, and contributed to the reported fun.

Investigating the Use of Pretrained Convolutional Neural Network on Cross-Subject and Cross-Dataset EEG Emotion Recognition.

The electroencephalogram (EEG) has great attraction in emotion recognition studies due to its resistance to deceptive actions of humans. This is one of the most significant advantages of brain signals in comparison to visual or speech signals in the emotion recognition context. A major challenge in EEG-based emotion recognition is that EEG recordings exhibit varying distributions for different people as well as for the same person at different time instances. This nonstationary nature of EEG limits the accuracy of it when subject independency is the priority. The aim of this study is to increase the subject-independent recognition accuracy by exploiting pretrained state-of-the-art Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures. Unlike similar studies that extract spectral band power features from the EEG readings, raw EEG data is used in our study after applying windowing, pre-adjustments and normalization. Removing manual feature extraction from the training system overcomes the risk of eliminating hidden features in the raw data and helps leverage the deep neural network’s power in uncovering unknown features. To improve the classification accuracy further, a median filter is used to eliminate the false detections along a prediction interval of emotions. This method yields a mean cross-subject accuracy of 86.56% and 78.34% on the Shanghai Jiao Tong University Emotion EEG Dataset (SEED) for two and three emotion classes, respectively. It also yields a mean cross-subject accuracy of 72.81% on the Database for Emotion Analysis using Physiological Signals (DEAP) and 81.8% on the Loughborough University Multimodal Emotion Dataset (LUMED) for two emotion classes. Furthermore, the recognition model that has been trained using the SEED dataset was tested with the DEAP dataset, which yields a mean prediction accuracy of 58.1% across all subjects and emotion classes. Results show that in terms of classification accuracy, the proposed approach is superior to, or on par with, the reference subject-independent EEG emotion recognition studies identified in literature and has limited complexity due to the elimination of the need for feature extraction.